MODULE The Condition of the Philippine Environment and

11 Natural Resources

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After completion of this module, the students are expected to:

1. Evaluate the condition of the Philippine environment and natural resources.

2. Suggest solutions to address environmental issues and problems that our country is facing.

Introduction
We know for a fact that the Philippines is rich in natural resources. We are home to many
endemic species of flora and fauna and mineral resources, enough to be utilized for national
development and build strategic industries. These are also our people’s source of food and other basic
needs.

However, these potentials are being challenged by different environmentally destructive projects
and interventions and intensified extraction of natural and mineral resources. Our sovereignty over our
natural resources is being bastardized.

This is very evident in China’s encroachment of the West Philippine Sea. Reports confirmed the
destruction they are causing to our reefs, and the harassments of our fisherfolks. Just last month, 22
Filipino fisherfolks almost died in the sea after a Chinese vessel rammed through their fishing boat.
They were rescued by the crew of a Vietnamese fishing boat moored nearby.

The Philippines' evident risk to natural disasters is due to its location. Being a country that lies in
the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In addition, the country is
surrounded by large bodies of water and facing the Pacific Ocean where 60% of the world's typhoons
are made. One of the most devastating typhoons that hit the Philippines in 2013 was Typhoon Haiyan,
or "Yolanda," that killed over 10,000 people and destroyed over a trillion pesos worth of properties and
damage to various sectors. Other environmental problems that the country is facing include pollution,
illegal mining and logging, deforestation, dynamite fishing, landslides, coastal erosion, wildlife
extinction, global warming and climate change.

With this, the Philippine government needs to make actions to address these environmental
problems.

| Engage:
Based on your own assessment, what is the present environmental condition of our country?
Describe it in 1 sentence only.

| Discover
Natural Resources

The Philippines is rich in natural resources. It has fertile, arable lands, diverse flora and fauna,
extensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits. About 30% of the land area of the country was
determined be geologically prospective by the Philippine Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau. But Only
1.5% of country's land area is covered with mining permits. Despite the rich natural resources of the
Philippines, the government is restricting its exploitation. A logging ban is imposed on many areas of
the country and only in select areas are "sustainable logging" allowed. However illegal logging and
small-scale illegal mining continues is many areas. In July 2012, President Benigno Aquino III ordered
a stop to all mining activities in all (78 areas) protected and eco-tourism sites. A positive step in the
right direction to protect the natural resources of the Philippines.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1
Our Land
The Philippines’ primary source of livelihood is its fertile land. Rich, wide plains suitable for
farming are found in the Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, South western Bicol, Panay, Negros, Davao,
Cotabato, Agusan and Bukidnon. The country ‘s six major crops
are rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, abaca and tobacco. Except for rice and corn, all these products are
exported, along with bananas and pineapples.

Our Forests
The Philippines also boasts of wide tracts of lush, green forests. In fact, almost half of the
country’s total land area is forested. Sixty percent of these forests are found in Mindanao.

Mineral resources
Except for petroleum and a number of metals, mineral resources abound in Philippine soil. The
country’s mineral deposits can be classified into metals and non-metals. Our metal deposits are
estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons, while non-metal deposits are projected at 19.3 billion metric
tons. Nickel ranks first in terms of deposits and size, it is found in Surigao del Norte, Davao, Palawan,
Romblon and Samar. Iron is found in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and Cotabato.
While copper in Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and Negros. Among non-metal deposits, the
most abundant are cement, lime, and marble. Other non-metals include asbestos, clay, guano, asphalt,
feldspar, sulfur, talc, silicon, phosphate, and marble.

Fishery Resources
With its territorial waters measuring as much as 1.67 million square kilometers and located in
the worlds fishing center, the Philippines is definitely rich in marine resources. Of the 2,400 fish species
found in the country. 65 have good commercial value. Other marine products include corals, pearls,
crabs and seaweeds. Some of the countries best salt water fishing area’s are found in Sintangki Island
in Sulu Estancia in Bohol, Malampaya in Palawan, Lingayen Gulf in Pangasinan, San Miguel lake in
Camarines Norte, Bantayan Channel in Cebu, and the seas of Quezon and Sorsogon.

On the other hand, among our biggest fisher water fishing areas are Laguna de Bay, Bombon
Lake in Batangas, Bato Lake in Canmarines Sur, Naujan Lake in Mindoro and Mainit lake in Agusan del
Norte.

The Condition of the Philippine Environment and Natural Resources

As one of the fastest growing countries in Asia, the Philippines faces environmental challenges,
with disproportionate impacts on the poor and women. Ineffective management seriously degrades the
country’s significant biodiversity resources; water and air pollution levels exceed generally accepted
healthy standards; greenhouse gas emissions are increasing from the transport and power sectors; and
the country is ranked as one of the world’s most vulnerable to the impacts of environmental disasters.

For the Philippines to become a more stable, prosperous and well-governed nation, the country
must become more environmentally resilient and better able to cope with the impact of natural disasters
and recover quickly. Natural resources play a critical role in the Philippine economy, as agriculture,
fisheries, and forestry represent about 10 percent of gross domestic product and account for almost 30
percent of employment. Equally important, natural capital provides energy, water, flood control, storm

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2
mitigation and other environmental services that benefit the entire country, including cities. USAID
assistance improves natural resource management in the Philippines; promotes water and energy
security; and reduces vulnerability to and natural disasters.

TOP 5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

As cities and provinces develop, our natural resources are also compromised. Even more sadly
than what was just stated, global warming has become one of the major problems worldwide since it
affects the whole planet and it slowly engulfs our world every minute.

In the Philippines, we, Filipinos, are already feeling this effect. From low pressure typhoons, it
has evolved into super typhoons with some incidences of tornadoes. Monsoon rain warning elicits fear
as it can bring flash floods. Temperatures rise and our heat index has increased dramatically.

There is a long list of environmental issues but in reality, they are intertwined with each other
and needs serious attention from all of us. Here are the top 5.

1. Pollution

Pollution, in context, is the introduction of contaminants into the environment causing adverse
change. It is present through noise, air and water. As we produce more noise, it can interfere with the
behavior of certain animals in the ecosystem. Also, on some studies, the effect of sound waves turns
into heat causing a slight change in the temperature of the environment. Air pollution is what we can
often see in urban places. Smoke belching vehicles and gases from factories are the culprits in
contributing to air pollution. On water pollution, incessant throwing of garbage and inappropriate
industrial waste disposal affects our bodies of water, which in turn cause trouble in marine life.

2. Global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases

In almost any activity, we emit greenhouse gas such as using our electricity, cooking and driving
our cars. As we breathe out, we also produce carbon dioxide. The more people in a certain area, the
bigger carbon dioxide are emitted into the environment. As these gases are produce, it generates heat
causing a change in the climate.

3. Overpopulation

Overpopulation seeds into a lot of problems. With the need for new homes, the development of
new buildings, houses and establishments are in order. After which the demand for electricity, food and
other greenhouse gases also increases. Scarcity of food can be experienced due to the limited ability of
the animals to populate fast. Thus, dishonest people nowadays resort to using chemicals and
medications to boost and fake the growth of these animals. Overpopulation also means having more
garbage to dispose.

4. Natural resources depletion

Mining and quarrying has become rampant over the years and are to be blamed for destroying
the beauty of our environment. Among the natural resources that we have, water, oil and forests are the
top three on the list. Fresh water, in reality, is only 2.5% of the world’s total water volume. If the
problems affecting our bodies of water continue, the demand for drinking water will increase causing
water shortage and worse, famine. Oil, on the other hand, is used every day for transportation of goods
and electricity. Lastly, according to statistics, deforestation contributes an estimate of 12% to 17% of
greenhouse gas emission per year. Trees emit oxygen and filter the air. But with lesser trees, flash
floods are likely to happen.

5. Waste disposal

Improper waste disposal creates a hazardous problem to everyone. It may infect people not
only physically but through the air and water. Garbage thrown in the rivers and canals may not only
block our waterways but it invites rodents to infect the water and soon be transferred to humans.
Clogged waterways have a tendency to spill causing flash floods, which is what is happening here in
our country. Likewise, the lack of enough dumpsites and landfills is also a hindrance in helping to solve
our garbage management crisis.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 3
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES

A. Environmental Problems

The Philippines are prone to natural disasters, particularly typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying as it does astride the typhoon belt, in the active volcanic
region known as the “Pacific Ring of Fire,” and in the geologically unstable region between the Pacific
and Eurasian tectonic plates. The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental
degradation aggravated by a high annual population growth rate, including loss of agricultural lands,
deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of
coral reefs, mismanagement and abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing.

Climate Change and the Philippines

Recent scientific studies reveal that

human activities have contributed significantly to
the increase of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere that causes climate change.

The Philippines is a hotspot for climate

change disasters particularly the risk for
agriculture and food security due to extreme El
Nino and severe tropical cyclones. The spread of
infectious diseases are influenced by
fluctuations in climate variables, temperature,
relative humidity and rainfall. Sever super
typhoons like Reming that pummeled the Bicol
region in 2006 destroyed at least $90million
worth of agricultural products and infrastructure.

Diseases such as dengue fever, malaria, cholera have increased throughout the years. Climate
change impacts on coastal zones and marine ecosystems caused massive coral bleaching especially in
1998 due to elevated sea temperature and fish kills and red tides like the one that occurred in 1992
which was an El Nino period.

Scientists warned the Philippines could experience famine by 2020, as the adverse impact of
global warming takes its toll on natural resources. Thousands will be displaced from their homes
especially in low-lying coastal communities.

Decline of Natural Resources and Biodiversity

The Philippines is suffering from degradation of
the natural environment. It has fifty major rivers
now polluted due to abuse and neglect.
Approximately two-thirds of the country's
original mangroves have been lost. A hundred
years ago, the Philippines had close to 22
million hectares of old growth forest. At the start of
2000, we had less than 600,000 hectares of old-
growth forest left. In one century, we had cut
down close to 97 percent of our original forest. A
study by the Environmental Scientists for Social
Change (ESSC) reveals that we have
systematically cut this forest down and that we
have not stopped its destruction and that of its
core biodiversity.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 4
 The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) estimates that it takes over 4,000 liters of water
to produce one kilo of rice. Because of the loss of forests, we have less water since most of our
freshwater comes from watersheds found in forests. Therefore, loss of forests means loss of food.

More than 400 plant and animal species found in the Philippines are currently threatened with
extinction, including the Philippine eagle, the tamaraw, and the dugong. In 2001, 49 of the nation's
mammal species, 86 bird species, and 320 plant species were threatened with extinction. Endangered
species in the Philippines include the monkey-eating eagle, Philippine tarsier, tamaraw, four species of
turtle (green sea, hawksbill, olive ridley, and leatherback), Philippines crocodile, sinarapan, and two
species of butterflies. The Cebu warty pig, Panay flying fox, and Chapman's fruit bat have become
extinct.

Alarming Waste Problem in the Philippines

The Philippines is looming with garbage problems

despite the passage of the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003.
2007 first quarter data from the National Solid
Waste Management Commission shows that there
are 677 open dumpsites, 343 controlled dumps, and
21 landfills in the country. An additional 307 dump
sites are subject for closure or rehabilitation plans
but without
definite schedules for enforcement. About 215
additional landfills are being proposed to be set up
nationwide.

About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all over the
country can be found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan, Mindoro Oriental;
Carmen, Cagayan de Oro; Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San Pedro, Laguna.
Environmentalists stress that Republic Act 9003 calls for the adoption of the best environmental
practices in ecological waste management and explicitly excludes waste incineration as an ecological
option. These polluting disposal facilities are major sources of greenhouse gas emissions to the
atmosphere which adds to global warming. Landfills and open dumps, according to studies, account for
34 percent of human related methane emissions to the atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23
times more heat-trapping power than carbon dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under
RA 9003.
Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions
(per kilowatt) than a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbon coming out of an incinerator stacks is
measured. Such emissions are banned by the country’s Clean Air Act.
Inaction on garbage contributes to the death of at least two persons every minute due to
complications from environmental problems, which could be prevented if the country only developed a
more efficient environmental management program.
Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and surface water
contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread of disease. Many of the
disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening sanitation workers and waste-pickers.
Annual waste generation in the Philippines is expected to grow 40 percent by 2010.
Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as garbage
production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.
Past efforts to promote waste segregation at source have minimal impact despite the presence
of Republic Act 9003. Most of these were barangay, city, and municipal ordinances providing for
sanctions and penalties for non-compliance. Campaigns, seminars, trainings and other different
community activities were implemented with the help of various private groups or NGO’s to pursue the
objective of solving the garbage problem.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 5
RA 9003 further calls for the establishment of materials recovery facilities, or ecology centers, in every
barangay or cluster of a barangay. To date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist, serving 2,133 barangays
of a total 41,975 nationwide. In Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays have established Materials
Recovery Facilities out of a total of 142.

People’s Behavior towards Waste

Behavior is a key cultural aspect that is embedded in people’s way of life. Studying a
community’s behavior and introducing new ones requires intensive, longterm, and creative social
marketing. This can be done by studying the demographic and cultural fiber of the community through
immersions and capacity building activities.
The Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc.’s (REECS) 2002 study on
household waste management systems and the attitudes and behavior showed that:

1. Waste management is still perceived by many as the responsibility of government.

2. Public participation in waste management, especially in segregation at source, remains
limited.
3. More extensive awareness- raising activities and training on ecological waste management
are needed, together with stricter enforcement of the Law and local ordinances must be
observed.
4. There is lack of community empowerment and political will to resolve the problem.

Recognizing the importance of the environment’s immediate recovery and effects of improper
waste management to the Philippines, there is a need for understanding and reformation of attitudes
and concern towards the protection of environment. The impending garbage crisis can be prevented if
we only practice waste segregation at source, recycling, and composting as what the law requires. An
intensive social marketing program has to be established on a long-term scale within a barangay – the
smallest unit of the local government.

B. Economic Problems

• high population growth

• unequal distribution of wealth
• poor performance of the agriculture sector of the economy.

C. Social Problems

• Corruption
• Poverty
• Overpopulation
• Child labor (a form of child abuse)
• Lack of adequate health care services
• Terrorism
• Prostitution
• Unemployment

SUGGESTED ACTIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN

1. Participatory Communication for Development

• Social Capital/ Community Empowerment
• Developing Community Leaders
• Engaging multi-sectoral participation (youth, schools, businesses, church, etc.) in community
design and planning

2. Community Immersion

• Immersion and Research on Community’s sociographic and psychographic profile

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 6
 • Community Interaction with women, youth, and local community officials
• Environmental Education Workshops and Demos
• Environmental Education lessons to be familiar with a variety of ways in understanding the
environment and the ecological crisis
• Exploration of local Biodiversity
• Evaluation of Stakeholders’ Available Skills and Resources
• Evaluation of community’s existing level of environmental awareness

3. Community IEC Campaigns

• Development of local environmental campaigns

• Distribution and Exhibit of created IEC materials
• Flyers and Posters

4. Environmental Management Capacity Building Workshops for Community

• Hands-on Household Ecological Solid Waste Management Trainings

• Training on Creating Ordinances for local community officials
• Establishment of Materials Recovery Facilities in Local Schools and Community Center/s
• Appointment of stakeholder representatives – women sector, youth sector, etc.

5. Environmental Management Capacity Building Workshops for local School

• Environmental Education Facilitator’s Training for Teachers – Project Learning Tree, Water
Education for Teachers, Watershed Box and Ecological Solid Waste Management
• Developing Creative and Environmentally relevant modules and classroom activities

The Philippines’ Response to the Problem of Climate Change

As a manifestation of the country’s commitment to engage in multilateral efforts aiming to

address the global problem of climate change and achieve sustainable development, the Philippines
has participated in the discussions and negotiations leading to the ratification of various international
agreements. These international agreements are geared towards the mitigation of the effects of climate
change and the strategic adaptation to the conditions. The most important outcomes of these
negotiations include the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ratified
on August 2, 1994 and the Kyoto Protocol, which was ratified on November 20, 2003. At the national
level, the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan of 2004-2010 (MTDP) underscored the need to
manage the environment more effectively in order for the country to address the problem of poverty
particularly in the rural areas.
As one of the first countries to sign the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change in 1992, the Philippines expressed adherence to the principles of sustainable development and
environmental preservation based on the notion of equity and the unique capabilities of the participating
countries. More specifically, Article 3 of the UNFCC states that countries who have aligned themselves
with the mandates set forth by the Convention “should protect the climate system for the benefit of
present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their
common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.”
Under the Kyoto Protocol, developing countries such as the Philippines are called to pass and
implement national measures that shall advance the international community’s agenda pertaining to
environmental preservation through the reduction of greenhouse emissions (GHGs) in the atmosphere.
Pursuant to the provisions in this treaty, the Philippines passed national legislations to uphold the
agreements embedded in the Kyoto Protocol. The Clean Air Act of 1999, otherwise known as Republic
Act 8749, was enacted in order to arrive at an effective air quality management program that will
mitigate the worsening problem of air pollution in the country. Reinforcing the country’s drive towards a
healthier environment was the enactment of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) that
aimed at providing a comprehensive solution to the country’s garbage problem.
At the institutional level, the Philippines was one of the earliest countries to recognize the
importance of a systematic institutional response to the problem of climate change. Prior to the signing
and ratification of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the creation of the Inter-Agency

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Committee on Climate Change (IACC) in May 8, 1991 under the Environmental Management Bureau of
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) was a concrete manifestation of the
Philippines’ attempt to promptly address the issue of climate change. Composed of representatives
from government agencies as well as NGO representatives, IACC was created by virtue of Presidential
Order No. 220 with the secretary of the DENR sitting as chair and the secretary of the DOST as co-
chair. The ultimate aim of the committee is to harness and synergize the various activities being
undertaken by the national government and civil society in response to the crisis posed by growing
problem on climate change.
The essential mandate of the IACC is to perform various coordinative, development and
monitoring functions with respect to activities related to climate change in the county. As an
organization that is at the forefront in advancing the government’s climate change agenda, the IACC
likewise formulates policy actions and recommendations while at the same time assumes a very
significant role in terms of shaping the Philippines’ national positions in the various international
negotiations that aim to mitigate the effects of global climate change and prevent the worse possible
consequences of this. The IACC therefore ensures the Philippines’ faithful compliance to the mandates
and principles contained in the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and sees to it that adequate public
awareness campaign and initiatives are held to bring the issue to all the sectors of the country.
PHILIPPINE CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF 2007

This bill seeks to create a National Framework Program on Climate Change Mitigation,
Adaptation and Communication and establish mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
energy, power, transport and manufacturing sectors to usher in a low-carbon revolution in the
Philippines and institutionalize the country's commitments to international efforts to address the
problem on climate change

PROJECTS

Buy-in to the U.S. Forest Service Participating Agency Program Agreement (PAPA) for
Sustainable Forest Management

USAID has partnered with the United States Forest Service since 2011 to help build the
capacity of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, local governments, indigenous
peoples, communities and the private sector in sustainable forest management, including forest change
monitoring using geospatial technologies, forest inventory analysis forest land use planning, forest
restoration, forest fire management and development of the national forest monitoring system.

Municipal Waste Recycling Program (MWRP)

According to an article in the February 2015 issue of Science magazine, eight million tons of
mismanaged plastic wastes are deposited in the world’s oceans each year. This waste threatens
marine ecosystems and human health as it makes its way into the global human food supply, mostly
through fish products. MWRP is USAID-funded initiative designed to reduce land-based sources of
marine plastics pollution in Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia. The program provides
grants and technical assistance for promising solid waste management and waste recycling efforts in
urban and peri-urban areas, enhances the effectiveness of such programs and makes
recommendations for future investments in municipal waste recycling.

USAID Fish Right

The Philippines depend on coral reefs for food and income valued at $22 million annually. Fish
and fish products provide more than 50 percent of Filipinos' dietary protein. However, unsustainable
fishing practices have affected coastal and marine biodiversity. USAID's Fish Right program uses an
ecosystem approach to fisheries management to "right-size" fisheries and enhances the sustainable
use and resilience of critical coastal and marine resources. The program will work with fisherfolk,
provincial and municipal governments and community-based organizations to promote improved
management of marine key biodiversity areas (MKBAs). At the end of five years, the program will result
in an average of 10 percent increase in fish biomass as a result of improved management of 2.5 million
hectares of marine waters, benefitting the more than 2 million people.

Partnership for Biodiversity Conservation III (PBC)

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 According to the 2011 Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Analysis commissioned by USAID, the
destruction of biodiversity and natural resources remains a core environmental problem in the
Philippines. Now in its third phase, PBC is strengthening environmental law enforcement to improve
biodiversity conservation in the country. PBC primarily works with the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Philippine National Police, Department
of Justice and the judiciary. PBC assistance has led to the development of manuals for enforcing
wildlife, fisheries and forestry laws. The project also helped create a computer-based tool to combat
wildlife trafficking and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing; deputized hundreds of wildlife and
environment and natural resources officers; formulated environmental law enforcement action plans
from the subnational to national levels; and facilitated the Supreme Court’s development of the Rules of
Procedure for Environmental Cases, which aided in the timely disposition of environmental crime
cases.

| Evaluate
1. Many people believe that our lives today is having an extremely bad effects to the environment.
Among the top 5 major environmental problems of our country, select 1 major problem that our
government including ordinary citizens seriously needs to be given solutions. Explain why?
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____________________________________________________________________________
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2. Below are major environmental problems of the Philippines that needs to be addressed. As an
ordinary citizen, what recommendations or solutions can you suggest in order to help solve the
problem? Give at 5 solutions per problem.
Problem Solutions
1. Pollution 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2. Global warming due to
emission of greenhouse gases

3. Overpopulation

4. Natural Resources depletion

5. Solid waste management

| Extend
How do you interpret this saying about environment, “Think globally, act locally”.?
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REFERENCES
Book:
Lee, Sergio J. & Anes, Myrna L.( 2010). Environmental Science. 2nd Edition. C & E Publishing, Inc.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 9
On-line:
https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/energy-and-environment
file:///C:/Users/Acer/Downloads/Documents/The_State_of_the_Philippine_Environment_-_Final.pdf

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 10