TITLE OF THE STUDY

NAME OF RESEARCHERS
(First name Middle Initial Last Name)

JUNE 2024
(MONTH and YEAR)
 TITLE OF THE STUDY

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Feliciano Yusay Consing National High School

Cabugcabug, President Roxas, Capiz

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements of the Subject

Practical Research I/Practical Research II/Inquiries, Investigations, and

Immersions/Research Report/Capstone Project

NAME OF RESEARCHERS
(First name Middle Initial Last Name)

JUNE 2024
(MONTH and YEAR)
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VI- Western Visayas
Schools Division of Capiz
FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
President Roxas, Capiz

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

APPROVAL SHEET

Research Title: (Research Title must be written in UPPERCASE)

Researchers: (Name of Researchers must be in this format: First Name Middle
Initial Last Name)
Track: (Academic/TVL Track)

Strand: (Do not abbreviate when writing the strand)

Advisory Committee:

NAME OF RESEARCH TEACHER NAME OF ENGLISH CRITIC

Research Adviser Member/English Critic

NAME OF STATISTICIAN
Member/Statistician
Recommending Approval:

NOEMI D. DENOSTA
SHS-Research Coordinator

Approved:

RONILO B. TU EdD
Principal IV

ii
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VI- Western Visayas
Schools Division of Capiz
FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
President Roxas, Capiz

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

ACCEPTANCE SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High School in the Practical
Research I/Practical Research II/Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions/Research
Report/Capstone Project, this study entitled (Title of the study) prepared and submitted
by (Name of researchers), has been evaluated and recommended for acceptance.

NAME OF RESEARCH TEACHER

Research Adviser
Approved by the advisory/examining committee with the grade of _____on June
2024.

NAME OF RESEARCH TEACHER NAME OF ENGLISH CRITIC

Research Adviser Member/English Critic

NAME OF STATISTICIAN
Member/Statistician

NOEMI D. DENOSTA
SHS-Research Coordinator

Accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements in Practical Research I/Practical

Research II/Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersions/Research Report/Capstone Project.

RONILO B. TU EdD
Principal IV

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The acknowledgement section is your opportunity to thank those who have helped

and supported you personally and professionally during your thesis or dissertation process.

In your acknowledgements, it’s okay to use a more informal style than is usually permitted

in academic writing, as well as first-person pronouns. Acknowledgements are not

considered part of the academic work itself, but rather your chance to write something more

personal.

How to build your acknowledgements section

Step 1: Brainstorm who you'd like to thank, and split into categories

"Major thanks": people who your project would be impossible without. These

are often predominantly professional, e.g. your advisor, chair, and committee, as well as

any funders.

"Big thanks": people who helped you along the way or helped you grow

intellectually, such as classmates, peers, librarians, etc.

"Minor thanks": a catch-all for everyone else, especially those who offered

moral support or encouragement. This can include personal acknowledgements, such as

parents, partners, children, friends, or even pets.

Here's an example of how you can combine the different sentences to write your

acknowledgements.

Words cannot express my gratitude to my professor and chair of my committee for

her invaluable patience and feedback. I also could not have undertaken this journey without

my defense committee, who generously provided knowledge and expertise. Additionally,

iv
this endeavor would not have been possible without the generous support from the

MacArthur Foundation.

I am also grateful to my classmates and cohort members, especially my office mates,

for their editing help, late-night feedback sessions, and moral support. Thanks should also

go to the librarians, research assistants, and study participants from the university, who

impacted and inspired me.

Lastly, I would be remiss in not mentioning my family, especially my parents,

spouse, and children. Their belief in me has kept my spirits and motivation high during this

process. I would also like to thank my cat for all the entertainment and emotional support.

(STUDENT’S INITIALS)

A.B.C.

D.E.F.

G.H.I.

J.K.L.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preliminaries PAGE NUMBER

Approval Sheet ii
Acceptance Sheet iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List of Appendices viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 1
Hypothesis 2
Theoretical Framework 3
Conceptual Framework 4
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Limitations of the Study 6
Definition of Terms 7
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8
III. METHODOLOGY 16
Research Design 16
Locale of the Study 16
Participants/Respondents of the Study 17
Sampling Procedure 17
Research Instruments 17
Research Validity 17
Data Gathering Procedure 18
Data Analysis Procedure 18

vi
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 19
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS 25
Summary 25
Conclusions 26
Recommendations 27
REFERENCES 30
APPENDICES 31
CURRICULUM VITAE 35

vii
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of an abstract is to summarize the contents of the paper. Key points

to remember:

An abstract briefly explains the salient aspects of the content. Abstracts should be

accurate and succinct, self-contained, and readable. The abstract should paraphrase and

summarize rather than quote from the paper. Abstracts should relate only to the paper to

be presented/assessed.

It is difficult to define the “ideal” structure for an abstract as abstract writing varies

between academic disciplines, genres and styles of writing. However, below are three

widely used formats for abstracts that may be applicable for you.

• Research questions or hypothesis

• Theoretical Frame underpinning the questions/hypothesis

• Methods used to address the research question/hypothesis

• Results of the investigations

• Conclusions, applications, or implications

ix
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The background of the study establishes the context of the research. This section

explains why this particular research topic is important and essential to understanding the

main aspects of the study. Usually, the background forms the first section of a research

article/thesis and justifies the need for conducting the study and summarizes what the study

aims to achieve.

The section should be organized as:

• What is known about the broad topic?

• What are the gaps or missing links that need to be addressed?
• What is the significance of addressing those gaps?
• What are the rationale and hypothesis of your study?

The background section, therefore, should provide general information about the topic

of your research and emphasize the main aims of the study. Please ensure that you only

discuss the main and relevant aspects of the studies that have led to your aims. Do not

elaborate on them as this should be done in the literature review section. The background

section should discuss your findings in a chronological manner to accentuate the progress

in the field and the missing points that need to be addressed. The background should be

written as a summary of your interpretation of previous research and what your study

proposes to accomplish.
How to avoid common mistakes in writing the background

While writing an effective background, you ought to steer clear of some mistakes. The

most common mistakes in writing the background include the following:

 2

• Don’t write a background that is too long or too short. Focus on including all the

important details but write concisely.

• Don’t be ambiguous. Writing in a way that does not convey the message to the

readers defeats the purpose of the background, so express yourself keeping in mind

that the reader does not know your research intimately.

• Don’t discuss unrelated themes. Try and center your discussion around the pivotal

aspects of your research topic i.e. highlight the gaps in the literature, state the

novelty of the study, and the need to conduct the study.

• Don’t be disorganized. Not discussing the themes in a chronological manner can

confuse the reader about the progress in the field, so try and organize your writing

carefully.

How is the background different from the literature review

Many authors find it difficult to discern the difference between the literature review

and the study background. The literature review section should follow the background

section, as the second section of your manuscript/thesis. This section basically supports the

background section by providing evidence for the proposed hypothesis. This section should

be more comprehensive and thoroughly describe all the studies that you have mentioned in

the background section. It should also elaborate on all studies that form evidence for the

present study and discuss the current trends.

To write this section, you will need to do a thorough literature search on different

studies that relate to the broad topic of your research. This will introduce the readers to the

area of your research. Following this, you should present a more focused survey of the

specific studies that are associated with the precise objective of your study. It would be
ideal to organize them thematically and discuss them chronologically so that readers are

aware of the evolution and progress in the field. In other words, separate themes should be

discussed chronologically to highlight how research in those fields has progressed over

time. This will highlight what has been done and what are the future directions that need

to be worked upon.

Statement of the Problem

In academic research, writing a problem statement can help you contextualize and

understand the significance of your research problem. It is often several paragraphs long,

and serves as the basis for your research proposal. Alternatively, it can be condensed into

just a few sentences in your introduction.

A problem statement looks different depending on whether you’re dealing with a

practical, real-world problem or a theoretical issue. Regardless, all problem statements

follow a similar process.

The problem statement should frame your research problem, giving some

background on what is already known.

Practical research problems

For practical research, focus on the concrete details of the situation:

• Where and when does the problem arise?

• Who does the problem affect?

What attempts have been made to solve the problem? Set your aims and objectives.

Your goal here should not be to find a conclusive solution, but rather to propose more

effective approaches to tackling or understanding it.

 Hypothesis

Hypothesis is a research question that also includes the predicted or expected result

of the research. Without a hypothesis, there can be no basis for a scientific or research

experiment. As such, it is critical that you carefully construct your hypothesis by being

deliberate and thorough, even before you set pen to paper. Unless your hypothesis is clearly

and carefully constructed, any flaw can have an adverse, and even grave, effect on the

quality of your experiment and its subsequent results.

Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework is a foundational review of existing theories that serves as

a roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work.

Theories are developed by researchers to explain phenomena, draw connections,

and make predictions. In a theoretical framework, you explain the existing theories that

support your research, showing that your paper or dissertation topic is relevant and

grounded in established ideas.

In other words, your theoretical framework justifies and contextualizes your later

research, and it’s a crucial first step for your research paper, thesis, or dissertation. A well-

rounded theoretical framework sets you up for success later on in your research and writing

process.

Researchers use theoretical frameworks to explain the theories they're using within

their research and provide their own research with context by identifying the assumptions

that inform their work. A theoretical framework is often integrated into a literature review

section near the beginning of a paper or experiment but can also be included as its own

chapter or section.
 Conceptual Framework (If Applicable)

A conceptual framework illustrates the expected relationship between your

variables. It defines the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how

they come together to draw coherent conclusions.

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study, also known as the rationale of the study, is essential

for communicating to your reader why your research is necessary. It is critical to make the

significance of your research clear to the readers so they can understand it.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

Scope refers to the range of the research project and the study limitations set in

place to define the boundaries of the project and delimitation refers to the specific aspects

of the research project that the study will focus on.

In simpler words, scope is the breadth of your study, while delimitation is the

depth of your study.

Scope and delimitation are both essential components of a research project, and

they are often confused with one another. The scope defines the parameters of the study,

while delimitation sets the boundaries within those parameters. The scope and

delimitation of a study are usually established early on in the research process and guide

the rest of the project.

Setting limits and focusing your study through scope and delimitation is crucial for

the following reasons:

• It allows researchers to define the research project’s boundaries, enabling them to

focus on specific aspects of the project. This focus makes it easier to gather
 relevant data and avoid unnecessary information that might complicate the study’s

results.

• Setting limits and focusing your study through scope and delimitation enables the

researcher to stay within the parameters of the project’s resources.

• A well-defined scope and delimitation ensure that the research project can be

completed within the available resources, such as time and budget, while still

achieving the project’s objectives.

Definition of Terms

A definition does not need to contain every piece of information known about a

subject. Rather, it should contain information about the word and what the word refers to,

and enough explanation to allow a user to distinguish that word from most other words.

Don't include usage notes in a definition.

Definition of Terms. Only terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique

meanings in the study are defined.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides

an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and

gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper.

Related Studies

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides

an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and

gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper.

Synthesis

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides

an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and

gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

A research design is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical

data. Creating a research design means making decisions about:

• Your overall research objectives and approach

• Whether you’ll rely on primary research or secondary research

• Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects

• Your data collection methods

• The procedures you’ll follow to collect data

• Your data analysis methods

A well-planned research design helps ensure that your methods match your research

objectives and that you use the right kind of analysis for your data.

You might have to write up a research design as a standalone assignment, or it might

be part of a larger research proposal or other project. In either case, you should carefully

consider which methods are most appropriate and feasible for answering your question.

Locale of the Study

Research Locale Research locale discusses the sites where the sampling and data

collection will take place. Here are the guidelines in writing the research locale: Only

identify the locale by its name only if you have sought permission. If the permission was

not granted, refer to the locale to its characteristics (ie. an autonomous university in Quezon

City; a tertiary, two-hundred bed capacity hospital; fisherfolk community in Cavite). 2.

Describe the area in terms of its geographic location (up to city or municipal level, unless
contraindicated by the institution). For locations outside the city capital/main city, always

indicate how far it is from the capital in terms of kilometers, for instance, "Lingayen,

Pangasinan (221 km from Manila)." 3. Discuss details about the locale that relates it to the

study's focus. If needed, you may also discuss the social and historical context of the place.

4. Justify why this location is the best place for you to access samples and collect data. 5.

You may use maps when: (1) the area is not frequently heard of; (2) you have multiple sites

of whose locations you have to indicate. 6. If your study has multiple sites, a full description

is written for each.

Participants/Respondents/Panelists of the Study

A respondent is an individual who answers/responds to questions (either written or

oral). While a participant is an individual who voluntarily joins to be part of a study as a

subject.

Sampling Procedure

You need to: (1) describe what you are studying, including the units involved in

your sample and the target population; (2) explain the types of sampling technique

available to you; (3) state and describe the sampling strategy you used; and (4) justify your

choice of sampling strategy.

Research Instruments

A research instrument is a tool used to gather data on a specific topic of interest.

When conducting a research, you need to prepare and implement the appropriate

instrument to gather the data you need. When preparing an instrument, you must ensure

that it is valid and reliable. An instrument is valid when it directly answers or addresses
your research questions. It is reliable when it provides you consistent and stable data over

a period of time.

Validity of the research Instrument (If Applicable)

Questionnaire is one of the most widely used tools to collect data in especially

social science research. The main objective of questionnaire in research is to obtain

relevant information in most reliable and valid manner. Thus the accuracy and consistency

of survey/questionnaire forms a significant aspect of research methodology which are

known as validity and reliability. Often new researchers are confused with selection and

conducting of proper validity type to test their research instrument (questionnaire/survey).

This review article explores and describes the validity and reliability of a

questionnaire/survey and also discusses various forms of validity and reliability tests.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data collection is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements.

Whether you are performing research for business, governmental or academic purposes,

data collection allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into

your research problem. While methods and aims may differ between fields, the overall

process of data collection remains largely the same. Before you begin collecting data, you

need to consider:

• The aim of the research

• The type of data that you will collect

• The methods and procedures you will use to collect, store, and process the data.
Before you start the process of data collection, you need to identify exactly what you want

to achieve. You can start by writing a problem statement: what is the practical or scientific

issue that you want to address and why does it matter?

Next, formulate one or more research questions that precisely define what you want to

find out. Depending on your research questions, you might need to collect quantitative or

qualitative data:

• Quantitative data is expressed in numbers and graphs and is analyzed

through statistical methods.

• Qualitative data is expressed in words and analyzed through interpretations and

categorizations.

If your aim is to test a hypothesis, measure something precisely, or gain large-scale

statistical insights, collect quantitative data. If your aim is to explore ideas, understand

experiences, or gain detailed insights into a specific context, collect qualitative data. If you

have several aims, you can use a mixed methods approach that collects both types of data.

Categorization of Variables

Variables may be classified into two main categories: categorical and numeric. Each

category is then classified in two subcategories: nominal or ordinal for categorical variables,

discrete or continuous for numeric variables.

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Results

The results section of your research paper contains a description about the main

findings of your research, whereas the discussion section interprets the results for readers

and provides the significance of the findings. The discussion should not repeat the results.

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data The sequence of the content is the same

with that of the STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. Normally, it features the following

contents in chronological order: 1. Statistical Tables and Graphs 2. Textual Presentation 3.

Inferences or Interpretation Presentation of Data Presentation is a way of arranging data

into logical, chronological and significant categories and classifications. There are three

ways of presenting data: textual, tabular and graphical. A. Tabular Presentation Tables

organize and compress data into standardized forms. They facilitate the study and

interpretation. Most researchers use tables in their textual presentation of data. This is

because (1) researchers need to give little explanation only since data in tables are arranged

and grouped systematically; (2) readers can comprehend and interpret information easily

because they can see relationships of data at once, and (3) tables can present ideas that are

understood even without reading the textual presentation. Constructing a Table Tables

include a title, a number, heading, a body and if necessary, notes. The title should identify

the table briefly. It need not give background information or describe the results. The

modern way of writing titles omits the words Frequency and Percentage Distribution of /

Distribution of / According to. Example:

 Table 1. Interpretation of Responses

Questions Mean Scale

Implications should begin with what you discovered in your study, which differs

from what previous studies found, and then you can discuss the implications of your

findings. Your implications need to be specific, meaning you should show the exact

contributions of your research and why they're essential

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

To write an effective summary, you first need to understand the purpose of the

summary. A summary is simply a brief overview of the main points of a research paper. It

should not include any new information or arguments, but simply, concisely state the main

points.

Findings

The study's data should be presented in a logical sequence without bias or

interpretation. Findings may be reported in written text, tables, graphs, and other

illustrations. It is important to include a contextual analysis of the data by tying it back to

the research question(s).

Conclusions

In the conclusion, you should restate the research topic and show how it has been

developed through the body of the paper. Briefly summarize the key arguments made in

the body, showing how each of them contributes to proving your study.

Recommendations

Recommendations should offer a solution-oriented approach to problem-solving

and must be written in a way that is easy to follow. Relevant: Research recommendations

should be reasonable, realistic, and result-based. Make sure to suggest future possibilities

for your research field.

 REFERENCES

Basic components and formats include the following:

▪ Article: Author’s last name, First and Middle (if available) initials. (Publication date).

Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue number), start page-end page.

▪ Book: Author’s last name, First and Middle (if available) initials. (Copyright date). Book

title. Publisher’s city: Publisher’s name.

NOTE: APA does not use the words “Volume,” “Vol.,” or “Issue” in reference list

entries, just the appropriate numbers. If no publication date is available, use (n.d.) to

indicate that there is no publication date.

NOTE: The paragraph format for reference entries is a “Hanging Indent” where

the first line is left flush and subsequent lines are indented. In MS WORD, use the

FORMAT > PARAGRAPH > INDENTS and SPACING > INDENTATION >

SPECIAL > HANGING style menu.

APPENDICES
 Appendix A

An appendix is a supplementary document that facilitates your reader’s

understanding of your research but is not essential to your core argument. Appendices are

a useful tool for providing additional information or clarification in a research

paper, dissertation, or thesis without making your final product too long.

Appendices help you provide more background information and nuance about your

thesis or dissertation topic without disrupting your text with too many tables and figures or

other distracting elements.

 CURRICULUM VITAE

Name:
Address:
Birthdate:
Civil Status:
Religion:
Father:
Mother:

Educational Qualification

Elementary
Name of School
Address
Month and Year

Junior High School

Name of School
Address
Month and Year

Senior High School

Name of School
Address
Month and Year
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Capiz
FELICIANO YUSAY CONSING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Cabugcabug, President Roxas, Capiz

Guidelines in writing Research Paper:

Font Style: Times New Roman
Font Size: 12
Spacing: 2.0
Margins: Top – 1” Left – 1.5” Right – 1” Bottom – 1”
Paper Size: 8.5x11” (short bond paper)

Logo:

Capiz Division Logo and School Logo only

Format:

Preliminaries
Approval Sheet
Acceptance Sheet
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Abstract
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
 Definition of Terms
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
III. METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Locale of the Study
Participants/Respondents of the Study
Sampling Procedure
Research Instruments
Research Validity
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Analysis Procedure
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,viRECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE

Prepared:

NOEMI D. DENOSTA
SST-I, SHS Research Coordinator

Approved:

RONILO B. TU EdD
Principal IV