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Design Techniques of Super-Wideband Antenna - Existing and Future Prospective
Design Techniques of Super-Wideband Antenna - Existing and Future Prospective
Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.Doi Number
ABSTRACT With the recent advancement and phenomenal progress in the field of wireless communication technology,
there is an ever increasing demand for high data rates and improved quality of service for the end users. In recent times
various designs of super wideband antennas (SWB) fulfilling diverse objectives have been proposed for modern wireless
networks. Design of compact and wideband antenna for high speed, high capacity, and secure wireless communications
presents a challenging task for designers of fixed and mobile wireless communication systems. In this paper, a
comprehensive review concerning antenna structures and the technologies adopted for design and analysis of SWB antennas
for wireless application is reported. Comparative parameters in terms of electrical dimension, bandwidth, Fractional
bandwidth (FB) and Bandwidth Dimension Ratio (BDR) (BDR) are presented which introduces the researchers to the
technical challenges in the design of a compact wideband antenna. This paper contributes to present existing novel approaches
along with its adequacy in the design techniques.This review exercise will assist the researchers with valuable support for
further research and to achieve better impedance matching, wide bandwidth, high gain and good efficiency along with well
directive radiation characteristics.
INDEX TERMS Bandwidth Dimension Ratio, Compact Design, Fractal Antenna, Monopole Antenna,
Super Wideband Antenna
The designed antenna should be compact in dimension to be
integrated into portable wireless devices and RF circuits
I. INTRODUCTION used for both civilian and military applications [4].
In the present modern era of wireless communication
due to the increase in demands for higher data rate, capacity In recent years, UWB systems have fascinated the new
and resolution, the design of wideband antennas with wireless world with its attractive features like multiband
enhanced radiation characteristics are capturing great communication, high data rate and minimal requirement of
importance [1, 2]. With the exponential growth of mobile operational energy[5]. According to the Federal
systems toward the fifth-generation (5G), there is a great
demand for compact, multiband and enhanced bandwidth
VOLUME XX, 2017
antenna with high gain and good radiation efficiency [3].
Communication Commission (FCC) regulation, Ultrawide UWB (7.5 GHz) is used potentially, the maximum power
band (UWB) antennas are functional over a frequency range that can be transmitted by UWB transmitter is 0.566 mW or
of 3.1-10.6 GHz (ratio bandwidth of 3.4:1) for remote even less. This amount of transmitted power is not even a
sensing, radar imaging and wireless personal area network fraction of transmitted power, required for applications
applications [6,7]. falling under ISM bands. UWB antennas also exhibit slow
adaptation rate and long signal acquisition time. Due to
An appropriate UWB antenna should attain an absolute these
minimum bandwidth of 500 MHz or a minimum fractional
bandwidth of 20% [8]. In spite of having a wide frequency 1
range, UWB antennas are not suitable for a large number of
communication systems. Even if the entire bandwidth of
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FBW(2)
can be used for both long and short f
range of communication. Factors that f
influence the wideband antenna RB c
f
designing are lh (3)
=
=
h
resistance to jamming, high data rate, transmission power,
multipath performance etc.[13].
l
and fc denotes the center frequency. Higher the FBW
Miniaturization and wideband behavior of antenna can percentage, broader the bandwidth of antenna achieved.
be achieved by fractal geometry techniques [14,15]. This To assure a reasonable comparison among the proposed
technique is based on self-similarity and space filling SWB antennas, their performances characteristics in terms
property [16]. Self-similarity leads to an increase in of bandwidth ratio, fractional usable bandwidth, electrical
impedance bandwidth while its space filling property dimension and bandwidth dimension ratio are included and
expands the electrical dimension of the antenna structure presented in Table 2 of Section 5. The research article aims
without affecting its physical dimension [17]. Various fractal to introduce the existing approaches and techniques of SWB
configurations such as Koch structure, Sierpinski structure, antenna designing and to ease future research on SWB
Dragon structure, Minkowski curve, Hilbert curve and antenna designing by providing a direction for the decision
Fractal tree have been reported for reduction of size of the on design aspects.
antenna [18, 19].
II. CONTRIBUTION
There are several factors which determine the The main contributions of this paper are as follows. ∙ It
performance of antenna such as gain, radiation pattern, provides an overview of contemporary techniques used
directivity, polarization, return loss and bandwidth [20]. In for SWB antenna designs to achieve wide bandwidth
antenna designing, the structure of radiator and ground operation with smaller dimension.
plane, position of feed, and dielectric constant of substrate ∙ The paper also describes the present challenges in
are optimized to achieve the desired antenna achieving compact size, high gain and omnidirectional
characteristics[21, 22]. wideband antenna.
2
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tT dt
)(
s
VSWR 1 )(
−+ S s
1 11 ∞−
= S (5)
11
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TABLE 1
COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON SUPER WIDEBAND ANTENNA DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Ref. Year Design Methodology and Focus on Inferences Structure Proposed
Existing Study
[36] 2017 Elliptical ground plane with notch and The electrical dimension of the
tapered microstrip feedline along with reported antenna is large i.e.0.16λ ×
modification in conventional rectangular 0.13λ. As the frequency increases,
monopole antenna is proposed for super the gain increases while radiation
wideband application. The proposed efficiency decreases. Simulation FIGURE 1 Modified rectangular
antenna is designed by loading a circular results show maximum radiation monopole patch with notch
loaded elliptical ground plane
base and including two stubs along the efficiency of 58% at 2.5 GHz.
[36]
conventional rectangular monopole antenna
which in turn provides good impedance
bandwidth over the entire frequency range
of 0.96-13.98 GHz with a bandwidth ratio
of 14.56:1. The proposed antenna has the
highest Bandwidth Dimension ratio of
7468.51.
[37] 2017 Authors proposed a crescent shaped Gain of the proposed antenna varies
radiating patch with a rectangular slotted over the entire range of frequency.
partial ground, fed by microstrip line to Radiation Efficiency decreases at
achieve wide bandwidth of 2.5 GHz to 29.0 frequency above 7 GHz.
GHz with an overall dimension of 32 mm × Omni-directional pattern of the
22 mm and bandwidth ratio of 11.6:1 antenna becomes directive at FIGURE 2 Crescent shaped
which results in BDR of 3462.02. frequencies above 14.5 GHz. radiator with rectangular
Minimum gain of 2 dBi at 7 GHz and Variation in isolation with respect to slotted ground plane [37]
Maximum gain of 6.10 dBi at 16 GHz is frequency and variation in group
observed. Measured efficiency of 75% and delay for both arrangements (side to
simulated efficiency of 81% is achieved. side and face to face) with respect to
frequency need to be addressed.
4
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[38] 2018 Partial circular monopole antenna with The impedance bandwidth of
elliptical slot which enhances the lower proposed antenna is less and a very
operating frequency, which in turn low gain of 0.5 dBi is observed at
increases the bandwidth dimension ratio to the lowest resonant frequency. As
6975.22, is proposed. In order to augment well as efficiency of the proposed FIGURE 3 Segmented circular
the impedance bandwidth and to reduce the antenna needs to be further explored. patch antenna with elliptical slot
and notch loaded elliptical
coupling effect, tapered microstrip line feed ground plane [38]
with notch loaded elliptical ground plane is
suggested. The proposed antenna achieves
a frequency range of 0.96 GHz to 10.9 GHz
with a bandwidth ratio of 11.35:1.
[39] 2018 Authors presented a co-planner waveguide Negative gains are observed at lowest
fed square monopole antenna which is resonant frequency due to poor
modified by adding two stubs at the impedance matching at lower
opposite side, which in turn increases the resonant frequency. Radiation
electrical length of monopole resulting in efficiency is slightly decreasing as
large BDR 7871.49.The designed antenna frequency increases which is due to
consists of semi-circular base which the lossy nature of Rogers
provides smoother impedance variation and RT/Duroid 5880 substrate material
helps in providing bandwidth greater than a and also due to the presence of FIGURE 4 CPW fed modified
decade. Corner truncated ground plane losses in the surface wave. square monopole radiator [39]
which creates capacitive coupling, which
void the inductive effect created by
modified radiator and thus provides the
resistive impedance. The designed antenna
operates at a frequency range of 0.95-13.8
GHz with a radiation efficiency of 80% and
gain of 5.8 dBi at 13.8 GHz.
[42] 2017 A complementary triangle Sierpinski Gain varies over the entire range of
geometry is proposed. In order to achieve frequency. A higher gain deviation is
coupling over the entire bandwidth noticed for the frequencies above 15
semicircular sectors are enclosed on both GHz due to reflection effects. Total
sides of the radiating patch. Truncation in efficiency decreases up to 50% with
the ground plane is done to produce respect to frequency due to the high
capacitive effect which in turn is used to dielectric losses of the FR4 material FIGURE 7 Complementary
nullify the inductive effect of patch that increases with frequency. The triangular Sierpinski fractal
resulting in an improved impedance proposed antenna could not attain antenna [42]
matching by improving the return loss. It miniaturization. Time domain
operates over a wide range of frequency analysis of the presented antenna
1.68-26 GHz with a bandwidth ratio of needs to be analyzed.
15.47:1 and minimum gain of 0.5 dBi at 6
GHz and maximum gain of 5.5 dBi is
obtained at 24 GHz.
5
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[43] 2016 Circular shaped patch antenna with a Negative gains at lower frequencies
rectangular slot ground plane fed by a are observed. Impedance bandwidth
microstrip feed line is presented to operate matching is not fairly good between
at a frequency range from 2.4-28.4 GHz 16- 24 GHz which results in decrease
with bandwidth ratio of 12:1. in gain with increasing frequency
above 16 GHz. Experimental
validations needs to be accomplished
to assess the performance of the
antenna. FIGURE 8 Microstrip fed
Circular shaped patch radiator
[43]
[44] 2016 In order to achieve wide bandwidth of 3.5- With increase in frequency, efficiency
37.2 GHz a π-shaped radiator is designed is observed to be decreased up to
with the modification of traditional 55% due to improper impedance
elliptical monopole radiator and CPW fed bandwidth matching at higher
ground plane. Simulation results shows frequency and also due to varying
minimum gain of 2 dBi at 3.5 performances of the radiating
GHz and maximum gain of 8 dBi at 37.2 GHz. structure, substrate and SMA
connector at different frequency.
Fidelity factor for face to face FIGURE 9 CPW fed Phi-shaped
configuration is less as compared to monopole patch antenna [44]
previous reported references. Less
fidelity factor causes broadening of
pulse and produces more distortion
of the transmitted signal. Unstable
radiation patterns are noticed at
frequency greater than 10 GHz.
[45] 2015 Hexagonal-triangular fractal antenna with Low gains are observed in the range
tapered microstrip feedline and modified of 10-20 GHz. Impedance bandwidth
partial ground which is an integration of matching is not fairly good at
semi-circular and rectangle shape has been frequencies above 20 GHz.Also it
presented to achieve wide frequency band does not support lower frequency
from 3-35 GHz. bands. Isolation characteristics,
efficiency and time domain analysis
of the presented antenna needs to be
FIGURE 10 Hexagonal shaped
further delve into. triangular slot fractal antenna
[45]
[46] 2017 A Compact star-star fractal microstrip-fed The proposed antenna does not cover
monopole antenna with notch loaded semi the lower range of frequencies. Time
elliptical ground plane is designed and is domain analysis to study the
investigated to operate over a wide performance of antenna over the
frequency range of 4.6–52 GHz. Gain of 2 specified frequencies need to be FIGURE 11 Star fractal geometry
dBi at 4.6 GHz and 11 dBi at 52 GHz are carried out. Also, as the frequency is patch antenna with
observed. increased beyond 10 GHz; the semi-elliptical notch loaded
patterns started achieving distorted ground plane [46]
omnidirectional nature in both planes.
As reported these distortions at
higher frequencies are due to the
higher order modes and feed line
radiation at those frequencies.
Efficiency of the antenna need to be
examined.
[47] 2017 Band notch SWB antenna with tapered At frequency above 20 GHz, antenna
feedline has been designed. Band notch generates multi-nulls in the E-plane
function has been achieved by placing C and H-plane and also the
shaped parasitic element near the ground cross-polarization level increases
plane and by etching two L shaped slot on with higher frequencies. Negative
the ground plane. The proposed antenna gains are noticed at lower frequency.
provides a large impedance bandwidth with
a bandwidth ratio of 111.1:1. FIGURE 12 Tapered radiating
patch with chamfered ground
plane band notched SWB
antenna [47]
[48] 2013 To attain wide impedance bandwidth of Cross polarization level increases at
2.18- 44.5 GHz a novel design of higher frequencies and thus radiation
circular-hexagonal fractal antenna with characteristics become unstable at
partial ground plane and asymmetrical those frequencies. Also the
patch towards the substrate has been performance of this antenna needs to
introduced. The average gain of 4.38dBi is be validated through time domain FIGURE 13 Circular shaped
obtained. The presented antenna has a good analysis. metallic patch with hexagonal
efficiency over the entire range of frequency slot fractal antenna [48]
band, a large BDR of 2461 and high ratio
bandwidth of 20.4:1.
6
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[49] 2011 A microstrip fed line, asymmetrical ground Nevertheless, the major bottleneck of
plane loaded with triangular and a fractal the designed antenna is its large size
complementary semi-elliptical slot is with an area of 2695 mm2and there is
designed to provide a good impedance poor difference in its co and
bandwidth from 1.44-18.8 GHz with a ratio cross-polarization level even at
bandwidth of 13.06:1 and BDR of 2735. It lower frequencies. Even radiation
provides a gain of 1 dBi at 1.44 GHz to 7 characteristic are not stable over the
dBi at 12 GHz. operating frequency band. Reported
study has not been assessed through FIGURE 14 Egg shaped
efficiency, group delay and isolation monopole radiator with
asymmetrical ground plane [49]
parameter.
[50] 2014 Novel SWB monopole antenna design has Variation in group delay is observed
been presented to obtain a broad impedance between 18 - 19 GHz due to improper
bandwidth from 2.5-80 GHz with a impedance matching. Even at
bandwidth ratio of 32:1 and measured gain frequencies above 20 GHz the cross
of 2 dBi at 2.5 GHz and 6 dBi at 25 GHz. polarization level increases and few
The proposed design consist of expanding nulls are also observed. In spite of
tapered feed region and triangular tapered this, wide bandwidth of 77 GHz the
feeding line. presented antenna structure is not
applicable for low frequency
FIGURE 15 Triangular tapered
wireless application such as Global fed triangular shaped monopole
positioning System, Bluetooth, and radiator [50]
Global system for mobile
application.
[51] 2011 A novel SWB antenna with functional In spite of this wide impedance
section block techniques is introduced to bandwidth, the designed antenna is
acquire the desired performance. The not appropriate for low frequency
proposed antenna structure provides a band applications. Performance of
broad bandwidth from 5 the proposed antenna in terms of FIGURE 16 SWB radiator with
functional section block
GHz till 150 GHz. gain and efficiency needs to be approach [51]
analyzed.
[52] 2011 A fractal antenna based on second iteration Lower Bandwidth ratio (5:01) and
of octagonal geometry has been presented less BDR(33.25) are reported due to
to operate over the entire range of 10-50 large electrical dimension of
GHz with a gain of 7 dBi at 10 GHz and 2 antenna. Impedance matching is not
dBi at 40 GHz. Although it has wide good at the lower range of frequency
bandwidth of 40 GHz yet it is not and gain decreases with increase in
applicable for L Band(1-2 GHz),S band (2 frequency. Moreover the FIGURE 17 Octagonal circular
to 4 GHz)and C(4 to 8 GHz) and UWB performance of this antenna needs to fractal geometry microstrip
band applications. Also the size of the be validated experimentally. radiator [52]
antenna is large(60 mm × 60 mm) which
makes it difficult to be integrated in
portable devices.
[53] 2015 Authors proposed a CPW fed monopole The gain and efficiency of proposed
antenna. The proposed antenna consists of antenna are not discussed. Time
an inverted triangle above which includes domain analysis has not been carried
two notches and a parasitic element of out to validate the antenna
rectangular shape which is placed to performance. Inconsistency between
improve the reflection coefficient at lower the measured and simulated result
frequency. The ground plane contains slits shows, poor impedance matching
notch at the sides which improves the between 10 GHz to 20 GHz due to
impedance matching at higher frequency. which omnidirectional radiation
The designed antenna operates over the patterns are not recognized over the FIGURE 18 CPW fed inverted
frequency range of 3.06-35 GHz and entire range of frequency and also at triangular shaped patch antenna
provides a bandwidth ratio of 11.43. frequency above 10 GHz cross [53]
polarization level increases.
[54] 2015 Semicircular shaped patch with trapezoid Impedance matching is good only in
ground plane which is top rounded at the the range of 4.90 GHz to 10.95 GHz.
corner to achieve good impedance At frequency higher than 10 GHz
bandwidth matching is proposed. The current density is not evenly
proposed antenna is fed with tapered distributed on the patch and the
feedline to shift the lower operating ground plane, which results in
frequency and to provide SWB increased level of cross polarization.
FIGURE 19 Semicircular shaped
characteristics. It covers frequency Also the phase variation across the radiator with partial trapezoidal
spectrum from 1.30 GHz to 20 GHz and entire operating band is not linear, shaped ground plane [54]
provides a gain of 2 dBi at 1.3 GHz to 5 leading to pulse distortion. Gain
dBi at 20 GHz. Average efficiency of fluctuations in between frequencies
98.8% is reported across the entire are also observed. Input impedance
operating band. phase variation is not linear at 17.50
GHz which may lead to pulse
distortion.
7
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[55] 2018 An octagonal shaped Sierpinski SWB Above 20 GHz efficiency reduces to
antenna with single band-notch 70% due to lossy nature of FR4
characteristics for C band was designed by substrate. Even negative gains are
using the techniques of slot loading, observed at lower operating
symmetrical rectangular microstrip feedline frequency. Also proposed antenna
and multiple notch-loaded reduced ground has less bandwidth ratio as
plane. The proposed antenna structure considered to the other references.
operates at 3.68 GHz to 31.61 GHz with
band notch function for the frequency FIGURE 20 Fractal geometry
range of 7.86 based octagonal Sierpinski
GHz to 11.08 GHz with ratio bandwidth of antenna with defected ground
8.58:1.Increase in radiation efficiency from structure [55]
93% to 99% up to 20 GHz is observed.
[56] 2014 A novel design of transparent antenna has Gain varies over the entire range of
been reported. Staircase approach on the frequencies and negative gains are
rectangular patch is adopted to achieve observed throughout the bandwidth.
wide bandwidth of 3.15 GHz to 32 GHz. Lower BWR is reported as compared
The CPW fed partial ground is modified by to other references.
quarter-circle slots to reduce the capacitance
effect. In order to enhance the lower
resonant frequencies and to increase the
FIGURE 21Modified ground
bandwidth, two symmetrical major and plane CPW fed staircase
minor rectangular stubs were placed above shaped patch antenna [56]
quarter-circle slot ground by virtue of dual
axis.
[57] 2017 An octagonal shaped Sierpinski band Low gains are observed at lower
rejection fractal antenna fed by operating frequency. Study has not
asymmetrical rectangular microstrip for been focused on efficiency of the
super wideband application is designed and proposed antenna. The designed
analyzed. In order to increase the antenna has not been experimentally
impedance bandwidth slot loading and validated.
truncation of partial ground method are FIGURE 22 Band notched
utilized. The proposed antenna provides a asymmetrically fed octagonal
shaped Sierpinski fractal
wide impedance bandwidth of 3.87 GHz to antenna [57]
35 GHz with band notch from 7.24 GHz to
11.11 GHz.
[58] 2016 A CPW fed Hexagonal shaped Sierpinski The reported antenna has large
fractal antenna loaded with two iteration of dimension of 30 mm × 28 mm which
square slot to achieve wide bandwidth from makes it difficult to be integrated in
3.4-37.4 GHz is designed and fabricated. hand held devices. Also the
efficiency of the proposed antenna
decreases up to 45% with increase in
frequency. This antenna could not
support lower frequency range of FIGURE 23 Sierpinski hexagonal
application. shaped fractal antenna with
CPW feed [58]
[59] 2014 In order to refine the performance The proposed antenna has lower
bandwidth, triangular sectors are replaced bandwidth dimension ratio of 890.93
with circular sectors in the proposed due to large electrical dimension of
antenna. Full structure of circular sectors is 135 mm × 135mm. Impedance
utilized to directly match the impedance to matching over the entire range of
50 ohm feed line. By appropriately frequency band is not good
optimizing the geometrical parameters of especially in the range of 9 GHz to
the antenna, the bandwidth achieved is 1.0 11 GHz as VSWR > 2 which results
GHz to 19.4 GHz. in poor return loss. Gain reduces FIGURE 24 Circular coupled
sectorial loop radiator for SWB
with increase in frequency between 3 applications [59]
to 4.5 GHz and 6.5 to 8.5 GHz.
Efficiency and time domain analysis
of the design antenna needs to be
explored.
[60] 2018 Bevel shaped radiator with tapered Due to high dielectric losses gain
microstrip feed line is designed and decreases as the frequency increases
analyzed to achieve SWB performance. above 17 GHz. In the radiation
Two ground plane on the top side and a pattern of the proposed antenna a
partial ground plane on the bottom side are large amount of ripples are observed
used to present wideband characteristics. at frequency above 7.85 GHz. Also
FIGURE 25 Bevel shaped patch
The presented design provides a ratio the electrical dimension of the
radiator with modified ground
bandwidth of 66:1 with an impedance proposed antenna is large (80 mm × plane [60]
bandwidth of 0.3-20 GHz. An average gain 80 mm).The performance of the
of 7 dBi is observed over the entire antenna needs to be evaluated using
frequency range of 0.3-17 GHz. time domain analysis.
8
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[61] 2018 A circular metallic patch nested with three Although the peak gain increases
iteration of apollonius circles is designed with increasing frequency, however
and analyzed. In order to greatly enhance experimental design validation of the
the bandwidth, the ground plane is loaded proposed antenna is not obtained.
with a rectangular notch and two The designed antenna needs to be
semicircular notches. The antenna is fed by further examined for time domain
a tapered microstrip feedline to achieve analysis.
better impedance matching over all around
frequency range of 3 GHz to 60 GHz.
FIGURE 26 Circular shaped
metallic patch with Apollonius
fractal geometry [61]
[62] 2016 An octagonal radiating patch loaded with The peak gain increases linearly with
four iteration of octagonal slot is designed increasing frequency, however
to achieve impedance bandwidth of 0.3 -20 maximum radiation efficiency
GHz. Good impedance matching over a obtained is 58% at 2.5 GHz. For the
wide frequency bandwidth is achieved by frequencies greater than 10 GHz, the
utilizing a pair of rectangular notch-loaded radiation patterns become distorted
modified ground plane and coplanar and at some angles, the level of
waveguide feedline. cross-polar patterns is greater than
that of co-polar patterns due to
excitation of hybrid modes at higher
frequencies. FIGURE 27 CPW fed octagonal
shaped fractal radiator with
defective ground structure [62]
[63] 2018 Planar monopole SWB antenna based on The gain is relatively flat up to 40
Hanning window function is designed to GHz. However according to the
provide wide bandwidth of 2.5 GHz to 110 measured result impedance matching
GHz. In order to improve radiation and is not fairly good over the entire
reduce reflection, microstrip line is defined frequency range.
narrowed down at the feeding point.
[65] 2015 Radiating patch with diamond shape slot Experimental design validation of the
and modified edges using slits and corners proposed antenna is not presented.
truncations is presented. Gain of the antenna Efficiency and time domain study
is enhanced over the entire frequency band needs to be carried out for the
from 3-20 GHz by using an FSS reflector. proposed antenna.
FSS array of 30 elements (i.e. 6 × 5) is
placed below the antenna. Maximum gain
enhancement is around 7.5 dB is achieved
for the complete operational band.
9
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[66] 2018 A Compact SWB trapezoid shaped radiator In spite of support for wide
with a triangular tapered feedline and a bandwidth, the omnidirectional
semicircular ground plane is designed and radiation pattern becomes distorted
investigated. The proposed antenna at higher frequencies. At some
structure covers a wide frequency angles, the level of cross-polar
bandwidth from 1.42 GHz to 90 GHz and patterns is greater than that of
provides maximum gain of 7.67 dB at 23 co-polar patterns. The performance
GHz and the average gain of about 4.77 dB. of the antenna needs to be analysed
in time domain.
[67] 2015 A novel compact hut-shaped radiating patch Gain degrades with increase in
with a diamond shaped slot at its center is frequency from 2 GHz to 12 GHz.
designed for super wideband applications. Efficiency of the design antenna has
To achieve the enhanced bandwidth, partial required to be explored.
ground plane with a rectangular notch is
proposed. The designed antenna operates in
the frequency range of 0.92 GHz to 22.35
GHz and provides a bandwidth ratio of
24.8:1.
FIGURE 32 Hut shaped patch
antenna with diamond shaped
slot for SWB applications[67]
[68] 2015 A novel fractal textile antenna design based Antenna performances such as phase
on genetic algorithm for SWB applications variation of the far-field and transient
is proposed. In order to boost the radiation response in time-domain needs to be
resistivity which improves the radiation further explored to reveal the real
power, gain and efficiency a fractal ability of SWB antennas in receiving
geometry consisting of triangular–circular pulses.
patch with an elliptical ground plane is
FIGURE 33 Equilateral triangle
developed. The designed antenna provides
with inscribed circle fractal
a broad impedance bandwidth of 1.4 GHz geometry radiator with elliptical
to 20 GHz. ground plane [68]
[69] 2018 A compact polygonal shaped patch antenna The peak gain of designed antenna is
of 40 mm × 38 mm dimension which 5.05 dBi. However efficiency of the
covers the frequency range of 2.25-11.05 designed antenna drops with increase
GHz is designed. The ground plane consist in frequency and even the
of circular and rectangular shaped slot performance of the antenna needs to
which helps to expand the bandwidth and be evaluated using time domain
gain of the designed antenna. analysis. FIGURE 34 Polygonal shaped
patch radiator with circular
slotted ground plane[69]
[70] 2009 Elliptical shaped patch fed with tapered The peak gain is high, but the
microstrip feedline is designed to exhibits antenna structure is large (150 mm ×
extremely broad bandwidth from 640 MHz 150 mm) to be integrated into
to 16 GHz. Two corners are rounded in the portable devices. Also for face to
ground plane for bandwidth enhancement. face configuration critical antenna
Gain of the antenna evenly increases from characteristics such as antenna
3 to 10 dBi with slight fluctuation. transfer function decreases
substantially at frequency greater
than 1.5 GHz, as a result the
received signals undergo distortion.
Hence in spite of extremely broad FIGURE 35 Half circular and half
bandwidth only the spectrum in low elliptical patch with corner
frequency can be transmitted and rounded ground plane[70]
received by the antennas
[71] 2013 A compact star-triangular fractal monopole The gain is stable along 1–14 GHz of
antenna is proposed, which is fed by a the antenna operating range.
microstrip-feedline. The designed antenna is However fluctuation in gain are
appropriate to cover from 0.5 GHz to 30 observed in intermediate frequency
GHz frequency with a measured bandwidth from 14 to 30
ratio of 60:1.To achieve a good impedance GHz.
matching
10
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[73] 2013 A CPW fed propeller shaped monopole The gain of the antenna varies from
antenna for SWB application is presented. 4dBi at 3 GHz to 6 dBi at 13 GHz.
The designed antenna provides a wide However at higher frequency due to
bandwidth from 3 to 35 GHz with a ratio dielectric loss of the substrate the
bandwidth of 11.6:1. gain gradually decreases to 3.9 dBi
at 25 GHz.The designed antenna
structure is not appropriate for L
band wireless applications. The
proposed antenna has fair impedance
bandwidth however it suffers from
lower BDR value (809) due to its
FIGURE 38 Propeller shaped
large electrical dimensions.
monopole radiator with CPW
feed [73]
[74] 2014 A rectangular patch with Giusepe Peano The proposed antenna structure is not
fractal geometry on its boundary is suited for wireless applications such
designed to operate over a wide frequency as GSM, GPS and Bluetooth.
range from 3 GHz to 26 GHz. In order to Radiation efficiency and time
improve the current distribution in the domain analysis needs to be carried
exterior of the antenna, Sierpinski Koch out for the proposed antenna.
snowflake slots of different size are further
applied on the surface of patch. To achieve
the wide impedance bandwidth the ground FIGURE 39 Giusepe Peano
of proposed antenna consists of rectangle fractal geometry radiator with
combination of circular and
and semi-circle. rectangular ground plane [74]
[75] 2016 A snowflake structure is achieved using star Simulated structure is be fabricated
shaped fractal antenna. The designed and measured results need to be
antenna is useful for 5G communication as verified. In spite of operating over a
it operates over the entire frequency range wide bandwidth, the designed
of 17.22 GHz to 180 GHz.The obtained antenna does not support lower
peak gain of the proposed antenna is 10 dBi frequency range applications.
and average gain is 6.4 dBi.
11
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All the antennas considered in Table 1, are compared on the basis of different design parameters and listed in Table 2. It
is found that the dimension and substrate material have a great influence in the super wide band antenna designing.
TABLE 2.
COMPARISON OF EXISTING SUPER WIDEBAND ANTENNA DESIGN BASED ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS
Ref SIZE (mm3) Size in λ2 Freq. range BW (%) Bandwi BDR Substrate Material
(λ is free space (GHz) dth
wavelength Ratio
calculated at
lower
frequency)
[36] 52×42×0.94 0.16λ × 0.13 λ 0.96 - 13.98 174 14.56:1 7468.5 Rogers RT/Duroid 5880
���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.009
[37] 32×22×1.60 0.27 λ × 0.18 λ 2.5 - 29.0 168.25 11.6:1 3462.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[38] 52×42×1.575 0.17λ × 0.13λ 0.96 - 10.9 167.22 11.35:1 6975.2 Rogers RT/Duroid 5880
���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.009
[39] 52×46×1.6 0.17 λ × 0.13 λ 0.95 - 13.8 173.96 14.52:1 7871.4 Rogers RT/Duroid 5880
���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.009
[40] 30×30 × 1.6 0.3 λ × 0.3λ 3-50 177 16.66:1 1966.6 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
(Band-notch 0.02
is from
4.85-5.83)
[41] 28×27 ×1.6 0.256λ × 0.247λ 2.75-71 185 25.82:1 2912.2 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[42] 62×64×1.58 0.34λ × 0.36λ 1.68-26 175.72 15.47:1 1435.6 FR4, ���� = 4.08,tan�� =
0.019
[43] 30×40×1.6 0.24λ × 0.32λ 2.4- 28.4 169 12:1 2200.5 Dielectric, ���� =
2.22,tan�� = 0.0009
[44] 22×18.5× 1.6 0.2785λ × 0.234λ 3.5-37.2 164 10:1 2541.1 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[45] 20×33.3×1.5 0.35λ × 0.20λ 3-35 168 11.6:1 2400.0 Rogers RT/Duroid 5880
7 ���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.009
[46] 19.7×19×1.6 0.30λ × 0.29λ 4.6 -52 168 11.31:1 1903.2 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[47] 30×40×0.787 0.09λ × 0.12λ 0.9 - 100 196 111.1:1 1814.8 RT/Duroid5870
(Band-notch is ���� = 2.23,tan�� = 0.009
from 4.7-6)
[48] 31×45×1.575 0.33λ × 0.23λ 2.18 - 44.5 181.32 20.4 :1 2461.0 Rogers/Duroid 5870
���� = 2.3,tan�� = 0.0012
[49] 35×77 ×1.6 0.17λ × 0.37λ 1.44 -18.8 172 13.06: 1 2735.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[50] 40×30×1.6 0.33λ × 0.25λ 2.5 -80 187.88 32:1 2254.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.018
[51] 16.55×15.72 0.27 λ × 0.26λ 5 - 150 187 30:1 2663.8 RT/Duroid 5880
×0.787 ���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.0027
[53] 32×26 × 1.6 0.326λ × 0.265λ 3.06 – 35 168 11.43:1 1944.6 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[54] 52.25×42×1.57 0.18λ × 0. 22λ 1.30 -20 175.58 15.38:1 4261.0 RT/Duroid 5870
���� = 2.23,tan�� = 0.0012
[55] 25×19×1.6 0.30 λ × 0.23λ 3.68 - 31.61 158 8.58:1 2289.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
(Band-notch is 0.02
from 7.86-11.0)
[56] 30×45×0.175 0.31λ × 0.46λ 3.15 -32 164 10.16:1 1102.9 Polyethylene
terephthalate(AgHT-8)
���� = 3.24
[57] 25×19×1.6 0.32λ × 0.245λ 3.87-35 160.40 9.04:1 2041.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
(Band 0.02
rejection is
from
7.24-11.1)
[58] 30×28×1.6 0.32λ × 0.34λ 3.4 - 37.4 166.67 11:1 1531.8 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[59] 135×135×0.8 0.45λ × 0.45λ 1.0 - 19.4 180.40 19.4:1 890.9 FR4 , ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.025
[60] 80×80×1.57 0.08λ × 0.08λ 0.3 - 20 194 66.6:1 3233.0 RT/Duroid 5880
���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.0027
[61] 19×31×1.6 0.19λ × 0.31λ 3 - 60 181 20:1 3073.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
12
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[62] 18.5×20×1.6 0.23 λ × 0.25λ 3.8 – 68 179 17.89:1 3015.0 FR4,���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[63] 40×50 ×0.254 0.33 λ × 0.416λ 2.5 – 110 191 44:1 1391.0 RT/Duroid 5880
���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.0027
[64] 15×20×1.6 0.23 λ × 0.31 λ 4.9 – 25 126 5.10:1 1767.0 FR4, ���� = 4.3,tan�� =
0.025
[65] 40 × 25×1.6 0.4 λ × 0.25λ 3 - 20 147 6.66:1 1470.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[66] 57×34× 1 0.16λ × 0.27λ 1.42 - 90 193.70 63.38:1 4483.8 F4B ,���� = 2.65,tan�� =
0.02
[67] 40 × 25×1.6 0.12 λ × 0.07λ 0.92 - 22.35 184.5 24.8:1 20502.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[68] 60×80×2.5 0.28 λ × 0.285 λ 1.4 - 20 173.8 14.2:1 2178.0 Polyester Nonwoven
Fabric ���� =
1.18,tan�� = 0.004
[69] 40×38×1.6 0.30λ × 0.285λ 2.25 - 11.05 132.33 4.9:1 1547.7 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[70] 150×150 ×0.5 0.32 λ × 0.32 λ 0.64 - 16 184.6 25:1 1802.7 Dielectric,
���� = 2.65,tan�� = 0.001
[71] 20×20×1 0.033 λ × 0.033 λ 0.5 - 30 193 60:1 175818 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[72] 50×54×1.6 0.33 λ × 0.36 λ 2 - 30 175 15:1 1473.0 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[73] 38×55×1.6 0.38 λ × 0.55 λ 3 - 35 168 11.6:1 803.8 FR4, ���� = 4.4,tan�� =
0.02
[75] 20×20×0.787 1.148 λ × 1.148 λ 17.22 - 180 165 10.45:1 125.2 RT/Duroid 5880
���� = 2.2,tan�� = 0.009
13
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system.
The detailed comparison tables in this article guides Considering the investigation carried out in this review
researchers in choosing geometries of antenna structure article, the following discussions concerning the presented
and material properties for desired gain, bandwidth and antennas can be highlighted.
time domain response according to the applications of the
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