CPU COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE (EXTENSION)
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCTECTURE GROUP WORK

Name Id no

1) AYSHA ABDUREZAKE ........................................... ECS/431/14

2) BEREKET DERIB ................................................... ECS/024/14
3) MESEGANAW TEZERA .......................................ECS/ 616 /14
4) RAFAEL TADESSE ................................................. ECS/ 867 /14
5) RAHEL SOLOMON ................................................. ECS/ 673/14
6) TESGAYE BEKELE ................................................. ECS/709/14
7) SEIFE ZEMED........................................................ECS/558/14

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. BERIHUN

SUBMISSION DATE: SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 JC
1) Which of the memories store more bits: a 5M X 8 memory, or a memory that stores 1M
words of word size of 16 bits?
5M X 8 = 5 X 1,048,576 X 8 = 41,943,040 bits

1M X 16 = 1,048,576 X 16 = 16,777,216 bits

For it the 5M X 8 memory stores more bits

2) A certain memory has a capacity of 8K X 16. How many bits are in each word? How
many words can be stored? How many memory cells does this memory contain?
Each word has 16 bits (used memory cell) and 8 X 1024 which is equal to 8192 words
and also it has total number of 8 X 1024 X 16 which is equivalent to 131,072 memory cells

3) Define the following terms: memory cell, memory word, address, byte, access
time.

Memory Cell
A memory cell is the fundamental unit of storage in a computer's memory system. It is
capable of storing a single bit of information, which can be either a 0 or a 1. Memory
cells are typically implemented using electronic circuits, such as flip-flops or capacitors,
that can hold a binary value. These cells are organized in a grid-like structure, forming
memory arrays.

Memory Word
A memory word, also known as a word or a machine word, is a fixed-sized unit of data
that can be accessed and manipulated by a computer's central processing unit (CPU). The
size of a memory word is determined by the computer's architecture and can vary from
one computer system to another. A memory word is typically composed of multiple
memory cells, allowing it to store and retrieve a larger amount of data in a single
operation.

Address
An address refers to a unique identifier that is assigned to each memory location in a
computer's memory system. It is used to specify the location of data or instructions in
memory. An address can be represented as a numerical value, such as a binary or
hexadecimal number, which corresponds to a particular memory location. By specifying
the address, the CPU can read or write data to or from a specific memory location.

Byte
A byte is a unit of digital information that consists of 8 bits. It is the fundamental building
block of most computer systems and is used to represent a single character or a small
piece of data. Bytes are often used to store and manipulate data in computer memory and
 are also used as the basic addressable unit of memory. In modern computer systems,
bytes are used to represent integers, characters, and other data types.

Access Time
Access time refers to the time it takes for a computer system to retrieve or store data from
or to a specific memory location. It is typically measured in nanoseconds (ns) or
milliseconds (ms) and is an important performance metric for memory systems. Access
time includes the time required for the memory system to locate the requested data,
activate the necessary circuits, and transfer the data to or from the CPU. A shorter access
time generally indicates a faster and more efficient memory system.

4) Differentiate main memory, Auxiliary Memory, Associative memory and Catch

memory, Virtual Memory briefly.

Main Memory
Main memory, also known as primary memory or random access memory (RAM), is the
main storage area in a computer system where data and instructions are stored during
program execution. It is directly accessible by the CPU and provides fast access to data.
Main memory is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is powered off
or restarted.

Auxiliary Memory
Auxiliary memory, also known as secondary memory or external storage, refers to
storage devices that provide long-term storage for data and programs. Examples of
auxiliary memory include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), optical
discs, and magnetic tapes. Unlike main memory, auxiliary memory is non-volatile,
meaning it retains its contents even when the computer is powered off.

Associative Memory
Associative memory, also known as content-addressable memory (CAM), is a type of
memory that allows data to be accessed based on its content rather than its address. It is
used for high-speed pattern matching and searching operations. In associative memory,
the data is stored along with its associated tags or keys, and the memory can quickly
retrieve the data based on a given search pattern.

Cache Memory
Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory that is located between the CPU and main
memory. It is used to store frequently accessed data and instructions to improve the
overall performance of the computer system. Cache memory operates on the principle of
locality, which states that recently accessed data is likely to be accessed again in the near
future. By storing this data in cache memory, the CPU can access it much faster than if it
had to retrieve it from main memory.
 Virtual Memory
Virtual memory is a memory management technique that allows a computer to use
secondary storage, such as a hard disk, as an extension of its main memory. It provides
the illusion of a larger main memory by allowing the operating system to swap data
between main memory and disk storage as needed. Virtual memory enables the execution
of programs that are larger than the available physical memory and allows multiple
programs to run simultaneously.

5) How many 64K X 16 RAM chips are needed to provide a memory capacity of 1024K
bytes?

To determine the number of 64K x 16 RAM chips needed to provide a memory capacity
of 1024K bytes , we need to convert the memory capacity to bits and then divide it by the
capacity of each RAM chip.

Given: Memory capacity = 1024K bytes RAM chip capacity = 64K x 16

First, convert the memory capacity to bits: 1024K bytes = 1024 * 1024 * 8 bits

Next, calculate the number of RAM chips needed: Number of chips = (Memory capacity
in bits) / (RAM chip capacity in bits)

Number of chips = (1024 * 1024 * 8) / (64 * 1024 * 16)

Simplifying the expression: Number of chips = (2^10 * 2^10 * 8) / (2^6 * 2^10 * 2^4)

Number of chips = (2^10 * 8) / (2^6 * 2^4)

Number of chips = (2^10 * 2^3) / (2^6 * 2^4)

Number of chips = 2^13 / 2^10

Number of chips = 2^3 = 8

Therefore, 8 64K x 16 RAM chips are needed to provide a memory capacity of 1024K
bytes