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Design of High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns A Eurocode 4 Approach
Design of High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns A Eurocode 4 Approach
Sing-Ping Chiew
Yan-Qing Cai
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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List of symbols xi
Preface xiii
Authors xv
Design examples 1
Steel-reinforced concrete column subjected to axial compression 1
Steel-reinforced concrete column with normal-strength material 2
Design data 2
Design strengths and modulus 2
Cross-sectional areas 3
Second moments of area 3
Check the reinforcement ratio 4
Check the local buckling 4
Check the steel contribution factor 4
Long-term effects 5
Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effects 6
Effective flexural stiffness of cross-section 6
Elastic critical normal force 7
Relative slenderness ratio 7
Buckling reduction factor 7
Buckling resistance 8
Steel-reinforced concrete column with high-strength concrete 8
Design strengths and modulus 8
Cross-sectional areas and second moments of area 9
Check the steel contribution factor 9
Long-term effects 10
v
vi Contents
Buckling resistance 42
Interaction curve 42
Check the resistance of steel-reinforced concrete
column in combined compression and uniaxial bending 44
Steel-reinforced concrete column with high-strength steel 46
Design strengths and modulus 47
Cross-sectional areas and second moments of area 49
Check the steel contribution factor 49
Long-term effects 49
Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effects 50
Effective flexural stiffness of cross-section 50
Elastic critical normal force 50
Relative slenderness ratio 50
Buckling reduction factor 51
Buckling resistance 51
Interaction curve 52
Check the resistance of steel-reinforced concrete
column in combined compression and uniaxial bending 54
Steel-reinforced concrete column with
high-strength materials 56
Design strengths and modulus 56
Cross-sectional areas and second moments of area 56
Check the steel contribution factor 56
Long-term effects 57
Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effects 57
Effective flexural stiffness of cross-section 57
Elastic critical normal force 57
Relative slenderness ratio 58
Buckling reduction factor 58
Buckling resistance 58
Interaction curve 59
Check the resistance of steel-reinforced concrete
column in combined compression and uniaxial bending 61
Steel-reinforced concrete column with
different degree of confinement 63
Original design 63
Contents ix
High-strength concrete 63
High-strength steel and high-strength concrete 64
Appendix A: Design resistance of shear connectors 69
Appendix B: Design chart 73
Index 77
List of symbols
xi
xii List of symbols
xiii
Authors
xv
Design examples
bc
cy cy
b
tw
cz
y
hc
h
lf
cz
1
2 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
Reinforcement
Longitudinal reinforcement number n = 8, diameter dl,s = 20 mm
Transverse reinforcement diameter dt,s = 10 mm, spacing
s = 200 mm
class C30/37 and steel grade S355) are strain compatible. Therefore,
the steel section can reach its full strength when the composite concrete
section reaches its ultimate strength, without considering the confinement
effect from the lateral hoops and steel section.
The design strengths of the steel, concrete, and reinforcement are:
fy 355
fyd = = = 355 N/mm 2
γM 1.0
fck 30
fcd = = = 20 N/mm 2
γ C 1.5
fsk 500
fsd = = = 435 N/mm 2
γS 1.15
Ecm = 33 Gpa
Ea = 210 Gpa
Cross-sectional areas
The cross-sectional areas of the steel, reinforcement, and concrete are:
Aa = 17, 440 mm 2
8× π × 202
As = = 2512 mm 2
4
I az = 107×106 mm 4
n
π × 20 4
I sy = ∑A e
i=1
2
s,i i = 6×
4
× 2002 = 73.56 ×106 mm 4
4 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
n
π × 20 4
I sz = ∑A e
i=1
2
s,i i = 6×
4
× 2002 = 73.56 ×106 mm 4
bchc3
I cy = − I ay − I sy
12
500 × 5003
= − 328.1×106 − 73.56 ×106 = 4805×106 mm 4
12
hcbc3
I cz = − I az − I sz
12
500 × 5003
= −107×106 − 73.56 ×106 = 5026 ×106 mm 4
12
Long-term effects
The age of concrete at loading t0 is assumed to be 14 days. The age of
concrete at the moment considered t is taken as infinity. The relative
humidity RH is taken as 50%.
The notional size of the cross-section is:
2 Ac 2 × 230, 048
h0 = = = 230 mm
u 4 × 500
Coefficient:
35 0.7 35 0.7
α1
= = = 0.94
fcm 30 + 8
35 0.2 35 0.2
α2 = = = 0.98
fcm 38
35 0.5 35 0.5
α3
= = = 0.96
fcm 38
Factor:
1 − RH /100 1 − 50 /100
ϕRH = 1 + α1 α2 = 1 + × 0.94 ×0.98 = 1.73
0.13 h0 3
0.1 230
16.8 16.8
β( fcm ) = = = 2.73
fcm 38
1 1
β(t0 ) = = = 0.56
(0.1 + t00.20 ) (0.1 + 140.20 )
6 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
Factor:
Ecm 33
Ec,eff = = = 14.22 kN/mm 2
1 + ( N G,Ed /N Ed )ϕt 1 + (4000 /8000)× 2.64
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( ( )
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2 )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.42 − 0.2) + 0.422 ] = 0.62
8 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.52 − 0.2) + 0.522 ] = 0.71
1 1
χz = = = 0.83
Φz + Φ − λ 2
z
2
z
0.71 + 0.712 − 0.522
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
N b,Rd = min(χy ; χz ) N pl,Rd
= 0.83×11,195 = 9292 kN > N Ed = 8000 kN
fy 355
fyd = = = 355 N/mm 2
γ M 1.0
fck 72
fcd = = = 48 N/mm 2
γ C 1.5
fsk 500
fsd = = = 435 N/mm 2
γS 1.15
Long-term effects
The age of concrete at loading t0 is assumed to be 14 days. The age of
concrete at the moment considered t is taken as infinity. The relative
humidity RH is taken as 50%.
The notional size of the cross-section is:
h0 = 2Ac/u = 230 mm
Coefficient:
35 0.7 35 0.7
α1 = = = 0.56
fcm 72 + 8
35 0.2 35 0.2
α2 = = = 0.85
fcm 80
35 0.5 35 0.5
α3 = = = 0.66
fcm 80
Factor:
1 − RH /100 1 − 50 /100
ϕRH = 1 + α1 α2 = 1 + × 0 .56 × 0.85 = 1.24
0.13 h0 0.13 230
16.8 16.8
β( fcm ) = = = 1.88
fcm 80
1 1
β(t0 ) = = = 0.56
(0.1 + t00.20 ) (0.1 + 140.20 )
Factor:
Ecm 41.1
Ec,eff = = = 24.9 kN/mm 2
1 + ( N G,Ed /N Ed )ϕt 1 + (4000 /8000)×1.3
π2 ( EI )eff,z π 2 ×1.13×1011
N crz = = = 69, 500 kN
L2z 42 ×106
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( (
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.47 − 0.2) + 0.472 ] = 0.66
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.56 − 0.2) + 0.562 ] = 0.74
1 1
χy = = = 0.90
Φ y + Φ2y − λy2 0.66 + 0.662 − 0.472
Design examples 13
1 1
χz = = = 0.81
Φz + Φ − λ 2
z
2
z
0.74 + 0.742 − 0.562
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
As
ρs = = 1.1%
Ac
Factor:
ke =
(1− ∑in=1((bi )2 /6bchc ))(1− (s / 2bc ))(1− (s / 2hc )) = 0.514
1 − ρs
fc,u 30
κ= = = 65
ρse Esεc 0.001× 210 × 0.0022
0.25 fc,u
fr,h = max ; 0.43εc Es
ρse (κ −10)
0.25×30
= max ; 0.43× 0.0022 × 210, 000 = 199 N/mm 2
0.001(65 −10)
The effective lateral confining pressure for PCC from the hoops is:
Factor:
Factor:
tf2
ka = = 0.0072
3l 2
The effective lateral confining pressure from the steel section is:
To ensure the yield strain of steel is less than the compressive strain
of concrete, the maximum steel strength can be determined accordingly.
The real stress of the steel flange in partially confined concrete is:
The real stress of the steel web in highly confined concrete is:
The steel strength in partially confined concrete is lower than the yield
strength of steel, 550 N/mm2. The confinement pressure is insufficient to
ensure the utilization of steel’s full strength. A higher confinement level
16 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
is needed. Thus, the conservative value of the steel flange is taken as the
steel strength in the following design.
Then, the design strength of steel is:
fy 504
fyd = = = 504 N/mm 2
γM 1.0
Long-term effects
The creep coefficient is 2.64 (refer to design example 1, Section “Steel-
reinforced concrete column with normal-strength material”).
Ncry = 77,000 kN
Ncrz = 49,600 kN
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( ( )
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2 )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.45 − 0.2) + 0.452 ] = 0.65
18 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.57 − 0.2) + 0.572 ] = 0.75
1 1
χy = = = 0.90
Φy + Φ − λ 2
y
2
y
0.65 + 0.652 − 0.452
1 1
χz = = = 0.81
Φz + Φ − λ 2
z
2
z
0.75 + 0.752 − 0.572
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
N b,Rd,S550 11,172
= = 1.20
N b,Rd,S355 9292
Long-term effects
The creep coefficient is 1.30 (refer to design example 2, Section “Steel-
reinforced concrete column with high-strength concrete”).
20 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
Ncry = 96,100 kN
Ncrz = 69,500 kN
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( (
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.51 − 0.2) + 0.512 ] = 0.68
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.60 − 0.2) + 0.602 ] = 0.78
1 1
χy = = = 0.88
Φ y + Φ2y − λy2 0.68 + 0.682 − 0.512
1 1
χz = = = 0.79
Φz + Φz2 − λz2 0.78 + 0.782 − 0.602
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
Alternative design
Alternatively, the column size can be reduced when high-strength steel
and concrete materials are used, but the buckling resistance is almost
the same as in design example 1 in Section “Steel-reinforced concrete
column with normal-strength material.”
Design data
Properties of cross-section
Concrete depth hc = 400 mm
Concrete width bc = 400 mm
Concrete cover c = 30 mm
Cover cy = 71.9 mm
Cover cz = 69.9 mm
C90/105 and steel grade S550) are strain compatible, so the steel can reach
its full strength when the composite concrete section reaches its ultimate
strength without considering the confinement effect from the lateral hoops
and steel section.
The effective compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete
C90/105 are:
Long-term effects
The notional size of the cross-section is:
h0 = 2Ac/u = 183 mm
Coefficient:
35 0.7 35 0.7
α1 = = = 0.56
fcm 72 + 8
35 0.2 35 0.2
α2
= = = 0.85
fcm 80
35 0.5 35 0.5
α3 = = = 0.66
fcm 80
Factor:
1 − RH /100
ϕRH = 1 + α1 α2
0.13 h0
1 − 50/100
= 1 + × 0.56 × 0.85 = 1.27
3
0.1 183
16.8 16.8
β( fcm ) = = = 1.88
fcm 80
1 1
β(t0 ) = = = 0.56
0.20
(0.1 + t0 ) (0.1 + 140.20 )
Design examples 25
Factor:
π2 ( EI )eff,z π 2 × 4.89×1010
N crz = = = 30, 200 kN
L2z 42 ×106
26 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( (
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.63 − 0.2) + 0.632 ] = 0.77
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.74 − 0.2) + 0.742 ] = 0.90
1 1
χy = = = 0.82
Φ y + Φ2y − λy2 0.77 + 0.772 − 0.632
1 1
χz = = = 0.70
Φz + Φ − λ 2
z
2
z
0.90 + 0.902 − 0.742
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
Design examples 27
N b,Rd,H 9300
= ≈ 1.0
N b,Rd,N 9292
The buckling resistance is almost the same as that of the SRC column
with normal-strength materials S355 and C30/37.
The cross-section area ratio of the SRC column is:
AH 400 × 400
= = 0.64
AN 500 × 500
Depth h = 314.5 mm
Width b = 307.4 mm
Flange thickness tf = 18.7 mm
Web thickness tw = 12 mm
Fillet r = 15.2 mm
Section area Aa = 150.2 cm2
Second moment of area/y Iay = 272,670 cm4
Second moment of area/z Iaz = 9059 cm4
Plastic section modulus/y Wpl,a,y = 1958 cm3
Plastic section modulus/z Wpl,a,z = 895 cm3
Reinforcement
Then, the design strengths of the steel, concrete, and reinforcement are:
fy 355
fyd = = = 355 N/mm 2
γM 1.0
fck 50
fcd = = = 33.3 N/mm 2
γ C 1.5
fsk 500
fsd = = = 435 N/mm 2
γS 1.15
Ecm = 37 Gpa
Ea = 210 Gpa
Long-term effects
The age of concrete at loading t0 is assumed to be 28 days. The age of
concrete at the moment considered t is taken as infinity. The relative
humidity RH is taken as 50%.
The notional size of the cross-section is:
2 Ac 2 × 232, 468
h0 = = = 232 mm
u 4 × 500
Coefficient:
35 0.7 35 0.7
α1 = = = 0.70
fcm 58
35 0.2 35 0.2
α2 = = = 0.90
fcm 58
35 0.5 35 0.5
α3 = = = 0.78
fcm 58
Factor:
1 − RH /100 1 − 50/100
ϕRH = 1 + α1 α2 = 1 + × 0.70 × 0.90 = 1.41
0.1 h0
3
3
0.1 232
16.8 16.8
β( fcm ) = = = 2.21
fcm 58
Design examples 31
1 1
β(t0 ) = = = 0.49
(0.1 + t00.20 ) (0.1 + 280.20 )
Factor:
t − t0 0.3 ∞− 28 0.3
β (t , t 0 ) = = = 1.0
(βH + t − t0 ) (543 + ∞− 28)
Ecm 37
Ec,eff = = = 22.2 kN/mm 2
1 + ( N G,Ed /N Ed )ϕt 1 + (4000 / 9000)×1.53
π 2 ( EI )eff,z π 2 ×1.01×1011
N crz = = = 62, 500 kN
L2z 42 ×106
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( (
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.44 − 0.2) + 0.442 ] = 0.64
Design examples 33
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.51 − 0.2) + 0.512 ] = 0.71
1 1
χy = = = 0.91
Φy + Φ − λ 2
y
2
y
0.64 + 0.642 − 0.442
1 1
χz = = = 0.84
Φz + Φz2 − λz2 0.71 + 0.712 − 0.512
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
Interaction curve
The polygonal interaction diagram for major-axis bending is calculated,
using the notation shown in Figure 2.
MA = 0
NA = Npl,Rd = 13,011 kN
Point B (Mpl,Rd, 0)
Assuming the neutral axis lies in the web of the steel section (hn ≤ h/2 −
tf ), the 2 reinforcement bar lies within the region 2hn, Asn = 628 mm2, so,
34 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
bc
ez B B
hc
D D
h hc
hc
C C
Hence,
h
hn = 136 mm < − tf = 138.6 mm
2
The assumption for the plastic neutral axis is verified. The neutral axis
lies in the web of the steel section.
The plastic section moduli for the steel section, reinforcement, and
concrete are:
Wpa = 1.958×106 mm 3
The plastic section moduli for the region of depth 2hn are:
Wpsn = 0 mm 3
M pl,Rd = (Wpa − Wpa,n ) fyd + (Wps − Wps,n ) fsd + 0.5(Wpc − Wpc,n )αc fcd
= (1.958 − 0.222)×355 + (0.3768 − 0)× 435
+ 0.5×(28.915 − 9.026)× 0.85×33.3 = 1062 kNm
15,000
A
12,000
Axial load (kN)
9000
C
6000
D
3000
B
0
0 300 600 900 1200 1500
Moment (kNm)
π 2 ( EI )eff,II,y π 2 ×1.15×1011
N cr,y,eff = = = 70, 600 kN
L2y 42 ×106
The result is less than 10NEd for major axis, so the second-order effects
must be considered for the moment from first-order analysis and the
moment from imperfection.
The member imperfection for the major axis according to EN
1994-1-1 is:
e0,y = L / 200 = 20 mm
Design examples 37
For the major axis, the midlength bending moments due to NEd and
imperfection are calculated by:
β 0.95
ky = = = 1.09
1 − N Ed /N cr,y,eff 1 − 9000 / 70600
Thus,
Long-term effects
The age of concrete at loading t0 is assumed to be 28 days. The age of
concrete at the moment considered t is taken as infinity. The relative
humidity RH is taken as 50%.
The notional size of the cross-section is:
2 Ac 2 × 232, 468
h0 = = = 232 mm
u 4 × 500
Coefficient:
35 0.7 35 0.7
α1
= = = 0.56
fcm 80
35 0.2 35 0.2
α2 = = = 0.85
fcm 80
35 0.5 35 0.5
α3
= = = 0.66
fcm 80
Factor:
1 − RH /100 1 − 50 /100
ϕRH = 1 + α1 α2 = 1 + × 0.56 × 0.85 = 1.24
0.13 h0 3
0.1 232
16.8 16.8
β( fcm ) = = = 1.88
fcm 80
40 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
1 1
β(t0 ) = = = 0.49
(0.1 + t0 )
0.20
( 0 .1 + 280.20 )
Factor:
t − t0 0.3 ∞− 28 0.3
β (t , t 0 ) = = = 1.0
(βH + t − t0 ) (513 + ∞− 28)
π 2 ( EI )eff,z π 2 ×1.17×1011
N crz = = = 71, 900 kN
L2z 42 ×106
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( ( )
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2 )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.47 − 0.2) + 0.472 ] = 0.66
( ( )
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.54 − 0.2) + 0.542 ] = 0.73
42 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
1 1
χy = = = 0.90
Φ y + Φ2y − λy2 0.66 + 0.662 − 0.472
1 1
χz = = = 0.82
Φz + Φz2 − λz2 0.73 + 0.732 − 0.542
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
Interaction curve
Point A (0, Npl,Rd)
The full cross-section is under compression without the bending moment.
MA = 0
NA = Npl,Rd = 15,909 kN
Point B (Mpl,Rd, 0)
Assuming the neutral axis lies in the flange of the steel section
(h/2 − tf < hn ≤ h/2), the 2 reinforcement bar lies within the region 2hn,
Asn = 628 mm2, so,
Neutral axis in the flange, h/2 − tf < hn < h/2
Hence,
h
hn = 141 mm < = 157 mm
2
The assumption for the plastic neutral axis is verified. The neutral axis
lies in the flange of the steel section.
The plastic section moduli for the steel section, reinforcement, and
concrete are:
Wpa = 1.958×106 mm 3
The plastic section moduli for the region of depth 2hn are:
Wpsn = 0 mm 3
(b − t w ) (h − 2tf2 )
Wpa,n = bhn2 −
4
(307.4 −12)(314.5 − 2 ×18.7)2
= 307.4 ×1412 − = 0.441×106
4
M pl,Rd = (Wpa − Wpa,n ) fyd + (Wps − Wps,n ) fsd + 0.5 (Wpc − Wpc,n ) αc fcd
= (1.958 − 0.441)×355 + (0.3768 − 0)× 435
+ 0.5×(28.915 − 9.5)× 0.85× 48 = 1099 kNm
44 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
20,000
A
15,000
Axial load (kN)
10,000 C
5000 D
B
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Moment (kNm)
The result is less than 10NEd for the major axis, so the second-order
effects must be considered for the moment from the first-order analysis
and the moment from imperfection.
The member imperfection for the major axis according to EN1994-1-1 is:
e0,y = L / 200 = 20 mm
For the major axis, the midlength bending moments due to NEd and
imperfection are calculated by:
β 1.0
kimp,y = = = 1.13
1 − N Ed /N cr,y,eff 1 − 9000 / 77, 400
46 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
β 0.95
ky = = = 1.08
1 − N Ed /N cr,y,eff 1 − 9000 / 77, 400
2( N pm,Rd − N Ed ) M max,Rd
µd = 1 + −1
N pm,Rd M pl,Rd
2 ×(9485 − 9000) 1499
= 1+ −1 = 1.04
9485 1099
Thus,
As
ρs = = 1.1%
Ac
∑
n
1 −
((bi )2 / 6bchc )(1 − (s / 2bc ))(1 − (s / 2hc ))
i=1
ke = = 0.5135
1 − ρs
fc,u 50
κ= = = 100
ρse Esεc 0.001× 210 × 0.0025
0.25 fc,u
fr,h = max ; 0.43εc Es
ρse (κ −10)
0.25× 50
= max ; 0.43× 0.0025× 210, 000 = 223 N/mm 2
0.001(100 −10)
48 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
The effective lateral confining pressure for PCC from the hoops is:
Factor:
Ac,f − Ac,r 40, 927 −12, 797
ke′ = = = 0.69
Ac,f 40, 927
Factor:
tf2
ka = = 0.0053
3l 2
The effective lateral confining pressure from the steel section is:
The real stress of the steel web in highly confined concrete is:
The steel strength in partially confined concrete is lower than the yield
strength of steel, 550 N/mm2. The confinement pressure is insufficient to
ensure the utilization of steel’s full strength. A higher confinement level
is needed. Thus, the conservative value of the steel flange is taken as the
steel strength in the following design.
Then, the design strengths of steel is:
fy 546
fyd = = = 546 N/mm 2
γM 1.0
Long-term effects
The creep coefficient is:
ϕt = 1.53
50 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
Ecm
Ec,eff = = 22.2 kN/mm 2
1 + ( N G,Ed /N Ed )ϕt
π 2 ( EI )eff,z
N crz = = 62, 500 kN
L2z
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( (
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.48 − 0.2) + 0.482 ] = 0.66
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.56 − 0.2) + 0.562 ] = 0.74
1 1
χy = = = 0.89
Φ y + Φ2y − λy2 0.66 + 0.662 − 0.482
1 1
χz = = = 0.81
Φz + Φz2 − λz2 0.74 + 0.742 − 0.562
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so
Interaction curve
Point A (0, Npl,Rd)
The full cross-section is under compression without the bending moment.
MA = 0
NA = Npl,Rd = 15,880 kN
Point B (Mpl,Rd, 0)
Assuming the neutral axis lies in the web of the steel section (hn ≤ h/2 − tf),
the 2 reinforcement bar lies within the region 2hn, Asn = 628 mm2, so,
Hence,
h
hn = 113 mm < − tf = 138.6 mm
2
The assumption for the plastic neutral axis is verified. The neutral axis
lies in the web of the steel section.
The plastic section moduli for the steel section, reinforcement, and
concrete are:
Wpa = 1.958×106 mm 3
The plastic section moduli for the region of depth 2hn are:
Design examples 53
Wpsn = 0 mm 3
M pl,Rd = (Wpa − Wpa,n ) fyd + (Wps − Wps,n ) fsd + 0.5(Wpc − Wpc,n )αc fcd
= (1.958 − 0.153)× 546 + (0.3768 − 0)× 435
+ 0.5×(28.915 − 6.23)× 0.85×33.3 = 1470 kNm
20,000
A
15,000
Axial load (kN)
10,000
C
5000
D
B
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Moment (kNm)
π 2 ( EI ) eff,II,y π 2 ×1.15×1011
N cr,y,eff = = = 70, 600 kN
L2y 42 ×106
The result is less than 10NEd for the major axis, so the second-order
effects must be considered for the moment from the first-order analysis
and the moment from imperfection.
The member imperfection for the major axis according to EN1994-1-1 is:
e0,y = L / 200 = 20 mm
For the major axis, the midlength bending moments due to NEd and the
imperfection are calculated by:
Design examples 55
β 1.0
kimp,y = = = 1.15
1 − N Ed /N cr,y,eff 1 − 9000 / 70, 600
For the first-order bending moment, My,top = 200 kNm, My,bot = 300 kNm,
so the ratio of the end moment is:
r = 200/300 = 0.667
Then, the factor β is:
β = max (0.66 + 0.44 r; 0.44) = 0.95
thus, the amplification factor is:
β 0.95
ky = = = 1.09
1 − N Ed /N cr,y,eff 1 − 9000 / 70, 600
Thus,
Long-term effects
The creep coefficient is:
ϕt = 1.14
π 2 ( EI )eff,z
N crz = = 71, 900 kN
L2z
The characteristic value of the plastic resistance to the axial load is:
( (
Φ y = 0.5 1 + α λy − 0.2 + λy2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.34 ×(0.50 − 0.2) + 0.502 ] = 0.68
( (
Φz = 0.5 1 + α λz − 0.2 + λz2 ) )
= 0.5×[1 + 0.49×(0.57 − 0.2) + 0.572 ] = 0.76
1 1
χz = = = 0.80
Φz + Φ − λ 2
z
2
z
0.76 + 0.762 − 0.572
Buckling resistance
The minor axis is the more critical, so,
Interaction curve
Point A (0, Npl,Rd)
The full cross-section is under compression without the bending moment.
MA = 0
NA = Npl,Rd = 18,838 kN
Point B (Mpl,Rd, 0)
Assuming the neutral axis lies in the web of the steel section (hn ≤ h/2 − tf),
the 2 reinforcement bar lies within the region 2hn, Asn = 628 mm2, so,
Hence,
h
hn = 136 mm < − tf = 138.6 mm
2
The assumption for the plastic neutral axis is verified. The neutral axis
lies in the web of the steel section.
The plastic section moduli for the steel section, reinforcement, and
concrete are:
Wpa = 1.958×106 mm 3
The plastic section moduli for the region of depth 2hn are:
Wpsn = 0 mm 3
M pl,Rd = (Wpa − Wpa,n ) fyd + (Wps − Wps,n ) fsd + 0.5(Wpc − Wpc,n )αc fcd
= (1.958 − 0.222)× 550 + (0.3768 − 0)× 435
+0.5×(28.915 − 9.026)× 0.85× 48 = 1524 kNm
25,000
20,000 A
Axial load (kN)
15,000
10,000 C
5000 D
B
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Moment (kNm)
The result is less than 10NEd for the major axis, so the second-order
effects must be considered for the moment from the first-order analysis
and the moment from the imperfection.
The member imperfection for the major axis according to EN1994-1-1
is:
e0,y = L / 200 = 20 mm
62 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
For the major axis, the midlength bending moments due to NEd and the
imperfection are calculated by:
2 ( N pm,Rd − N Ed ) M max,Rd
µd = 1 + −1
N pm,Rd M pl,Rd
2 ×(99485 − 9000) 1723
= 1+ −1 = 1.01
9485 1524
Thus,
Original design
Figure 7 shows the original design of SRC columns from a practical
project. In the original design, the concrete cylinder strength was 50 MPa
and the yield strengths of the steel and rebar were 355 and 500 MPa,
respectively. The diameter and spacing of the transverse reinforcement
(hoops) were 10 and 200 mm, respectively. The diameter of the
longitudinal reinforcement was 25 mm.
High-strength concrete
High-strength concrete (90 MPa) was proposed as an alternative design.
Thus, the concrete and reinforcement bar amounts are reduced and the
arrangement is revised. As a result, the dimension of the column is
reduced, as shown in Figure 8.
(a)
(b)
1200 mm
(c)
900 mm
600 mm
Figure 7 Original design (S355 steel and C50/60 concrete). (a) N1, (b) N2,
(c) N3.
64 Design Examples for High Strength Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns
(a)
(b)
(c)
900 mm
700 mm
480 mm
900 mm 700 mm 480 mm
Figure 8 Alternative design with S355 steel and C90/105 concrete. (a) normal
strength steel and High strength concrete (NH)1, (b) NH2, (c) NH3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
900 mm
700 mm
480 mm
Figure 9 Alternative design with S690 steel and C90/105 concrete. (a) HH1,
(b) HH2, (c) HH3.
Design examples 65
2.0 1.2
1.0 0.6
0.0 0.0
N1 NH1 HH1 N2 NH2 HH2
(c) 1.5
Concrete
1.2 Steel
Rebar
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
N3 NH3 HH3
Stress (MPa)
650 650
600 600
550 550
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Spacing (mm) Spacing (mm)
(c) 700
Φ = 12 mm
Φ = 10 mm
Φ = 8 mm
Stress (MPa)
650
600
550
0 100 200 300 400 500
Spacing (mm)
Figure 11 Effect of spacing and diameter of links. (a) HH1, (b) HH2, (c) HH3.
600 600
550 550
500 500
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Spacing (mm) Spacing (mm)
650 C50
600
550
500
0 100 200 300 400 500
Spacing (mm)
Figure 12 Effect of spacing of links and concrete strength. (a) HH1, (b) HH2,
(c) HH3.
Design examples 67
and high strength concrete [HH]1, HH2, and HH3). It indicates that the
real stress of steel increases with the increase in the diameter of the
transverse reinforcement when the spacing of links takes a certain value.
The steel stress increases with the decreasing of the spacing of links due
to insufficient lateral confinement, which has been verified in parametric
study. For the three types of SRC columns, if the spacing of the hoops
is same as the original design (200 mm); the real stress of steel grade
S690 is about 600–650 MPa depending on the diameter of the hoops.
For a large spacing of 400 mm, the real stress of steel grade S690 is
590–610 MPa depending on the diameter of the links and the dimensions
of the column.
Concrete strength also has an effect on the stress in steel according to
the strain-compatibility method because the strains of different concrete
classes are different. Figure 12 shows the effect of the spacing of links
and concrete cylinder strength on the real stress in steel. It is indicated
that the real stress of steel increases with the increasing of the concrete
cylinder strength for these three types of SRC columns. The stress in the
steel section increases according to the stress–strain relationship of steel
even though the lateral confinement pressure is the same. Therefore, for the
same arrangement of the reinforcement bar, the stress in steel can reach a
higher value when a higher-strength concrete is used in the SRC columns.
Appendix A: Design resistance of
shear connectors
69
70
Table A.1 Design resistance of shear connectors
Dimension of
connectors Design resistance of shear studs PRd (kN)
d (mm) hsc (mm) C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85 C80/95 C90/105
Appendix A
16 50 37.3 43.1 48.8 53.5 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
75 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
100 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
125 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
150 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
175 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
200 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
225 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
250 45.2 52.3 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9 57.9
19 50 46.3 53.6 60.5 66.4 72.0 77.4 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
75 63.1 73.0 81.2 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
100 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
125 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
150 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
175 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
200 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
225 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
250 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
(Continued)
Table A.1 (Continued) Design resistance of shear connectors
Dimension of
connectors Design resistance of shear studs PRd (kN)
d (mm) hsc (mm) C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60 C55/67 C60/75 C70/85 C80/95 C90/105
275 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
300 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
325 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
350 63.8 73.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7 81.7
22 50 56.0 64.7 73.1 80.2 87.0 93.5 100.0 106.3 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
75 75.4 87.2 98.5 108.0 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
100 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
125 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
150 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
175 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
200 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
225 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
250 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
275 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
300 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
325 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
350 85.5 98.9 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5 109.5
Appendix A
(Continued)
71
72
73
74 Appendix B
Determine the material properties of steel and concrete, Is high strength steel or
high strength concrete adopted?
Yes
No
Yes
No
See B2
Yes No
Determine Mpl,a,Rd and Mpl,Rd, and No Determine the interaction curve for
hence Va,Ed and Vc,Ed. Is Va,Ed > the cross-section.
0.5Vpl,a,Rd?
Yes
Yes No
From NEd and the interaction diagrams, find µdy and µdz. Check that the cross-
section can resist My,Ed,max and Mz,Ed,max.
77
78 Index