Addis Ababa University FINAL11111

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AFRICAN RAILWAY CENTER OF EXCELLENCE
TIME-REVERSAL ULTRA-WIDEBAND POSITIONING

BALISE FOR TRAIN TRACKING APPLICATION
A Thesis in Electrical Engineering for Railway Systems
By
Birikti Gidey Desta
Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
May,2021
A Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science
The undersigned have examined the thesis entitled ‘Time-reversal Ultra-Wideband
Positioning Balise for Train Tracking Application’ presented by Birikti Gidey Desta, a
candidate for the degree of Master of Science in African Railway Center of Excellence
under Electrical Engineering for Railway Systems stream and hereby certify that it is
worthy of acceptance.
Postgraduate Program Signature Date
Dr. Yalemzwed Negash
Advisor Signature Date
Internal Examiner Signature Date
External Examiner Signature Date
Chair person Signature Date

DECLARATION
I certify that research work titled Time-reversal Ultra-Wideband Positioning Balise for
Train Tracking Application except those specifically declared is my own work cared out and
finished at Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT). The work has not been presented
elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly
acknowledged / referred.
Birikti Gidey Desta
Signature______________
Place: Addis Ababa
Date of Submission: ______________
This thesis work has been submitted for examination with my approval as a University Advisor.
Dr.Yalemzewd Negash ____________________ _____________________
Advisor’s Name Signature Date
iii
ABSTRACT
In guided transport, the precise localization of trains is vital for nominal operation of the transport
system. In a propagation environment such as a railway tunnel, an effective localization sensor
is complex to design since it must operate in the presence of many fixed and mobile obstacles
constituted by the infrastructure and the trains.
In order to design a sensor delivering high localization performance, this paper proposes a new
positioning beacon for railway transport using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio and Time Reversal
(TR) techniques. UWB radio has the potential to offer a good level of performance in terms of
localization accuracy. Time Reversal channel pre-filtering facilitates signal detection and also
helps increasing the received energy in the targeted area.
This paper evaluates the characteristics of TR technique in terms of temporal focusing. The
analytical and simulation results for Power Delay Profile, equivalent channel model and focusing
gain of TR-UWB are given and analyze the contribution of Time Reversal associated with UWB
technology to enhance the localization resolution. The IEEE 802.15.3a channel models are used
to evaluate the performance of this system.
In terms of localization error, the analytical and simulation results show that TR-UWB technique
delivers improved performance over the UWB localization approach. , a position error below 10
cm is achieved in all cases, thanks to the focusing characteristics of time reversal technique.
Key Words: - UWB, Time Reversal, Focusing Gain, Channel Model, Power Delay Profile,
TDOA, Localization Error.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It would be definitely impossible to finish the work presented in this thesis without the enormous
help and support from many individuals.
I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Yalemzewd Negash. His
invaluable assistance, support, guidance, kindness and constant encouragement helped me to finish
this thesis.
My sincere gratitude to my teachers Mr. Zewdie, Mr. Birhanu, Mr. Binyiam, Mr. Getu and all
academic and administrative staffs in the African Railway Center of Excellence. Their kind
assistance and encouragement let me spend smoothly the years of the study at Addis Ababa
Institute of Technology (AAiT).
Many thanks should be given to my Admission and Financial Sponsors, Addis Ababa Institute of
Technology (AAiT) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) respectively.
Finally, I should thank my husband Kifle Fissaha and my daughters Edna Kifle and Sabella Kifle.
Without their self-giving contributions, it would be impossible for me to complete this thesis. I do
owe them a lot.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... IV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... V
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. VI
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
Research Background and Motivation ............................................................. 1
Problem Statement ........................................................................................... 2
Research Question ............................................................................................ 2
Objectives ......................................................................................................... 3
Methodology .................................................................................................... 3
Scope of the Study ............................................................................................ 4
Thesis Skeleton................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 5
2. LITEATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 5

Fundamentals of Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band Positioning Technique ..... 6
Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band Positioning Beacon Technologies ............. 25
System and fundamental components of Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band

system ........................................................................................................................ 27
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................ 29
3. IEEE 802.15.3a STANDARD CHANNEL MODELING ................................ 29

Saleh-Valenzuela Model or Double Poisson distribution .............................. 30
Path Loss Model ............................................................................................. 34
Fading Statistics ............................................................................................. 35
Time Variance ................................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................ 38
4. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TR-

UWB-IR POSITIONING SYSTEM ............................................................................. 38
vi
Principal Components and Description of TR-UWB-IR Positioning System 38
Design components of TR-UWB-IR Positioning Beacon System ................. 39
Analytical Study of TR-UWB-IR Positioning Beacon System ...................... 40
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 52
5. ANALYTICAL AND SIMULATION RESULTS ................................................ 52
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 60
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 60

Conclusions........................................................................................................... 60
Recommendations................................................................................................. 61
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Critical Factors Limiting the Performance of UWB Systems in Railway
Environment. .................................................................................................................... 11
Table 2-2: Summary of Channel Measurements Contributed to IEEE UWB Channel
Modeling Sub Committee ................................................................................................. 14
Table 2-3: Performance Comparison between a Conventional Balise and the Proposed
TR-UWB Balise................................................................................................................ 26
Table 3-1: Comparison of Three Main Indoor Channel Models Considered in IEEE
802.15.3a Standard. .......................................................................................................... 30
Table 3-2: Statistical Values of the Path Loss Model [7]. ............................................... 35
Table 4-1: IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Model Characteristics and Parameters. ................ 42
Table 5-1: Input Parameters for IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Models. ................................ 52
Table 5-2: Comparative study between the UWB-IR and UWB-TR in terms of Focusing
Gain and Error Localization ((SISO 2, 6 AND 10 PATHS, SNR=3 dB) ......................... 59
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:1: Architecture of the CBTC System[1]. ............................................................ 1
Figure 2:1: Comparison of the UWB Spectrum and Other Wireless Radio Systems [2]. 7
Figure 2:2: Time Representation of Gaussian and Monocycle Waveforms. .................... 9
Figure 2:3: UWB-IR System Model Consisting Transmitter, Channel and Receiver[7]. . 9
Figure 2:4: Measurement setups for a) Direct UWB Pulse Sounding b) Swept-frequency
Measurements [1]. ............................................................................................................ 12
Figure 2:5: The Time Reversal Concept [21]. ................................................................. 17
Figure 2:6: Principle of UWB-TR technique [1]............................................................. 20
Figure 2:7: Self-localization System Approach. ............................................................. 20
Figure 2:8: Server-Based Localisation System Approach. ............................................. 21
Figure 2:9: 2-D TDOA Localization Process [21]. ......................................................... 23
Figure 2:10: The Cross Correlation Method for TDOA Estimation ............................... 24
Figure 2:11: TR-UWB Proposed New Railway Balise. .................................................. 26
Figure 2:12: TR-UWB Proposed Localization System .................................................. 28
Figure 4:1: TR-UWB Proposed Localization System .................................................... 38
Figure 4:2: TR-UWB Proposed New Railway Balise. .................................................... 40
Figure 4:3: Block Diagram of TR-UWB-IR Transmitter. ............................................... 40
Figure 4:4: Block Diagram of TR-UWB-IR Receiver. ................................................... 40
Figure 4:5: Time reversal for UWB communication system[17].................................... 41
Figure 5:1: Modulated Pulse Train .................................................................................. 53
Figure 5:2: Unmodulated Pulse Train ............................................................................. 53
Figure 5:3: TR-UWB-IR System Receiver FG Output Wave Forms Using 5 Input Pulse
Trains. ............................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 5:4: 100 Impulse Responses based on the CM1Channel Model.......................... 54
Figure 5:5: 100 Impulse responses based on the CM2 Channel Model. ......................... 54
Figure 5:6:100 Impulse Responses Based on the CM3 Channel Model. ........................ 54
Figure 5:7: Time Focusing Simulation Setup.................................................................. 55
Figure 5:8: Powerdelay Profile for UWB and UWB-TR. ............................................... 55
Figure 5:9: Analytical and Simulation PDP of TR-UWB (NLOS). ................................ 55
Figure 5:10: PDP UWB and PDP TR-UWB for CM1 Respectively. ............................. 56
Figure 5:11: PDP UWB and PDP TR-UWB for CM2 Respectively. ............................. 56
Figure 5:12: PDP UWB and PDP TR-UWB for CM3 respectively................................ 56
ix
Figure 5:13: The Positioning Error in Case of Monocycle Waveforms in IEEE 802.15.3a
Channel. ............................................................................................................................ 57
Figure 5:14: A Comparison of Energy Efficiency between a TR-UWB System and UWB.
.......................................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 5:15: Focusing Gain vs. Path Number ................................................................. 58
Figure 5:16: Comparison UWB-IR vs. UWB-IR/TR, RMSE vs. SNR for SISO 2, 6 and
10 Paths. ............................................................................................................................ 58
x
ABBREVATIONS and ANNOTATIONS
1D- one Dimensional
2D-two Dimensional plane
APS- angular power spectrum
ATO- Automatic Train Operation
ATP-Automatic Train Protection
ATS- Automatic Train Supervision
AWGN- Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER-Bit Error Rate
CBTC-Communication Based Train Control
CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access
CIR-Channel Impulse Response

cm – centimeter
CM- Channel Model
COST -European Cooperation in Science and Technology
CSI – Channel State Information
dB- decibels
DFE-Differential Forward Error
DS- Direct-Sequence/Spread-Spectrum
FCC- Federal Communication Commission
FG- Focusing Gain
IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IF- Intermediate Frequency
IR-Impulse Radio
ISI – Inter Symbol Interference
ITU- International Telecommunication Union
LN- Lognormal
LOS- Line Of Sight
LPI- Low Probability of Interception
LRT-Light Rail Transport
m- meter
Mbit/s-Megabits/sec
MIMO-Multiple Input Multiple Output
xi
MPCs- multipath components (MPCs)
MSE- Mean Square Error
MMSE- Minimum Mean Square Error
NLOS-Non Line Of Sight
NTx-Number of Transmitters
OFDM- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PA-Power Amplifiers
PDP- Power Delay Profile
PHY-Physical layer
PSD- power spectral density
RFID-Radio Frequency Identification
RMSE-Root Mean Square Error
RRC-Root Raised Cosine
Rx-Receiver
SF-Spatial Focusing
SIL 4=Safety Integrity Level 4
SNR- Signal to Noise Ratio
S-V- Saleh-Valenzula
TDOA-Time Difference of Arrival
TF-Temporal Focusing
TR-Rime Reversal
TRM-Time Reversal Mirror
Tx-Transmitter
UWB –Ultra Wide Band
VCR- Videocassette Recorder
WSSUS -Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering
xii
Time-reversal Ultra-Wideband Positioning Balise for Train Tracking Application
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Research Background and Motivation

In recent years, operators and users of guided transport systems have expressed a strong
demand to provide safe and efficient transport, providing an increasing quality of service.
Among all the technical requirements which are consequently generated, it is essential to
ensure an adequate exchange of information between vehicles and infrastructure, regardless
of the type of application or the propagation environment. In such environments, it is also
necessary to allow accurate localization of trains. The rapid development of transport in
terms of speed, complexity and diversity of environments generate difficulties to develop
such equipment and studies have been performed regarding the optimization of the ground
to train communication [1]. Usually, ground to train radio communication exploits access
points installed along the track, exchanging data with mobile equipment installed on the
trains.
Figure 1:1: Architecture of the CBTC System[1].
Either proprietary radio modems or radio modems derived from existing standards are
used. Currently, all these radio modems operate sinusoidal sources of signals occupying
radio channels over a limited bandwidth. To solve this problems researches has been done
on Ultra-wide band technologies getting advantage of intentional generation and
transmission of radio-frequency energy that spreads over a very large frequency
Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 1

range, which may overlap several frequency bands allocated to radio

communication services.
Localization in indoor environments like tunnels are subjected to major sources of error
due to lack of line of sight between transmitters and receivers, and excessive presence of
multipath. Due to this, studies have raised some major problems like the complexity of
signal processing at the reception. In order to solve these problems facing the UWB,
several studies have been conducted associating UWB and time reversal technique.
For the train localization process, drifts calculate the position and velocity data, are
periodically compensated by ground balises installed between the rails. Balises are
working as kilometer-markers and transmit their absolute localization to passing trains.
The requested localization accuracy is important and should allow, for example in
automated urban subways, vehicles to repeatedly stop in front of station doors, thus,
necessitating a few centimeters localization accuracy and reducing the cost track
maintenance.
Problem Statement
Localization in indoor environments such as tunnels is the subject of two major sources of
error, the first being the lack of line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver and
the second being the excessive presence of multipath. With the introduction of UWB in
wireless communications, it seemed that this technology can provide improvements.
However the studies have also raised some major problems like the complexity of the
signal processing at the reception. In order to provide safety feeling anywhere at any time
to passengers, advanced control technique must be used in the railway industry especially
for tunnel infrastructure. In order to solve all the problems facing the UWB, we have to
use Time-Reversal UWB-IR Positioning Beacon which has the potential to offer
simultaneous ground-to-train communication with centimeter error localization.
Research Question
In overall, the investigation of the research has been directed by addressing and answering
the following research questions:
Could we reduce the error localization due to the focusing characteristics of time
reversal?

Is the new emerging balise technology technically feasible to install?
Objectives
General Objective
The general objective is analyzing and designing a new beacon based on the Ultra-
Wideband Impulse Radio technology (UWB-IR) associated to the Time Reversal (TR)
technique.
Specific Objective
The specific objectives of this thesis work are:
Evaluating the history and background of TR-UWB-IR techniques.

Modeling a channel which is best fit for the system under study.
Designing the TR-UWB-IR positioning beacon system.
Analyzing the TR-UWB-IR technique.
Modeling the system and simulation using software MATLAB.
Making performance evaluation based on positioning error.
Methodology
To achieve the above objectives designed, the following tasks have been carried out;
Literature review: this was the first step, which helps to understand the concept and
theory of the related research area. A number of previous publications were gathered
and through study on them was made. It serves as a basic knowledge of other
researches experience as stated in their literature works reviewing the theory, concept
and methods of their studies.
Data Collection: considering the literature review as a driving force for the thesis, the
signaling performance evaluation of the Addis Ababa light rail transport is made
depending of the data collected from the Addis Ababa LRT; signaling and maintenance
office.
Analytical study of the system: Taking the conceptual theory; analytical study is made
for the characteristics, principle and model of the system and preparation is made for
system simulation.
Model Simulation using MATLAB software: Taking input parameters for IEEE
802.15.3a channel model to simulate the system correspond respectively to the

equivalent channel impulse response heq(t) and Power Delay Profile PDP of the
proposed system.
Expected Outcomes (performance evaluation): This is the check point of the thesis on
how much is closed to the themes of the research. This is made based on evaluation of
error localization.
Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is to familiarize a new railway tracking system using time reversal-
ultra wide band radio that gives better performance compared to ultra-wide band radio
alone. Using time reversal, a position error below the 10 cm will be achieved.
Thesis Skeleton
This paper consists of six chapters, with this introduction being the first of these chapters.
Chapter-one starts with the introduction, research background, objective of the thesis
including the scope and delamination of the research. The second chapter presents the
literature survey about the system description, characterization, and principle of the system
in the study.
The third Chapter presents the propagation channel modeling using the IEEE 802.15.3a
channel models. The fourth Chapter provides the analytical study of the Ultra-Wideband
and Time Reversal technique in terms of temporal focusing including focusing gain and
Power Delay Profiles focusing on the IEEE 802.15.3a channel models. The fifth chapter
provides a comparative study between analytical and simulation results of the Ultra-
Wideband and Time Reversal technique in terms of temporal focusing. Finally, the last
chapter is about the conclusion and recommendation of the paper; summarizes the results
and suggests future work associated simulation results.

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITREATURE REVIEW
Many academic researchers have been conducted in Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band
Positioning Technique. To perform this study, most of them used a deterministic channel
model consisting of several reflected paths combined with the direct path to asses various
applications of this technology. So far many findings has been published, some of them
are reviewed and evaluated in this thesis.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) was introduced by Win and Scholtz (1998) and it is a radio
technology that offers the ability to create efficient energy and low complexity
communication systems at high rate and limited cost. Therefore, in this paper this radio
technology is selected. In addition to this choice, also couples the TR technique with the
UWB technology to focus radio energy on the receivers.
Nguyen et al. (2006) used a multiple antenna system 4×1 to show that TR has a great
potential in simplifying the receiver complexity and enhancing the UWB system
performance. Zhou et al. (2007) analyzed the performance of the UWB system using
multiple antennas. They found that the UWB system with TR can achieve more power
gain if we use more antennas at the transmitter and the receiver, while keeping low
complexity at the receiver side.
Ferrante et al. (2013) compared the performance of UWB using TR and UWB
implemented on rake receivers. The results show that TR is better in terms of average
SNR. They also show that the TR with multiple antennas has better performance and
focusing with respect to the system using one single antenna.
Coupling TR with UWB has proven to give better results in localization than the traditional
UWB system. Fall et al. (2014) conducted analytical and simulation studies in two
different environments in a controlled environment (anechoic chamber with reflectors) and
in a tunnel. Considering positioning accuracy, they have found that the UWB system using
TR is more precise that the system without TR. Moreover, they have shown that coupling
TR and UWB technique provides a position error of less than 10 cm for localization
application. Zhang and Qin (2014) proposed a low cost location system based on UWB
and this open a door for massive production. In terms of localization error, they conclude

that; the simulation results show that TR-UWB technique delivers improved performance
over the UWB.
In the literature, to this paper knowledge, there are no analytical models for TR-UWB
system to incorporate new balise design to accurately localize the train. This paper is a
contribution to this research activity. Its aim is to study a new system which is TR-UWB-
IR positioning beacon for accurate localization of trains; specifically in railway tunnels
using the Nakagami-m distribution to model the channel amplitudes.
Fundamentals of Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band

Positioning Technique
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Radio Technique
The term ultra-wideband was discovered in the late 1980’s, apparently by the U.S.
Department of defense [3]. UWB radio is typically defined as a wireless transmission
scheme with a bandwidth over 500 MHz, or occupying 20% or more of the carrier
frequency. The proposed definition of UWB systems by FCC is the systems which has a
fractional bandwidth (Bf) more than 0.20, or which occupies absolute bandwidth greater
than 500 MHz, i.e.
Bf ∗ 0.2 or BW > 500MHz − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.1)
The fractional bandwidth is defined as the radio of signal bandwidth to the center
frequency [4] and is given by;
𝐵𝑊 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
𝐵𝑓 = = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.2)
𝐹𝐶 (𝑓𝐻 + 𝑓𝐿)⁄2
Where; fH and fL are the highest and lowest transmitted frequencies at the -10 Db emission
point, respectively, BW is the signal bandwidth and Fc is the center frequency.
Figure 2-2 shows that the conventional or narrowband systems have small fractional
bandwidths as compared to the UWB signal.

Figure 2:1: Comparison of the UWB Spectrum and Other Wireless Radio
Systems [2].
In the past 20 years, UWB was used only for some restricted areas such as radar, sensing, and
military communications and niche applications [7].Historically, UWB radar systems were
developed mainly as military tool because they could see through trees and beneath ground
surfaces. Most recent applications target sensor data collection, precision locating and tracking
applications [1] [2] [3].
The general characteristics of UWB-IR are;
Potential high-density use: UWB technology can potentially be integrated into many
applications that could offer benefits to the public, consumers, businesses, and industries.
For example, UWB could be integrated into applications for improved public safety
through the use of vehicular radar devices for collision avoidance, airbag activation and
road sensors, short-range high data rate communication devices, tagging devices, liquid
level detectors and sensors, surveillance devices, location determination devices, and as a
replacement for wired high data rate connections over short distances. Though most
devices using UWB technology would operate at very low power, the many potential
UWB applications could result in high density of devices using UWB technology in certain
environments such as office and business cores.
High data rate: devices using UWB technology may operate at very low power levels
and can support applications involving multiple users at high data rates (e.g. short-range
wireless personal area networks (WPANs) at data rates greater than 100 Mbit/s).
Secure communications: UWB signals are potentially more covert and potentially harder
to detect than non-UWB radio communication signals. This is because UWB signals
occupy a large bandwidth, can be made noise-like, and can communicate with a unique
randomizing timing code at millions of bits/s. Each bit is typically represented by a large

number of pulses of very low amplitude typically below the noise level. These features
result in secure transmissions with low probability of detection (LPD) and low probability
of interception (LPI).
Robust communications: devices using UWB technology are generally designed to have
large processing gain, a measure of a device’s robustness against interference.
Communication system capacity: the theoretical system capacity of any communication

system, including a UWB system, may be calculated from the Shannon relation:
∫𝐵 𝑃𝑑 (𝑓)𝑑𝑓
𝐶 = 𝐵 log 2 (1 + ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation 2.3
∫𝐵 𝑁0𝑑𝑓
Where; 𝐶 is channel capacity (bit/s),𝐵 is channel bandwidth (Hz),𝑃𝑑 (𝑓) is signal power
spectral density (W/Hz (or dBm/Hz)) and 𝑁0 is noise power spectral density (W/Hz (or
dBm/Hz)).
The Shannon relation shows that the theoretical channel capacity of a UWB
communication system is very large because of its bandwidth, even though its power
spectral density is very low and restricted in amplitude.
UWB power spectra: UWB signals generated by basic pulse position modulation have
numerous spectral peaks. Randomization is used to make the signal more noise-like. The
shape of the power spectral density of an emitted UWB signal is usually controlled by an
appropriate choice of the pulse shape, modulation technique, timing jitter, and pseudo-
noise code sequences used for randomization of the UWB pulses. The spectral shape of a
UWB transmission is additionally defined by components such as antennas.
The possibility of combining all these capabilities in a single system is a major element
that makes UWB a good candidate for communication and localization in guided
transportation systems.
They are basically two ways of obtaining an UWB signal, using an Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) approach or, an Impulse Radio (IR) approach. Several proposals based on
these technologies have been submitted to the IEEE802.15.3a. Both technologies are valid and
credible [4]. Since this work target IR (impulse radio) this paper has to specify the basic signal
characteristics used in IR.

Impulse radio involves the transmission of very short pulses occupying a very wide
spectrum. The Gaussian waveform and its derivative are usually used. Figure (2.2) shows
the Gaussian waveform and second derivative of Gaussian function that we will use.
Figure 2:2: Time Representation of Gaussian and Monocycle Waveforms.
Impulse radio (IR) is also a form of spectrum spreading. IR transmits base band pulses of
very short duration, typically on the order of nanosecond or sub-nanosecond. In IR scheme
there is great reduction in transceiver complexity as well as in overall power consumption
because it does not require sinusoidal carriers or any IF processing [90]. Figure 2.3 shows
the block diagram of the IR transmitter. For IR transmission different baseband modulation
types are used. In IR because of narrowness of the transmitted pulses it has a fine time
resolution. This is the most attractive characteristics of IR-UWB which makes impulse-
based UWB a prominent candidate technology for indoor positioning.
Figure 2:3: UWB-IR System Model Consisting Transmitter, Channel and Receiver[7].
According to figure 2.2 the transmitted pulses are produced as modulated pulses with the
variable delay. Hence in IR, every symbol is repeatedly transmitted with a low duty cycle
over a large number of frames with one pulse per frame to gather adequate symbol energy
while maintaining low power density [12]. Due to impulsive nature of the IR transmission,
the multiuser interference may substantially differ from the continuous transmission. This

again allows low transmit power when compared to continuous transmission systems. The
design of antenna pre-drivers is unwinds on the transmitter side due to low-power emission
requirement. This is quite opposite to narrowband transceivers. Where high power PAs is
needed to launch the signal with sufficient power to the antenna.
The IR UWB technology is also known as carrier-less technology, because in which the
modulated base-band signal is directly transmitted through the antenna into air. In this
transmission is done with very short pulses with relatively low energy [4]. This attribute
reduces the complexity of transceiver architecture. Due to low power emission
requirement in IR-UWB transceiver naturally reduces the design of antenna pre-drivers on
transmitter side. This feature of IR-UWB is quite opposite to narrow band transceiver
where high power; Power Amplifiers are needed to launch the signal with sufficient power
to the antenna. In 1993 with the pioneering work by Schultz [12], time-hopping modulation
scheme, where no up/down conversion of the transmitted/ received signal is required for
the transceiver circuit.

Table 2-1: Critical Factors Limiting the Performance of UWB Systems in Railway
Environment.
Frequency(GHz) Area of Critical factors Counter measures

Operation Impairing system compatible with
performances limits and ECC
3.11<f<4.8 PSD<- Very short Multipath multiple UWB

53.3 dBm/MHz for range(<10 meters) emitters on board the
Broad band interference
unregistered UWB train cars real time
short (eg. Automotive UWB)
processing multiple
Unlicensed mobile range(<50metres)
Multipath+ "ground based “fixed
devices with 5%
receivers
activity LDC PSD<- Path loss interference
41.3dBm/MHz for Multiple UWB
registered Devices emmiters3.1GHz to
4.8 GHz deployed as
"ground based" fixed
references for real
time processing
6<f≤8.5 very short Multi path multiple UWB

PSD<53.3dBm/MHz range(<10 meters) emitters on board the
for unregistered train cars real time
UWB mobile processing narrow
devices with LDC beam antenna
5%
Note: At highest frequencies(6<f<6.5)GHz very short range(<10 meters)applications only are

affordable due to the fact that fixed infrastructure made of UWB emitters are not allowed by ECC
Measurements and Modeling
The measurement and modeling of UWB channels is a fairly recent field. The 802.15.3a
channel model is based on some of the measurement campaigns published in the open
literature see, e.g., [5], [6], [7], as well as on measurement campaigns performed explicitly
for the standard. These new campaigns were carried out by various standardization

participants, and their data were used to assess the goodness of fit of various proposed
channel models. There are two basic techniques for UWB channel sounding.
Direct UWB Pulse Sounding: the channel is excited by a short pulse, and the receiver
records the impulse response directly, by sampling the received waveform. The advantage
of this technique is that it gives the waveform directly in the time domain, and time
variations of the channels can be easily measured. The drawback lies in the problems of
producing ultra-short pulses, and the fact that a non-ideal transmit pulse distorts the
observed impulse response. Applying a devolution of the transmit pulse from the received
signal often leads to numerical problems.
Swept-frequency measurements: a chirp (time- varying sinusoid) is used to excite the

channel, so that the received signal is an approximation of the transfer function. In most
practical cases, a network analyzer is used as transceiver, since these devices are well-
calibrated, and readily available in most laboratories. A further advantage of this technique
is that a “back-to-back calibration” can be done quite easily. A drawback is that time
variations of the channels cannot be easily recorded. However, this was not a major
requirement for the modeling in 802.15.3a.In this thesis we use direct UWB pulse
sounding technique. Typical setups for both the swept frequency measurements and the
direct UWB pulse soundings are shown in figure 2.4.
Figure 2:4: Measurement setups for a) Direct UWB Pulse Sounding b) Swept-frequency
Measurements [1].
Many approaches to channel modeling are based on ray tracing, which tries to model these
exact types of reflections for a given environment and clutter within the environment.
Although this approach to channel modeling can be very accurate for a given environment,
since the actual physics of the multipath phenomenon are taken into account, it is difficult

to generalize. As a result, the channel modeling subcommittee adopted a more statistically

based approach, described below.
In addition to differences in measurement techniques, there were varying data collection

priorities within the 802.15.3a Task Group. Some contributors were interested in the gross
characteristics of channels that might arise in “typical” UWB applications, such as cable
replacement in the home and office. In these cases, the measurements were set up so that
the transmitter and receiver locations approximated what might be found in the given
application. Other contributors were more interested in a complete statistical description
of UWB propagation, on both the small and large scales. In these cases the measurements
were typically laid out in a regular grid, with relatively small spacing between adjacent
locations in the grid. A wide variety of environment types are represented among the data
collected by the 802.15.3a Task Group. In particular, residential environments (homes,
apartments) and office environments are both represented in the data. The RF
characteristics of these two environment types are quite distinct, due mostly to the higher
proportion of metal construction materials found in office buildings as compared to
residential buildings. In addition to these environment types, most contributors
distinguished between line-of-sight channels, in which there is an unobstructed path from
transmitter to receiver, and non-line-of-sight channels. Clearly, the availability of such a
rich set of measurement data is desirable from a modeling perspective. However, the sheer
size and variety of the database presents some serious challenges of its own, like finding
good methods for comparing data taken from different sources, using different data
collection and extraction techniques.
After initial presentations in July 2002, the IEEE 802.15.3a channel modeling subgroup
identified a set of criteria as an appropriate basis for comparing the channel model to the
various sets of measurements, as discussed in the next section. These measurements
encompass both residential and office sites, under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight
conditions, with delay spreads ranging from 5 to more than 40 ns. Since the model was
based on a wide range of measurement data, it makes it a useful tool for evaluating
proposals for a UWB physical layer (PHY) for wireless PANs in a number of different
operational environments. Table 2.2 summarizes the different sets of measurements that
were contributed to the IEEE UWB Channel Modeling Subcommittee; a subset of
measurements have been made publicly available at [7].

Table 2-2: Summary of Channel Measurements Contributed to IEEE UWB Channel

Modeling Sub Committee
Source Measurement Center Environment Separation

band width frequency distance
IEEE P802.15- Indoor,
02/278-SG3a 1.25 GHz 5GHz residential 1-15m
(S.Ghassmzadeh ,LOS,NLOS
etal.)
EEE P802.15- Indoor,
02/240-SG3a 2 GHz 4GHz residential <10m
(MPendergrass) ,office
,LOS,NLOS
EEE P802.15- Indoor, <10m
02/279-SG3a 6 GHz 5 GHz residential
(J.Foerster etal.) ,LOS,NLOS
EEE P802.15- Indoor, office 3-10 m
02/281-SG3a 10 GHz 6 GHz ,LOS,NLOS
(JKunisch et al.)
EEE P802.15- Indoor, office <13.5m
02/284-SG3a 500 MHz 1 GHz ,LOS,NLOS
(A.F.Molisch etal.)
EEE P802.15- Indoor, <10m
02/280-SG3a (GShor 6 GHz 5 GHz office/campus
et al.) ,LOS,NLOS
Time reversal technique

Time Reversal Signal Processing is a technique for focusing waves. A Time Reversal
Mirror (TRM) is a device that can focus waves using the time reversal method. TRMs are
also known as time reversal mirror arrays, as they are usually arrays of transducers, but
they do not have to be arrays. TRM are known and used for decades in the optical domain,
and are also used in the ultrasonic domain.
If the source is passive, i.e. some type of isolated reflector, an iterative technique can be
used to focus energy on it. The TRM transmits a plane wave which travels toward the
target and is reflected off it. The reflected wave returns to the TRM, where it looks as if
the target has emitted a (weak) signal. The TRM reverses and retransmits the signal as
usual, and a more focused wave travels toward the target. As the process is repeated, the
waves become more and more focused on the target.
Yet another variation is to use a single transducer and an ergodic cavity. Intuitively, an
ergodic cavity is one that will allow a wave originating at any point to reach any other

point. An example of an ergodic cavity is an irregularly shaped swimming pool, if someone

dives in, eventually the entire surface will be rippling with no clear pattern. If the
propagation medium is lossless and the boundaries are perfect reflectors, a wave starting
at any point will reach all other points an infinite number of times. This property can be
exploited by using a single transducer and recording for a long time to get as many
reflections as possible.
Time reversal technique is based upon a feature of the wave equation known as
reciprocity: given a solution to the wave equation, then the time reversal (using a negative
time) of that solution is also a solution. This occurs because the standard wave equation
only contains even order derivatives. Some media are not reciprocal (e.g. very lossy or
noisy media), but many very useful ones are approximately so, including sound waves in
water or air, ultrasonic waves in human bodies, and electromagnetic waves in free space.
The medium must also be approximately linear.
Time reversal techniques can be modeled as a matched filter. If a delta function is the
original signal, then the received signal at the TRM is the impulse response of the channel.
The TRM sends the reversed version of the impulse response back through the same
channel, effectively auto-correlating it. This autocorrelation function has a peak at the
origin, where the original source was. It is important to realize that the signal is
concentrated in both space and time (in many applications, autocorrelation functions are
functions of time only).
Classically, Time Reversal has been applied to acoustics and underwater systems [10, 11].
It is closely related to retro-directive array in microwave [12, 13] and phase conjugation
in optics. More recently, it has also been studied for broadband especially for UWB
communications [14]. The first Time Reversal experiment using electromagnetic waves in
the 2.45 GHz band was reported in [15]. This contribution suggests that the techniques
developed for ultrasound might also be used for the electromagnetic case. It is an
interesting challenge because in many real environments (buildings or cities), microwaves,
using wavelengths between 5 and 30 cm, are scattered off objects such as walls, desks,
vehicles and so on, which produces a multitude of paths from the transmitter to the
receiver. In such situations, a time reversal system should be able not only to compensate
the multipath effect, but also to improve some radio communication parameters, thanks to

the many reflections/reverberations that occur we propose to use the properties of time
reversal [16] for localization systems.
This paper proposes to use the properties of time reversal for localization systems. As
explained in [6], the general idea of time reversal is to compensate the effects of the
propagation channel by inserting a pre-filtering stage at the transmitter level.
In spite of the very high time resolution of UWB-IR signals making the probability of
fading very weak, the process of collecting energy that is dispersed in rich multi-path
environments seems to be a very difficult task [24], [25]. Moreover, given the stringent
regulation constraints on power, receivers must be very efficient at gathering up the multi-
path energy. One way is to use complex systems such as RAKE receivers, using a large
number of fingers, or Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. Recently, TR pre-
filtering has emerged as a solution to reduce this complexity, thus preserving the important
low-cost advantage of UWB.
Considering an UWB communication link between transmitters noted A and a receiver

noted B, the complex channel impulse response (CIR) is first estimated and recorded at
source A. Then, data is pre-filtered through a time-reversal filter, having the same
previously recorded and time-reversed CIR as the impulse response. Finally, the resulting
output is sent over the propagation channel to B (9).
𝑠𝐵 = 𝑠𝐵⨂𝐶𝐼𝑅 𝐴𝐵(𝑡)⨂𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐴𝐵(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.3)
Where; sA and sB are respectively the transmitted and received signals. ⊗ denotes
convolution and CIR*AB (-t) represents the time-reversed and complex-conjugated CIR.
Thus, (10) gives the new equivalent CIR as:
ℎ𝑒𝑞(𝑡) = 𝐶𝐼𝑅*𝐴𝐵(𝑡)⨂𝐶𝐼𝑅𝐴𝐵(𝑡) = 𝑌𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝐴𝐵 (𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (2.4)
Where; YautoAB (t) indicates the channel autocorrelation function. This has, as a direct
consequence, the concentration in time and space of the received energy. This focusing
process appears to be very beneficial to UWB communication [33], [34], increasing SNR
and, therefore, the communication range, reducing interference effects(ISI, MUI3),
receivers complexity, as well as improving data-rates, multi-user capacity and providing
LPI. In this paper we assume the Channel State Information (CSI) to be perfectly known

at the transmitter and that the channel remains stationary during the two successive stages
of channel estimation and data transmission.
Figure 2:5: The Time Reversal Concept [21].
The principle of the proposed TR-UWB system uses three steps. Firstly, select the signal
that we want to transmit. In this thesis, it is the second derivative of the Gaussian function;
it is an ultra-short pulse. Secondly, the channel impulse response is measured between the
transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) and the channel state information is loaded into Tx.
Thirdly, the selected signal and the impulse response are reversed in time and transmitted
by Tx in the propagation channel, up to Rx.
There are two focusing characteristics of Time Reversal Technique;

Spatial Focusing: Let us assume that the system performs TR with a view to
communicating with an intended receiver that is located at 𝑟𝑅𝑥. We are interested in the
amount of interference this operation causes at a location 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑅𝑥 + 𝑑 away from the
intended receiver. The reason for this is two-fold:
Low interference power at location 𝑟′, would mean that it would be possible to
simultaneously send data to both locations 𝑟 and 𝑟′, without impairing each individual
communication link. Therefore it impacts the system capacity. The received power away
from the target is a measure of the system’s probability of intercept. Other information
theoretic measures can be used to measure exactly the ability of a system to conceal
information from an eavesdropper (e.g. secrecy capacity). However, low power at a
distance d away from the intended receiver is an indication that an eavesdropper at that
location would not be able to successfully intercept the content of the communication. The
problem of an eavesdropper with more sensors than the intended user is an area of ongoing

research with respect to information security, but is however beyond the scope of this
paper.
Temporal focusing: The common measure for the temporal extent of the CIR is the root
mean square delay spread (DS), which is defined as the second central moment of the
channel power delay profile PDP (τ):
1
1 +∞
𝐷𝑆 = (( +∞ ∫−∞ (𝜏 − 𝜏𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)2𝑝𝑑𝑝(𝜏)𝑑𝜏)) 2 − − − − − − − − Equation 2.5
∫−∞ 𝑝𝑑𝑝(𝜏)𝑑𝜏
Where;
𝑝𝑑𝑝(𝜏) = 𝐸[|ℎ(𝜏)|2] − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation 2.6
+∞
1
𝜏𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = +∞ ∫ 𝜏𝑝𝑑𝑝(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation 2.7
∫−∞ 𝑝𝑑𝑝(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 −∞
The power delay profile is calculated as the expected value of the power of the CIR within
the local area of the transmitter/ receiver. In wideband channels, symbol-by-symbol
detection is impaired by inter symbol interference (ISI), which is caused by the delayed
copies of the signal arriving at the receiver with delays larger than the symbol period. In
order to combat ISI, several techniques have been proposed. For example, CDMA systems
exploit the delayed channel taps with a rake receiver, and OFDM systems separate the
bandwidth into several narrow bands over which there is no ISI. Although ISI is the
measure of interest with respect to signal detection, DS is a more commonly used channel
related parameter as the system bandwidth increases. Large ISI is commonly associated
with high delay spread, and it has been shown that large DS leads to irreducible bit error
rate (BER), [19].Therefore in this thesis the DS is used as an indication of the temporal
compression properties of TR.
Describing the operation of a downlink communications system with NTX transmitter
antennas as a two-stage process, the first stage is the channel estimation, and the second
stage is the data transmission.
Channel estimation: the first stage is the channel estimation stage, during which each
element of the TX array obtains knowledge of the CIR) to the intended RX. There are
several ways in which channel estimation can be implemented. The accuracy of the
channel state information (CSI) at the TX depends on the implementation details, the

quantization noise, and the additive noise during the process, the repetition rate and the
rate of change of the channel. In this paper, it is concerned with the specifics of the channel
estimation and assume that the transmitter has perfect and instantaneous CSI.
Two possible ways in which channel estimation can be implemented are:

Uplink channel estimation: The intended RX sends a pilot signal, and each element in the
transmitting array records the convolution of this pilot signal with the CIR. Based on this,
the CIR is estimated. Due to the reciprocity of the channel, this is also the CIR from that
transmit array element to the intended RX. This approach can be used in time domain
duplex (TDD) systems, where the ends of the communication link take turns in sending
data.
Downlink channel estimation: The TXs send training sequences or pilot symbols, and the
intended RX estimates the CIR from each transmitting element. It then feeds back this
information to the TX array. This approach is more suitable for frequency domain duplex
(FDD) systems where uplink and downlink communications occupy different parts of the
radio spectrum.
Data transmission: the TX uses the CSI it acquired during the channel estimation stage
to transmit a bit stream that focuses spatially and is compressed temporally on the RX. The
elements of the transmit array transmit simultaneously the same signal x (t), and each
filters it through the time reversed and phase conjugated version of its respective CIR to
the intended RX.
The equivalent CIR is given as the sum of the autocorrelations of the CIRs to the individual
array elements. Therefore it is symmetric around t = 0, and achieves its maximum at t = 0.
This determines the synchronization between TX and RX, as well as the sampling time at
the RX. The inherent assumption in the formulation above is that the channel transfer
functions have not changed in the data transmission stage relative to the channel estimation
stage. This simplification is valid in slowly varying environments, or when the channel
estimation is repeated and the channel state information is updated frequently. The effect
of time-varying channels is beyond the scope of this paper. By the properties of TR in
richly scattering media, the signal y (t) is expected to focus spatially at the RX and
compress temporally.

Figure 2:6: Principle of UWB-TR technique [1].
Localization Techniques
In indoor positioning system two scenarios are considered: the self-localization and server-
based localization. In the self-localization, the mobile receives signals from the base
stations BS (the transmitter) and interprets the received-signals as ambient information for
localizing its position in a local coordinates. The schematic diagram of this scenario is
illustrated in figure 2.7. Each station position, is realized in the mobile. The server-based
localization (fixed points) is based on the measure of the signals radiated from a mobile.
Then, using the signals measured at distributed scenarios, the server estimates the position
of the mobile. The block diagram of the second scenario is illustrated in in figure 2.8.
Figure 2:7: Self-localization System Approach.
Positioning techniques exploit one or more characteristics of radio signals to estimate the
position of their source or the self-position. Depending on accuracy requirements and
constraints on transceiver design, various signal parameters can be employed. Commonly,
a single is estimated in order to improve positioning accuracy. Some of the Techniques

that have been used for positioning are: Received Signal Strength Intensity (RSSI), Angle
of Arrival (AOA), Time of Arrival (TOA) and Difference of Time of Arrival (TDOA).
Figure 2:8: Server-Based Localisation System Approach.
Received Signal Strength Intensity (RSSI): provides information about the distance
between two points. The main idea behind the RSS approach is that if the relation between
distance and power loss is known, the RSS measurement at a point can be used to estimate
the distance between that point and the transmitting point, assuming that the transmitted
power is known.
Angle of Arrival (AOA): this technique is based on determining the direction of the
arrival signal. A stationary device measures the angle of arrival of the signal sent by a
mobile device. Location can be estimated through triangulation if at least two stationary
devices perform measurement. Measuring angles requires a speciﬁc antenna array. The
angle information is obtained at an antenna array by measuring the difference in arrival
times of an incoming signal at different antenna elements.
Time of Arrival (TOA): In TOA positioning, a mobile device sends a signal to a

stationary device, which sends it back to the mobile device. The mobile device measures
the round-trip time (RTT) of the signal. This leads to a circle, whose radius corresponds
to half of the RTT and whose center is on the location of the stationary device. Location
of the mobile device can be approximated to be at the intersection of at least three measured
circles. This technique requires accurate clocks because a 1μsec error in timing equals to
a 300 m error in distance estimate. Thus, the accuracy is too low for TOA positioning.

Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA): TDOA positioning is developed to eliminate the

tight synchronization requirement of TOA. In fact TOA range measurements require
synchronization among the mobile station (MS) and the Base Station BS (transmitter).
However, TDOA measurement can be obtained even in the absence of synchronization
between MS and BS, if there is synchronization among the base stations. In this case, the
difference between the arrival time of two signals travelling between the MS and BS is
estimated. This locates the MS on a hyperbola with foci at the BS.
Instead of performing a single measurement such as RSSI, AOA or TOA, a point can be
estimated using a combination of position-related parameters. Such hybrid approaches can
provide more accurate information about the position of the mobile than the approaches
that estimate a single position parameter. Various combinations on measurement, such as
TOA/AOA, TDOA/AOA and TOA/RSSI, are possible depending on accuracy
requirement, complexity constraints, propagation environment and necessary processing
delay [13, 18].
This section evaluates the localization error. Considering the two preceding UWB alone
and TR-UWB techniques, estimates the contribution of TR to the location in terms of
localization error, as a function of the propagation environment position of a mobile in a
2D plane. To locate the mobile, each base station sends its own signal (recorded and
reversed in time in the case of TR). The UWB signals are modulated by an antipodal
modulation and coded by a Gold code [29, 30], one code per base station. Processing is
performed at the mobile (Rx) to determine its position relative to the base stations. The
localization error is given by the difference between the calculated position and the actual
position of the mobile. The mobile receives the signals from each base station and performs
an adequate signal processing to determine its position, relative to the base stations. Using
the TDOA technique, the signal received at the mobile is processed to retrieve the position
of the latter [28].
In order to lessen synchronization effects, the TDOA technique is proposed. This technique
makes use of the difference of TOA’s at the participating transmitters. In TDOA approach,
the difference between the arrival times of two signals travelling between the mobile and
the two reference points is estimated. This locates the mobile on a hyperbola, with foci at
the two reference nodes. Making use of triangulation, an exact positioning of mobile can
be found.

Figure 2:9: 2-D TDOA Localization Process [21].
The relationship between the range difference and the TDOA measurement between the
receivers is given by Equation 6.1.
𝑑̂ 𝑇𝐷𝑂𝐴 = 𝑅𝑖 𝑗 = 𝑐𝜏𝑖 𝑗 = 𝑐(𝜏𝑖 − 𝜏𝑗) = 𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅𝑗 − − − − − − − − − Equation(2.8)

, ,
Where, 𝑐𝜏𝑖, 𝑗 is TDOA between receiver i and j, is the range difference 𝜏𝑖 and 𝜏𝑗 are
TOA arrival estimates at transmitter i and j. Figure 2.10 illustrates the principle of the
TDOA technique in 2D.
There are two ways of obtaining TDOA estimates [7].
The first way which makes use of the cross-correlation estimation technique of the
received signal and 𝑟2(𝑡) =to calculate the delay corresponding to the largest cross
correlation value. For example, in the case of the server based localization, consider a
signal x (t) being radiated by a mobile and being received by two points (stations).
𝑟1(𝑡) = 𝐴1𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑦1) + 𝑛1(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (2.9)
𝑟2(𝑡) = 𝐴2𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑦2) + 𝑛2(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.10)
Equations 6.2 and 6.3 represents the received signals at the two points (stations).A 1
and A2 are the amplitudes of the received signals with delays 𝑦1 and 𝑦2, corrupted
with noise 𝑛1(𝑡)and 𝑛2(𝑡).it is assumed that x(t), 𝑛1(𝑡)and n2(t) are real and jointly
stationary, zero mean random processes and that s(t), 𝑛2(𝑡)and 𝑛1(𝑡)are un correlated.
𝑟1(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑛1(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (2.11)

𝑟2(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑌) + 𝑛2(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.12)
Where, A is the amplitude ratio between the two received signals and 𝑌 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2.

TDOA estimation requires estimation of values of 𝑌. A simple correlation technique is

illustrated in figure 2.10.
Figure 2:10: The Cross Correlation Method for TDOA Estimation
The cross correlation function of these two received is given by Equation𝑒𝑞𝑢(2.13)
𝑇
1
𝑐(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑟1(𝑡)𝑟2(𝑡 + 𝜏)𝑑𝜏 − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.13)
𝑇
0
With T is the period of observation. TDOA estimate Ŷ is the value of 𝜏 that maximizes the
cross correlation is given by equation 2.13.
Ŷ = arg(𝑚𝑎𝑥|𝑐(𝑡)|) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.14)
The second method uses the subtraction at the TOA estimates from two transmitters
(points) to produce a relative TDOA estimate 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2.14. This requires a knowledge
of timing at the two transmitters and thus requires a strict clock synchronization between
the two transmitters. Also, this method has an advantage of eliminating the errors in TOA
estimates common to all the transmitters. After the TDOA estimate step, a hyperbolic
position location algorithm is used to produce an accurate and unambiguous solution to
the position location algorithm.

Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band Positioning Beacon

Technologies
New Generation Balise Technology
Techniques considering state-of-threat solutions rather than the old ones, are being studied.
In [6], fast-moving Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are studied in high-speed
railway systems. However, authors identify issues, such as collision and insufficient
reading time, and propose various ways to alleviate their effect in railway systems.
Moreover, these new balise would remain located between the rails on the track. This
proves to be constraining from the point of view of maintenance of the track, when it is
necessary to add new ballast or to change rails, for examples.
A new generation balise using modern, energy-efficient, and green technologies is
proposed. This balise is designed to operate from the side of the track and uses the ultra-
wideband impulse radio (UWB-IR) radio technique. This technique possesses the intrinsic
qualities of having a short-range, high communication capacity, of requiring low emitted
power while providing precise relative location capability.
The operating principle of this new generation balise is presented in Figure 2.11.The
conventional balise situated between the rails is removed and replaced by the new balise,
installed on a pole, on the side of the track and a few meters away. This new balise focuses
the radiofrequency energy coming from the pole transmitters to an area situated over the
rails, right over the removed conventional balise location. Therefore, this new balise does
not interfere anymore with track maintenance operations but still develops a maximum of
radio frequency signal at this particular location over the rails. Several transmitters are
coupled on the pole; three can be seen in Figure 2-11 to get a multiple source transmitter.
This insures transmitter redundancy as well as space focusing when correctly configured.
One single receiver or train-balise reader is used located in front of the train. This
configuration is usually denoted as a Multiple Input, three transmitters, Single Output, one
receiver, MISO 3-1 system.
This new balise uses UWB radio associated with TR.UWB radio supports high data rate
short range ground to train communication as well as the train localization process.
Localization uses time of flight measurements of the received UWB signals from the balise
which transmits its own absolute localization. The TR technique helps focusing balise
radiation on a small area over the track, represented by a sphere in Figure 0-11. When

crossing this focusing area, the antenna located in front of the train receives the UWB
signals and computes the position to the geo-referenced balise. This system would allow
the approaching trains to localize themselves with a very good accuracy. Table 2-3
establishes a comparison of performance between the communication/localization systems
using a railway conventional balise and the expected performance of the proposed TR-
UWB balise. This paper evaluates if the expected localization accuracy can be effectively
achieved.
Table 2-3: Performance Comparison between a Conventional Balise and the Proposed
TR-UWB Balise
Conventional balise TR-UWB balise
Operating frequency 27.095 MHz train to ground 3.1 to 10 GHz

4.5 MHz ground to train
Communication <1m 10 to 100 m
Range
Transmission rates 560 kbps Potentially up to several

hundred Mbps
Localization accuracy 20 cm < 10 cm

expected
Figure 2:11: TR-UWB Proposed New Railway Balise.

System and fundamental components of Time Reversal

Ultra-Wide Band system
In this research more attention given for TR-UWB-IR to achieve the objective according
the stated problem.so now we have to investigate more on components of the positioning
system. The detailed analysis will be done in next to chapters.in this portion we try to see
the system description of the main principal component. The TR-UWB-IR positioning
system consists of transmitters (UWB access points), new balise, focusing area (location
in time measuring the propagation time of the UWB signals), and tunnel railway
infrastructure.
In recent ultra-wideband (UWB) communication and time reversal (TR) technique is

expected to become a promising solution in minimizing multi-path and reducing fading
thus inter-symbol interference (ISI). Combined with TR technique, the Impulse Radio (IR-
UWB) systems have no need to use rake receiver to obtain good demodulation
performance. In addition, this technique might potentially increase the effective Shannon
channel capacity when we deal with multi-user UWB communications. These advantages
are brought in by two important characteristics of the time reversal technique: the temporal
focusing and spatial focusing.
the approaching trains to localize themselves with a very good accuracy. This paper
evaluates if the expected localization accuracy can be effectively achieved.

Figure 2:12: TR-UWB Proposed Localization System

CHAPTER THREE
3. IEEE 802.15.3A STANDARD CHANNEL MODELING
A reliable channel model, which captures the important characteristics of the channel, is a
vital prerequisite for system design. Toward this end, the IEEE 802.15.3a task group has
evaluated a number of popular indoor channel models to determine which model best fits
the important characteristics from realistic channel measurements using UWB waveforms.
The goal of the IEEE 802.15.3a channel model is to capture the multipath characteristics
of typical environments where IEEE 802.15.3a devices are expected to operate. The model
should be relatively simple to use in order to allow PHY proposers to use the model in a
timely manner and evaluate the performance of their PHY in typical operational
environments. In addition to this, it should be reflective of actual channel measurements.
Since it is difficult for a single model to reflect all of the possible channel environments
and characteristics, the group chose to try to match the following primary characteristics
of the multipath channel: RMS delay spread and Power decay profile.
Note that the actual channels resulting from the model may have several paths that are
much weaker than 10 dB from the peak, while the above characteristics are simply used to
compare to measurement results.
Three main indoor channel models are considered: the tap-delay line Rayleigh fading
model [3], the Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) model [4], and the ∆-K model described in [5], as
well as several novel modifications to these approaches that better matched the
measurement characteristics. Each channel model is parameterized in order to best fit the
important channel characteristics described above. Although many good models are
contributed to the group, the model finally adopted is based on a modified S-V model that
seemed to best fit the channel measurements. In particular, the channel measurements
showed multipath arrivals in clusters rather than in a continuum, as it is customary for
narrowband channels.
The large bandwidth of UWB channels can give rise to new effects compared to
“conventional” wireless channel modeling. For example, only few multipath components
overlap within each resolvable delay bin (resolvable run length is 3cm), so that the central
limit theorem is no longer applicable, and the amplitude fading statistics are no longer
Rayleigh. Also, there can be delay bins into which no MPCs fall, and thus are empty. It

then becomes necessary to characterize the likelihood that this happens, and that an empty
bin is followed by a full one – in other words, to obtain the time-of-arrivals.
Table 3-1: Comparison of Three Main Indoor Channel Models Considered in IEEE
802.15.3a Standard.
UWB (Win UWB (Intel Wideband (S-V
Parameter model) model) model)
TDC of clusters (Г in ns) 27.9 16 60
TDC within clusters (γ in
ns) 84.1 1.6 28.6
Cluster arrival rate (Λ in
1/ns) 1/45.5 1/60 1/300
Intra-cluster arrival rate (λ
in 1/ns) 1/2.3 1/0.5 1/5
Saleh-Valenzuela Model or Double Poisson distribution
The S-V model was proposed in [4] to model the multipath of an indoor environment for
wideband channels, on the order of 100 MHz Even at this relatively narrow bandwidth
(according to today’s standards), a clustering phenomenon was observed in the channel.
In order to capture this effect, the authors proposed an approach that modeled the multipath
arrival times using a statistically random process based on the Poisson point process. In
other words, the inter-arrival time of multipath components is exponentially distributed.
In addition, the multipath arrivals were grouped into two different categories: a cluster
arrival and a ray arrival within a cluster.
This model requires four main parameters to describe an environment, which can be
changed for different environments: the cluster arrival rate, the ray arrival rate within a
cluster, the cluster decay factor, and the ray decay factor. The cluster and ray arrival rates
are self-explanatory, and the decay factors are derived from the observed power decay
profile. More important, these four parameters provide great flexibility to model very
different environments. The amplitude statistics in the original S-V model were found to

best match the Rayleigh distribution, the power of which is controlled by the cluster and
ray decay factors. However, the measurements in UWB channels indicated that the
amplitudes do not follow a Rayleigh distribution. Rather, either a lognormal or Nakagami
distribution can fit the data equally well, which has been validated using Kolmogorov-
Smirnov testing with a one percent significance level. Based on these results, the S-V
model was modified for the IEEE model by prescribing a lognormal amplitude
distribution. The model also includes a shadowing term to account for total received
multipath energy variation that results from blockage of the line-of-sight path. The
proposed model parameters were designed to fit measurement results as described earlier,
and Table 3.2 below provides the results of this fit for a couple of different channel
scenarios (LOS refers to line of sight, NLOS to non-LOS).
Note that, when using the model, the total average received power of the multipath
realizations is typically normalized to unity in order to provide a fair comparison with
other wideband and narrowband systems. This can be done by either normalizing each
realization or normalizing the total power, averaged over all realizations. The channel
characteristics and corresponding parameter matching results in Table 3.2 correspond to a
time resolution of 167ps (corresponding to the 6 GHz bandwidth of the underlying
measurements), although the output of the model described in the appendix yields
continuous time samples (i.e., based on infinite bandwidth). How this model matches
measurements with bandwidths greater than 6 GHz is unknown due to the lack of
measurement data at this bandwidth.
The channel measurement characteristics listed in Table 3.2 highlight characteristics of

the multipath channel that are important to discuss. First, the multipath spans several
nanoseconds in time, which results in inter-symbol interference (ISI) if UWB pulses are
closely spaced in time. However, this interference can be mitigated in a number of ways
through proper waveform design as well as signal processing and equalization algorithms.
Second, the very wide bandwidth of a transmitted pulse results in the ability to individually
resolve several multipath components.
The S-V model thus distinguishes between “cluster arrival rates” and “ray arrival rates”.
The first cluster starts by definition at time t=0, and the following rays are a arriving with
a rate given by a Poisson process with rate 𝜆.

The power of those rays decays exponentially with increasing delay from the first ray. The
“cluster arrival rate”, which is smaller than the ray arrival rate, in turn determines when
the next cluster has its origin. The rays within that cluster are again a Poisson process
with rate 𝜆.
Mathematically, the impulse response is described as:
𝐿 𝐾
ℎ𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑋𝑖 ∑ ∑ 𝛼𝑖 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑙 − 𝜏𝑖𝑘˒𝑙 ) − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (3.1)

𝑙˒𝑘
𝑙=0 𝑘=0
Where; {𝛼𝑖 } are the multipath gain coefficients, { 𝑇𝑖𝑙 } is the delay of the 𝑙𝑡ℎ
𝑙˒𝑘
cluster,{ 𝜏𝑖𝑘˒𝑙 } is the delay of the 𝑘𝑡ℎ multipath component relative to the 𝑙𝑡ℎ cluster
arrival time(𝑇𝑖𝑙).{ 𝑋𝑖} represents the log-normal shadowing, and 𝑖 refers to the 𝑖𝑡ℎ
realization.
Defining; Tl = the arrival time of the first path of the lth cluster; Γk,l = the delay of the k-the
path within the lth cluster relative to the first path arrival time, Tl; Λ = cluster arrival rate;
𝜆̅ =ray arrival rate, i.e., the arrival rate of path within each cluster.
In general, the characterization of the mobile propagation radio channel can be developed
from the general description of linear time-variant channels. The wireless channel between
the receive and the transmit antenna can be completely characterized by its channel
impulse response (CIR) ℎ(𝜏)or by its Fourier transform, the frequency response 𝐻(𝜔),
provided that the channel can be modelled as a linear time invariant system. If the
transmitter, receiver, or objects which interact with the electromagnetic waves are not
static, we obtain a time-variant CIR ℎ(𝜏, 𝑡)(using the representation ℎ(𝜏, 𝑡), we inherently
assume a linear time-invariant impulse response ℎ(𝜏, 𝑡0) at a specific time instant t0). This
CIR can be transformed to frequency domain with respect to the delay 𝜏 or the time 𝑡 ,
giving rise to several equivalent descriptions as illustrated in Figure 3. These
representations in time and frequency domain of the linear time-variant channel are
described in detail in Bello’s classical paper [32].
In order to characterize the wireless propagation channel for later system simulations, a
representation for the CIR ℎ(𝜏, 𝑡)needs to be found. The representation might be based on
pure deterministic calculations where the geometrical relations and electrical properties of
the environment, transmitter, and receiver are fully known. Other well-known approaches

ignore the geometrical relations or electrical properties and represent the CIR ℎ(𝜏, 𝑡)as a
random variable.
IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Model Characterization

The objective of using this channel model is to characterize the channel impulse response
[20, 21]. The time reversal would benefit from the complexity of the propagation
environment. If the environment is increasingly complex, best will be the focus of energy
[22].
In this paper the multipath channel is modeled using the model provided in [8]. This is the
channel model adopted for use in the IEEE 802.15.3a standardization Task Group. This
model is similar to the Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) multi-cluster model [Saleh 1987]. Each
cluster has an exponential decay profile. The overall power of each of the clusters also
exponentially decays with time. The difference between this adopted model and the S-V
model is that instead of a Rayleigh distribution for the coefficient of each path, a log-
normal distribution is used. To model the shadowing effects, the overall gain of each
channel realization is also modulated by another log-normal shadowing coefficient. As
given in [8], four different sets of parameters (referred to as CM1 through CM4) are
available. These models (parameter sets) are chosen to represent different channel
conditions in typical usage scenarios.
The IEEE 802.15.3a model was developed from around 10 contributions, all referring to
distinct experimental measurements, performed in indoor residential or office
environments [23, 24].In order to reflect the phenomenon of ray clustering that was
observed in several measurement campaigns, the model is based on the Saleh-Valenzuela
formalism. The IEEE 802.15.3a UWB channel model defines four sets for different
environments.
The channel model CM 1 corresponds to a distance of 0 - 4 m in a LOS situation;
The channel model CM 2 corresponds to a distance of 0 - 4 m in an NLOS situation;
the channel model CM 3 corresponds to a distance of 4 - 10 m in an NLOS situation;
The channel model CM 4 corresponds to an NLOS situation with a large delay spread τrms
= 25 ns.
For this paper the three first scenarios CM1, CM2 and CM3 are used. CM4, generated to
fit a large 25-ns RMS delay spread is considered not relevant to this application. Some

important characteristics of these scenarios based upon a 167-ps sampling time are shown
in table 3.2 shown below.
Based on this channel model, a UWB signal can be characterized by a joint continuous
lognormal and discrete doubly stochastic Poisson random variable, of which key
parameters include the cluster/ray arrival rates, the cluster/ray decay factors, the standard
deviations of the lognormal fading. Parameters are provided to characterize the clusters
and ray arrival rates (Λ and λ), as well as the inter- and intra-cluster exponential decay
constants (Г and γ).
This comprehensive model is a reference for the study of UWB systems. It can be applied
in indoor environments and short range conditions. These models uses for performance
evaluation in terms of temporal focusing and error localization.
Path Loss Model
) 2,
4𝜋𝑑
The current model for path loss uses a simple free-space path loss formula𝐿 = ( λ
where the wavelength is computed at the center frequency (geometrical mean of upper and
lower 10 dB cutoff frequency) of the system. Here and in the following, assuming
implicitly that the antennas have a gain independent of frequency. Any antenna gain should
be treated as part of the system, not as part of the channel. For a more realistic assessment,
the model for the received power should be derived from measurements. A recent
measurement campaign [32] showed that the frequency dependence of the path loss
follows closely the simple f2 law over the whole bandwidth of interest. It is thus sufficient
to look at measurement campaigns with somewhat smaller bandwidth.
Reference [33] reports extensive measurements in residential dwellings, collecting a total

of 300,000 frequency responses. It is important to note that many points were measured in
each of the houses. This allows a new modeling of path loss: while there is still shadowing
superimposed on a polynomial power decay law, now the decay exponent and shadowing
variance also become random variables whose realizations change from house to house.
Table 0.3 shows mean and standard deviation for LOS and NLOS situations for the path
loss exponent γ, the path loss at 1 m distance PL0, as well as the shadowing σ. The
distributions of all variables is approximated reasonably well by Gaussian distributions.
While the above-mentioned measurements are important as a basis for modeling, they
cover only selected indoor environments.

For future work, it will be important to investigate whether office environments, industrial
environments, airport halls, and even homes with different building structures, Tunnels
lead to different parameterization. In any case, the use of the more realistic path loss
models allows us to anticipate typical UWB system performance. While the 802.15.3a
channel model does not include the above model explicitly, it encourages comparisons of
the link margin with the excess path loss (compared to free-space) obtained from it. Taking
note that, system proposals for the 110 Mb/s mode typically show a link margin of 3–6 dB
at 10 m, while the excess path loss in NLOS situations is on the order of 30 dB. Thus, 10
m coverage distance is realistic only for LOS situations.
Table 3-2: Statistical Values of the Path Loss Model [7].

LOS NLOS
Mean Std.dev Mean Std.dev
ǷL0(dB) 47 NA 50.5 NA
ϒ 1.7 0.3 3.5 0.97
σ(dB) 1.6 0.5 2.7 0.98
Fading Statistics
In the standard model, lognormal fading is assumed for both the cluster power and the ray
amplitudes; this was based on the evaluation of the measurements described earlier. The
total fading variance is composed of the variances for the clusters and rays; those are
assumed to be equal.
The measurements mentioned earlier typically showed only 1–4 measurement points
within an area of 10 × 10 wavelengths. Due to this, it is not easily possible to separate
small-scale (ray) from large-scale (cluster) fading. Other measurement campaigns have
found Nakagami amplitude statistics to be a good fit for small-scale fading [32]. The
advantage of lognormal statistics for small-scale fading is that the summation of two
lognormal processes (small-scale and largescale, in this case) results again in lognormal
fading. Furthermore, lognormal distributions are similar to Nakagami distributions for

large values of the Nakagami-m parameter; however, note that it is not possible to
approximate Rayleigh (i.e., Nakagami with m = 1) with lognormal distribution.
Another approximation of the current model is that the fading variance is independent of
the delay. However, several measurement campaigns have demonstrated that the fading
depth increases with delay. This also makes sense physically: for small delays, only a few
multipath components arrive within one resolvable delay bin.
For longer delays, the multipath components can take many different paths that
all fall into the same delay bin, so the central limit theorem is valid, and the fading is
Rayleigh distributed.
This question is also strongly related to the question of the arrival rate of the multipath
components. The S-V model prescribes Poisson parameters that are independent of delays.
This does not reflect reality; the inter-arrival times of multipath components tend to
decrease with delay. One way of incorporating this into the model would be to use a delay
variant inter-arrival time. An alternative approach is the use of deterministic multipath
components derived from a simple ray tracing, combined with Rayleigh distributed
“background radiation.”
Time Variance
The 802.15.3a standard model assumes that the channel stays either completely static, or
changes completely from one data burst (about 100 µs) to the next. While this covers
extreme cases, some important aspects, like adaptive channel estimation and interleaving,
cannot be simulated realistically. Because of this, the standard recommends the use of a
more detailed model when time variance is of importance.
A first step is to establish a model for the angular power spectrum (APS) of the radiation
arriving at the receiver. The angular spread is modeled to increase with the delay of the
arriving components. This assumption is intuitively appealing (components with the
minimum excess delay need to arrive from the LOS direction, while later components can
come from the directions of different scatterers), and was also confirmed by measurements
[34]. As the receiver is moving over larger distances, it is also necessary to specify the
autocorrelation function of the shadowing. Although this function is to be expected to be
similar to “classical” narrowband shadowing autocorrelation functions, it is still something
that should be investigated by further measurements.

The time variance due to moving transmitter or receiver can be treated by the well-known
WSSUS model. The APS is related to the Doppler spectrum by a simple variable
transformation, as shown in [33]. The generation of time-varying random channels with
known Doppler spectra is well known and has been treated extensively in the wireless
literature. The model for the angular spectrum is also useful for multiple-antenna systems.
However, for most PAN applications, the transmitter and receiver are stationary. The
temporal variations stem primarily from the movement of scatters. The most significant
change in the impulse response occurs when a mobile moves through the connection line
between TX and RX. In that case, the WSSUS model cannot be applied, because the
assumption of stationarity is violated: the moving scatterer (the mobile) has a significant
angular extent such that the channel may switch between LOS and NLOS characteristics.
In that case a geometrical model (blocking off rays from a certain angular range) can be
used for simulations.

CHAPTER FOUR
4. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS OF THE TR-UWB-IR POSITIONING
SYSTEM
Principal Components and Description of TR-UWB-IR
Positioning System
The proposed TR-UWB-IR Positioning System is schematically shown as bellow in figure
4.1.The system comprises transmitters(UWB access points), new balise, new balise
focusing area(location in time measuring the propagation time of the UWB signals), and
tunnel railway infrastructure.
Figure 4:1: TR-UWB Proposed Localization System

The proposed association between UWB and TR techniques for the precise localization of
trains shows the particular case of a railway tunnel. The beacons are geo-referenced.TR-
UWB beacons are kilometer markers. They can also exchange local CBTC information
over the UWB radio link. When arriving in the range of the UWB communication, the
train computes its absolute localization to the beacons using time of flight information.
Localization algorithms such as TDOA (time difference of arrival) are considered.
Moreover, multiple UWB transmitters, in a multiple input configuration, can be located in
a beacon enhancing focusing and availability. The local channel state information (CSI)
between any beacon transmitter and virtual optimal beacon localization along the track is
identified a single time during the initial installation. This information is introduced as pre-
filtering data in the difference UWB transmitters. Therefore, focusing is obtained in the
required position, along the track, whenever the train passes, improving the absolute
localization process.

Design components of TR-UWB-IR Positioning Beacon

System
A new generation balise using modern, energy-efficient, and green technologies is

proposed. This balise is designed to operate from the side of the track and uses the ultra-
wideband impulse radio (UWB-IR) radio technique. This technique possesses the intrinsic
qualities of having a short-range, high communication capacity, of requiring low emitted
power while providing precise relative location capability.
The operating principle of this new generation balise is presented in Figure 4.2. The
conventional balise situated between the rails is removed and replaced by the new balise,
installed on a pole, on the side of the track and a few meters away. This new balise focuses
the radiofrequency energy coming from the pole transmitters to an area situated over the
rails, right over the removed conventional balise location. Therefore, this new balise does
not interfere anymore with track maintenance operations but still develops a maximum of
radio frequency signal at this particular location over the rails. Several transmitters are
coupled on the pole; three can be seen in Figure 4.2 to get a multiple source transmitter.
This insures transmitter redundancy as well as space focusing when correctly configured.
One single receiver or train-balise reader is used located in front of the train. This
configuration is usually denoted as a Multiple Input, three transmitters, Single Output, one
receiver, MISO 3-1 system.
the approaching trains to localize themselves with a very good accuracy. Table 2.3
establishes a comparison of performance between the communication/localization systems
using a railway conventional balise and the expected performance of the proposed TR-
UWB balise. This paper evaluates if the expected localization accuracy can be effectively
achieved.

Figure 4:2: TR-UWB Proposed New Railway Balise.
Analytical Study of TR-UWB-IR Positioning Beacon

System
Before making the mathematical analysis it is best to see the schematic diagram of the
system under study.
Figure 4:3: Block Diagram of TR-UWB-IR Transmitter.
Figure 4:4: Block Diagram of TR-UWB-IR Receiver.
The principle of the proposed TR-UWB system uses three steps. Firstly, select the signal
that we want to transmit. In this paper, it is the second derivative of the Gaussian function
(an ultra-short pulse); Secondly, the channel impulse response is measured between the
transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) and the channel state information is loaded into Tx.
Thirdly, the selected signal and the impulse response are reversed in time and transmitted
by Tx in the propagation channel, up to Rx.

Figure 4:5: Time reversal for UWB communication system[17].
Throughout the study, let’s denote:

𝑠(𝑡): Transmitted pulse (derivative Gaussian pulse);
ℎ(𝑡): Channel Impulse Response CIR;
ℎ ∗ (−𝑡): Conjugated and reversed CIR;
𝑦(𝑡) The received signal without TR; and
𝑦𝑟𝑡(𝑡), The received signal with TR at the receiver.
The TR-UWB principle, represented in Figure 4-5, can be mathematically described by
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡)⨂ℎ(𝑡) + 𝑛(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.1)
𝑦𝑟𝑡(𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡)⨂ℎ ∗ (−𝑡)⨂ℎ(𝑡) + 𝑛(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.2)
Where, ⨂ represents the convolution operation and 𝑛(𝑡) is the Gaussian noise.
From Equation(4.2), can be deduce the equivalent impulse response ℎ𝑒𝑞 (𝑡) which
corresponds to the autocorrelation function of the channel [17]:
ℎ𝑒𝑞 (𝑡) = ℎ ∗ (−𝑡)⨂ℎ(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation 4.3)
In this section the performance of TR- based SISO IR-UWB in typical line of sight (LOS)
and non-light of sight (NLOS) channels will be evaluated respectively. The typical IEEE
UWB channel model parameters and characteristics are listed in table 4.1 which was found
using measurement data based on couple of channel characteristics for different channel
models [8].

Table 4-1: IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Model Characteristics and Parameters.
Target Channel Characteristics

CM1 CM2 CM3 CM4
Distance (m) 0-4 0-4 4-10
scenario LOS NLOS NLOS NLOS
Mean excess delay (ns) (τm) 5.05 10.38 14.18
RMS delay (ns) (τrms) 5.28 8.03 14.28 25
NP10 dB(number of paths with in 10dB of the 35

strongest path)
NP(85%)(number of paths that capture 85% of 24 36.1 61.54

channel energy)
Where 𝑁𝑃10𝑑𝐵 is the number of paths within 10 dB of the strongest path and
𝑁𝑃85% )gives the number of paths containing 85 percent of the energy.
The autocorrelation function is used to evaluate two main characteristics associated to time
reversal, i.e., the temporal focusing and the spatial focusing. These characteristics are very
beneficial to the UWB system [2, 14]. To study the temporal focusing, the Focusing Gain
(FG) is evaluated and defined as the ratio of the strongest peak in TR received to the
strongest peak received by a conventional UWB system [19]. It can be written as:
𝑚𝑎𝑥(|𝑦𝑟𝑡(𝑡)|)
𝐹𝐺 [ ] = 20 log10 ( ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.4)
𝑑𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑥(|𝑦(𝑡)|)
Higher 𝐹𝐺 could potentially translate into higher communication range and higher
precision of Localization for a localization system as compared to a classical UWB system.
In this section, an analytical study of TR-UWB-IR using IEEE 802.15.3a channel models
is made. Thereafter, studied the contribution of Time Reversal in UWB in terms of specio-
temporal focusing. The study of the temporal focusing is based on the characterization of
the propagation channel. For each considered channel model (CM1, CM2, CM3), the
equivalent impulse response, the Power Delay Profile and Focusing Gain are determined.
The analytical study in the case of the IEEE 802.15.3a model is done using the statistical
moments of interferences that affect the performance of a TR-UWB receiver [25].For this
channel model, CIR can be define by:

ℎ(𝑡) = ∑ 𝛼𝑖𝑠(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖 ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.5)

𝑖=0
The expected value of the equivalent CIR is: [10]
𝐸{ℎ𝑒𝑞(𝑡)} = 𝐸 {∫ ∑ 𝛼𝑖2𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑑𝜏} − − − − − − − −Equation (4.6)

𝐴 𝑖=0
Using the Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) for prototype pulse defined by Equation (4.7)
𝜙𝑠(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑑𝜏 − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.7)

𝐴
The equation (4.6) becomes:
E{ℎ𝑒𝑞(𝑡)(t)} = E (∑ αi2) ϕs(t) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation 4.8)

0
Computing the average energy of the CIR in a generic time window W= [a, b] given:
𝐸 { ∑ 𝛼𝑖2} = ∫ 𝑃𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝜏 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.9)

𝑖∈𝐼𝑊 𝑊
Where 𝐼𝑊 the random set of multipath components within 𝑊 and 𝑃𝑔(𝑡) referred to
Average Power Delay Profile (APDP).
A Continuous-time in 𝑊 is given by a variance of the CIR energy function [26];
𝑉𝑎𝑟 { ∑ 𝛼𝑖2} = ∫ 𝑅𝑔(𝑡) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.10)

𝑖∈𝐼𝑊 𝑊
Where;𝑅𝑔(𝑡) is the kurtosis delay profile.
Using the equivalence in Equations (4.8) and (4.9), we obtain:
𝐸{ℎ𝑒𝑞(𝑡)} = 𝜙𝑠(𝑡) ∫ 𝑃𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.11𝑎)

𝐴
We observe, for 𝑡 > 𝜏𝑠, 𝜙𝑠(𝑡) = 0 therefore

E{ℎ𝑒𝑞(𝑡)} ≈ 0.
The Average Power Delay Profile 𝑃𝑔(𝑡) is described by a model with exponential decay
which is characterized by the average received energy 𝐸𝑔 and the 𝑟𝑚𝑠 delay spread
𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 of the channel.
𝐸𝑔
𝑃𝑔(𝑡) = exp 𝑡⁄𝜏𝑠 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.12)
𝜏 𝑟𝑚𝑠
For determining 𝑅𝑔(𝑡) we choose a uniform Poisson arrival process with an arrival rate of
𝜆̅ ray/s and Nakagami 𝑚 distributed ray amplitude. A simplified version of the Saleh-
Valenzuela channel model is [27]:
1 1
𝑅𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑃𝑔2 (1 + 𝑚) ̅𝜆 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.13)
In this case the Power Delay Profile for the equivalent CIR is given by:
𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑇𝑅-𝑈𝑊𝐵(𝑡) = 𝐸{|ℎ𝑒𝑞 (𝑡)|2} − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.14)
It becomes:
𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑇𝑅-𝑈𝑊𝐵(𝑡)
= 𝐸 {∬ ℎ(𝜏)ℎ(𝜇)ℎ(𝑡 + 𝜏)ℎ(𝜇 + 𝑡)𝑑𝜏𝑑𝜇 } − − − − − Equation (4.15)

𝐴
Substitutingℎ(𝑡) = ∑𝑖 𝛼𝑖𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖 ), expanding all the products and then obtain by noticing
that
𝐸{𝛼𝑖3𝛼𝑗} = 0:
𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑇𝑅-𝑈𝑊𝐵 (𝑡)

= 𝐸 {∫ ∫ ∑ 𝛼𝑖2𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝐴 𝐴 𝐼
× [𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖 ) ∑ 𝛼𝑘2𝑠(𝜇 − 𝑡𝑘)𝑠(𝜇 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑘 )

𝑘
+ −𝑡𝑖 ) ∑ 𝛼𝑗2𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗)𝑠(µ + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗) +𝑠(𝜇 + 𝑡

𝑗,𝑗≠𝑖
− 𝑡𝑖 ) ∑ 𝛼𝑗2𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗)𝑠(µ − 𝑡𝑗)𝑑𝜏𝑑µ} − − − − − Equation (4.16)

𝑗,𝑗≠𝑖
This equation is then composed of three terms named I, II, III:
𝐼 = 𝐸 {∑ 𝛼𝑖2 ∫ 𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑑𝜏 × ∑ 𝛼𝑘2 ∫ 𝑠(𝜇 − 𝑡𝑘)𝑠(𝜇 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑘)𝑑𝜇 }

𝑖 𝐴 𝑘 𝐴
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.17)
≈ 𝐸 {∑ 𝛼𝑖2 ∑ 𝛼𝑘2} 𝜙𝑠2(𝑡)

𝑖 𝑘
Knowing that:
2 2
𝐸 {∑ 𝛼𝑖 } = 𝑉𝑎𝑟 {∑ 𝛼𝑖2} + (𝐸 {∑ 𝛼𝑖2})
= ∫ 𝑅𝑔(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 + ∬ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(𝜇)𝑑𝜏𝑑𝜇 − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.18)

𝐴 𝐴
Then 𝑒𝑞𝑢. (4.17) becomes:
𝐼 = 𝜙𝑠2(𝑡) {∫ 𝑅𝑔(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 + ∬ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(µ)𝑑𝜏𝑑µ} − − − − − − − −Equation (4.19)

𝐴 𝐴
Using the property 𝐸{𝛼𝑖2𝛼𝑗2} = 𝐸{𝛼𝑖2}𝐸{𝛼𝑗2} the second term II becomes:

𝐼𝐼 = ∬ 𝐸 {∑ 𝛼𝑖2𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑠(µ − 𝑡𝑖 )}
𝐴 𝑖
× 𝐸 { ∑ 𝛼𝑗2𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗)𝑠(µ + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗)𝑑𝜏𝑑µ} − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.20)

𝑗,𝑗≠𝑖
By following change of variable: 𝜇 = 𝜏 +  :
𝐸 {∑ 𝛼𝑖2𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖)𝑠(𝜏 +  − 𝑡𝑖)}

𝑖
= 𝐸{ℎ(𝜏)ℎ(𝜏 + )} − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.21)
And
𝐸 { ∑ 𝛼𝑗2𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗)𝑠(𝜏 +  + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗)}

𝑗,𝑗≠𝑖
≈ 𝐸{ℎ(𝜏 + 𝑡)ℎ(𝜏 +  + 𝑡)} − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.22)
According to [4.16]
𝐸{ℎ(𝜏)ℎ(𝜏 + )} = 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝜙𝑠() − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.23)
Therefore, referring to Equations(4.4), (4.20) becomes:
𝐼𝐼 ≈ ∫ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(𝜏 + 𝑡) ∫ 𝜙𝑠2()𝑑𝑑𝜏 − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.24)

′
𝐴 𝐴̀
̀ = [𝑎 − 𝜏, 𝑎 − 𝜏 + 𝑇 ]
Where 𝐴′ 𝑙
It also defines that:
∫ 𝜙𝑠2()𝑑 = 𝑐1
𝐴′

Is the autocorrelation energy of pulse, then II becomes:
𝐼𝐼 ≈ 𝑐1 ∫ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(𝜏 + 𝑡)𝑑𝜏 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.25)

𝐴
The third term III gives:
𝐼𝐼𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝐸 {∑ 𝛼𝑖2𝑠(𝜏 − 𝑡𝑖 )𝑠(µ + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖 )}

𝐴 𝐴′ 𝑖
× 𝐸 { ∑ 𝛼𝑗2𝑠(𝜏 + 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑗)𝑠(µ − 𝑡𝑗 )} 𝑑𝜏𝑑µ − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.26)

𝑗,𝑗≠𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝐼 = ∫ ∫ {{ℎ(𝜏)ℎ(𝜏 + 𝑡 + )}

𝐴 𝐴′
× 𝐸{ℎ(𝜏 + 𝑡)ℎ(𝜏 + )}𝑑𝜏𝑑 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.27)
≈ ∫ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(𝜏 + 𝑡) ∫ 𝜙𝑠( + 𝑡)𝜙𝑠( − 𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝜏

𝐴 𝐴′
Also, arguing with the short support of 𝜙𝑠(),
Approximating the inner integral by
𝑐1Φ𝜙𝑠(𝑡) = ∫ 𝜙𝑠( + 𝑡)𝜙𝑠( − 𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝜏

𝐴′
Where;
𝜙𝑠(𝑡) is the pulse auto-correlation function and
𝛷𝜙𝑠(𝑡) is a normalized time compressed auto-correlation function of 𝜙𝑠(𝑡), (𝛷𝜙𝑠(0) =

1).
Therefore III can be written as follow;

𝐼𝐼𝐼 ≈ 𝑐1𝛷𝜙𝑠(𝑡) ∫ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(𝜏 + 𝑡)𝑑𝜏 − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.28)

𝐴
Using this development, Equation(4.12) becomes:
≈ 𝜙𝑠2(𝑡) {∫ 𝑅𝑔(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 + ∬ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(µ)𝑑𝜏𝑑µ} − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.29)

𝐴 𝐴
+𝑐1(1 + 𝛷𝜙𝑠(𝑡)) ∫ 𝑃𝑔(𝜏)𝑃𝑔(𝜏 + 𝑡)𝑑𝜏

𝐴
Substituting Equations (4.12)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4.13) in Equations (4.11𝑎) and (4.15) for

observation interval 𝐴 = [𝑎, 𝑏] = [0, ∞[ we obtain:
𝐸{ℎ𝑒𝑞 (𝑡)}
= 𝐸𝑔[𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝜏⁄𝜏 ) − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝜏⁄𝜏 )]𝑎 𝑏𝜙𝑠(𝑡)

𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠
= 𝐸𝑔[𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝜏⁄𝜏 ) − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝜏⁄𝜏 )]𝑎𝑏 𝜙𝑠(𝑡) − − − − − − − −Equation 4.30)

= 𝐸𝑔𝜙𝑠 (𝑡)
= 𝐸𝑔2𝜙𝑠2(𝑡) [𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑎⁄𝜏 ) − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑏⁄𝜏 )]

𝐸𝑔2
+ [𝑒𝑥𝑝(−2𝑎⁄𝜏 ) − 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−2𝑏⁄𝜏 )] − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.31)
2𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠
1 1
× [(1 + 𝛷𝜙𝑠(𝑡))𝑐1𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑡⁄𝜏 ) + (1 + ) 𝜙 2(𝑡)]
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑚 𝜆̅ 𝑠

𝐸𝑔2 1 1
= 𝐸𝑔2𝜙𝑠2(𝑡) + × [(1 + 𝛷𝜙𝑠(𝑡))𝑐1𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑡⁄𝜏 ) + (1 + ) 𝜙𝑠2(𝑡)] − −
2𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑚 𝜆̅
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.32)
The focusing gain presented in Equation(2.8) can be written in this case as:
𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑇𝑅-𝑈𝑊𝐵(𝑡))
𝐹𝐺 [ ] = 10log10 ( ) − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.33)
𝑑𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑈𝑊𝐵-𝐼𝑅(𝑡))
With
𝐸𝑔
𝑃𝐷𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑃𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑡⁄𝜏 ) − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.34)
𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠
The correlation function peak is located at zero time shift, therefore:
𝐸𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑃𝐷𝑃(𝑡)) = − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.35)
𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑃𝐷𝑃𝑇𝑅-𝑈𝑊𝐵(𝑡)) = 𝐸𝑔2(𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 + 𝑐1 + 𝑐2)⁄𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 − − − − − Equation (4.36)
1 1
Where; 𝑐2 = (1 + 𝑚) 2𝜆̅
Then Equation (4.33) becomes:
𝐹𝐺 [ = 10log10 (𝐸𝑔(𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 + 𝑐1 + 𝑐2)) − − − − − − − − − − − Equation (4.37)

𝑑𝐵 ]
In order to evaluate the contribution of TR-UWB-IR for localization of a train we will

consider also both cases; UWB alone and TR-UWB techniques. The goal is to estimate
the contribution of TR to the location in terms of localization error, as a function of
the propagation environment position of a mobile in a 2D plane. To locate the mobile,
each station sends its own signal (recorded and reversed in time in the case of TR). The
UWB signals are modulated by an antipodal modulation and coded by a Gold code
[29,30], one code per base station. Processing is performed at the mobile (Rx) to
determine its position relative to the stations. The localization error is given by the
difference between the calculated position and the actual position of the mobile.
The mobile receives the signals from each base station and performs an adequate signal
processing to determine its position, relative to the base stations. Using the TDOA

technique, the signal received at the mobile is processed to retrieve the position of the latter
[31]. The localization technique (TDOA) is combined with the Chan algorithm to calculate
the position of the mobile [32, 33]. This technique is illustrated in Figure 2.7, where
point 1, point 2 and point 3 represent the three stations of known coordinates, mobile is
the train to be located. The difference distance between mobile and the ith station is given
by Equation (4.38):
𝑅𝑖 = √(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑌𝑖 − 𝑦)2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Equation(4.38)
Where,(𝑥, 𝑦) are the unknown coordinates of train position, (𝑋𝑖, 𝑌𝑖 ) are the coordinates
of the base stations. Considering as a reference station S1 (the reference station is the
nearest station of the train, in the studied case), the difference distance between reference
station S1 and other stations is given by:
𝑅𝑖1 = 𝑐. 𝑑𝑖, 1 = 𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅1 − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.39)
√(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑌𝑖 − 𝑦)2 -√(𝑋1 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑌1 − 𝑦)2 − − − − − − − Equation (4.40)
Where, c is the celerity of light, 𝑑𝑖, 1is the TDOA estimate between reference station and
the ith station. Calculating the differences in distance allows to define a system of
nonlinear equation of hyperbolas given in Equations (4.41), resolvable by Chan’s method
[13].
𝑅𝑖, 12 + 2𝑅𝑖, 1 = 𝑋𝑖2 + 𝑌𝑖2 − 2𝑋𝑖, 1𝑥 − 2𝑌𝑖 , 1𝑦 + 𝑥2𝑦2 − − − − − − Equation (4.41)
For a three station system, Chan’s method produces two TDOA to determine the
coordinates (x, y) of mobile:
𝑥 𝑋 𝑌2,1 1 𝑅 1 𝑅 2 − 𝐾 + 𝐾2
[𝑦] = [ 2,1 ] {[[ 2,2] . 𝑅1 + [ 2,12 1 ]]} − − − − − Equation (4.42)
𝑋3,1 𝑌3,1 𝑅 3, 1 2 𝑅3 1 − 𝐾3 + 𝐾1
,
Where,
𝐾1 = 𝑋12 + 𝑌12; 𝐾2 = 𝑋22 + 𝑌22; 𝐾3 = 𝑋32 + 𝑌32 ; 𝑅2,1 = 𝑐𝑑2,1; 𝑅3,1

= 𝑐𝑑3 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (4.43)
,
On the right side of the above equation, all the quantities are known quantities, except 𝑅1.
Therefore, the solution of x and y will be in terms of 𝑅1. When these values of x and y are

substituted into the equation 𝑅2 1, a quadratic equation in terms of 𝑅1 is produced. Once

,
the roots for 𝑅 are known, values of x and y can be determined. It should be noted that
1
only the positive 𝑅1root must be considered. One of the roots of the quadratic equation is,
in fact, either negative or too large to be within the cell radius.

CHAPTER FIVE
5. ANALYTICAL AND SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, the simulation and the analytical results are compared in UWB and TR-
UWB cases using IEEE 802.15.3a channel models. Thereafter, study the contribution of
Time Reversal in UWB in terms of temporal focusing. Table 5.1 gives general input
parameters for analytical and simulation steps. And then performed a comparative study.
The value of m appearing in the Nakagami distribution considered the following four cases
[28]:
m = 0.5: corresponding to a Gaussian situation;
m = 1: is the Rayleigh law, i.e. deep fading;
m = 1.5: corresponding to a severe fading;
m = 4: corresponding to a low fading. This study showed that the value of m has a
negligible impact on system performance TR-UWB. Agreed to choose the value m = 1.5
in the remainder of the studies.
Table 5-1: Input Parameters for IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Models.
Channel models CM1 CM2 CM3
Eg(normalized) 1 1 1
𝜆̅ Ray arrival rate 2.5 0.5 2.1

[1/ns]
𝜏𝑟𝑚𝑠 RMS delay 5.28 8.03 14.28

[ns]
Nakagami-m 1.5 1.5 1.5
Figures 5-2 (a)-(c) show analytical and simulation results for TR-UWB system, in case of
IEEE 802.15.3a channel models. The average over 1000 runs of channels is performed for
each channel model (CM1, CM2 and CM3). These results correspond to the equivalent
channel impulse response ℎ𝑒𝑞(𝑡) and Power Delay Profile for transmitted a second
Gaussian derivative pulse. It is observed then, the simulation results are close to analytical
results. Table 5.1 gives a comparison between analytical and simulation results for IEEE
802.15.3a channel models in term of FG value. This study shows a slight difference

between the values of FG to the analytical study and the study by simulation. This can be
explained by the sets of input parameters made. By expanding by simulation the study
interval and compare PDP-UWB and PDPTR-UWB for the 3 considered channel models.
Figures 6.2-6.4 provide a comparison between PDPUWB and PDPTR-UWB. Considering
PDPTR, and obtained a very effective temporal focusing as well as an increase of the
amplitude of the power over PDPUWB alone. This translates into the values of FG
presented in Table 5.1.
Figure 5:1: Modulated Pulse Train
Figure 5:2: Unmodulated Pulse Train
Figure 5:3: TR-UWB-IR System Receiver FG Output Wave Forms Using 5 Input Pulse
Trains.

Figure 5:4: 100 Impulse Responses based on the CM1Channel Model.
Figure 5:5: 100 Impulse responses based on the CM2 Channel Model.
Figure 5:6:100 Impulse Responses Based on the CM3 Channel Model.

Different colors depict different clusters. From this it can concluded that the impulse
response complexity increases from CM1 to CM3.This implies that LOS (CM1) is much
clearer and less chaotic than LOS1 (CM2) and NLOS (CM2).
To evaluate the spatial focusing, two configurations were investigated for a Tx-Rx
separation of d = 5 m: SISO-TR and MISO-TR (with NTx = 2). By using TR (Figure 5.9),
the power is decaying rapidly when moving away from the target area.
Figure 5:7: Time Focusing Simulation Setup.
Figure 5:8: Powerdelay Profile for UWB and UWB-TR.
Figure 5:9: Analytical and Simulation PDP of TR-UWB (NLOS).

Table 5.1: Analytical and Simulation Results for IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Models in
Terms of FG Value.
Channel models CM1 CM2 CM3
FGanalytical[dB] 7.38 8.20 10.91
FGsimulation[dB] 7.31 8.11 10.80
Figure 5:10: PDP UWB and PDP TR-UWB for CM1 Respectively.
Figure 5:11: PDP UWB and PDP TR-UWB for CM2 Respectively.
Figure 5:12: PDP UWB and PDP TR-UWB for CM3 respectively.
From CM1 to CM3 FG increases, due in particular to the stronger multipath. Indeed, TR
takes advantage of the complexity of the channel. This would be very beneficial for train
localization in a confined railway infrastructure like tunnels.

Figure 5:13: The Positioning Error in Case of Monocycle Waveforms in IEEE
802.15.3a Channel.
For the comparative study between the conventional localization system UWB-IR and the
proposed system TR-UWB, first used the case UWB-IR to locate the mobile then obtained
information on the position of the mobile are used as reference for the purposes of locating
with the TR-UWB system. The comparison is based on the computation of the Root Mean
Square Error of localization between the conventional UWB-IR system and the proposed
TR-UWB-IR system. Considered the SISO 10 paths channel configuration. An additive
white Gaussian noise is also injected. Figure 5-11 shows the comparative study of the
RMSE for both systems. A signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 3 dB is considered in each case.
In these conditions, it is obtained a better precision of localization using the TR-UWB-IR
system.
Figure 5:14: A Comparison of Energy Efficiency between a TR-UWB System and UWB.

Trying to confirm these results, then repeat this operation with SISO 2, 6 and 10 path
channels for evaluating the Root Mean Square Error of localization (RMSE) versus SNR.
The results are presented in Figure 5-16.The conventional UWB and TR-UWB results
obtained for the 2, 6 and 10 paths configurations are very different with a significant
advantage to the TR-UWB configurations. We note that for SNR > 2 dB, the localization
error remains fairly low. The extremely high performance of the proposed system on
simulated data can be probably explained by the simulation scenario. Simulations using
more complex scenarios are provided to evaluate the results in the practical case.
Figure 5:15: Focusing Gain vs. Path Number
Figure 5:16: Comparison UWB-IR vs. UWB-IR/TR, RMSE vs. SNR for
SISO 2, 6 and 10 Paths.

Table 5-2: Comparative study between the UWB-IR and UWB-TR in terms of
Focusing Gain and Error Localization ((SISO 2, 6 AND 10 PATHS, SNR=3 dB)
SISO FG[dB] RMSE[cm] for UWB RMSE[cm] for TR-UWB

Configuration
2 paths 2.97 18.71 ~45*105

6 paths 6.27 19.40 ~81*105
10 paths 6.30 20.62 ~130*105
Table 5.2 presents the simulation results in these three cases. They show that the proposed
solution TR-UWB-IR gives repetitively the best performances in terms of localization.
Indeed, in the studied case, the localization error is 20.62 cm in the case of SISO 10 paths
without TR while it is only 130*10-5 with TR. These preliminary results show that the
combination of UWB and TR techniques allows obtaining a more accurate localization
that could be in line with the decimeter necessary level of precision required by the railway
beacon application.

CHAPTER SIX
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
In this thesis, a new system for railway track-to-train, spot communication was analyzed.
The proposed balise simultaneously delivers accurate localization information to trains.
The equipment can be installed on the side of the track, instead of being set between the
rails. The new balise makes use of the association between ultra-wide band radio and time
reversal technique.
For the proposed TR-UWB system, the second Gaussian derivative function is selected
as the signal shape to transmit. The selected signal and the impulse response are then
reversed in time and transmitted by transmitter in propagation channel up to receiver. The
IEEE 802.15.3a channel models are used to perform these studies and for this thesis the
three first models CM1, CM2 and CM3 are used. The autocorrelation function is used to
study the temporal and spatial characteristics of time reversal technique. Study is made
based on evaluation of the focusing gain .Analytical and simulation studies of their
characteristics were analyzed. Simulations were also performed in propagation
environment, i.e. Tunnel like environment.
For the comparative study between the conventional localization system UWB-IR and the
proposed system TR-UWB, first the case UWB-IR is used to locate the mobile then
obtained information on the position of the mobile are used as reference for the purposes
of locating with the TR-UWB system. The comparison is made based on the computation
of the Root Mean Square Error of localization between the conventional UWB-IR system
and the proposed TR-UWB-IR system. Then evaluating the Root Mean Square Error of
localization (RMSE) versus SNR, in all the simulated configurations, it has been shown,
on the one hand, time reversal has major assets to ultra-wide band radio in terms of spatio-
temporal focusing, and, on the other hand, that this advantage is transferred on the
application to the localization.
The results obtained allows to conclude that in all the considered cases, the tracking system
provided by TR-UWB gives better performance compared to UWB radio alone. Using
time reversal, a position error below the 10 cm, objective proposed in this thesis for this

railway application is achieved in all cases thanks to the focusing characteristics of time
reversal.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In future work, it is recommended that;
 To study different waveforms and modulation types to identify the most

appropriate ones.
 This study can also be conducted with other channel models as well as different
single transmitter and multiple transmitter configurations.
 To validate the analytical and simulation results, experimentations can also be
conducted in an anechoic chamber and a real environment.

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Positioning System Based on the UWB Technique,” IPIN 2011, Guimarães, 21-23
September 2011, pp. 1-4.
[30]. A. Elabed, F. Elbahhar, Y. Elhillali, A. Rivenq and R.
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[33]. [7] J. Kunisch and J. Pamp, “Measurement Results and Modeling Aspects for the
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Environments,” accepted for publication IEEE VTC 2003 Fall, Orlando, FL

APPENDIX A
1) %Comparator
% program for UWB pulse generation
clc; clear all; close all
% tao_m=input('Enter tao_m ');
tao_m=0.5;
t=-5:.01:5;
op1=(1-4*pi*(t/tao_m).^2);
for i=1:1001
op2(1,i)=exp(-2*pi*(t(i)/tao_m)^2);
% f(1,i)=1/t(1,i);
end
op=op1.*op2;
plot(t,op)
xlabel('time');ylabel('Normalized Amplitude');
Tittle('UWB pulse Gaussian Doublet')
axis([-0.5 0.5 -0.6 1])
figure
fr=abs(fft(op));
File: channel_maskcallback3.m
2)
% Matlab Simulink IEEE 802.15.3a channel model
chantype = get_param(gcb,'chantype');
T = get_param(gcb,'T');
nT = get_param(gcb,'nT');
SPF = get_param(gcb,'SPF');
switch chantype
case 'CM1'
LOSflag = 'on';
LAMBDA = 0.0233; lambda = 2.5;
GAMMA = 7.1; gamma = 4.3;
sigma1 = 3.3941; sigma2 = 3.3941; std_shadow = 3;
set_param(gcb,'MaskValues',{T,nT,SPF,chantype,'on','0.0233','2.5','7.1','4.3','3.3941','3.3941','3'});
set_param(gcb,'MaskEnables',{'on','on','on','on','off','off','off','off','off','off','off','off'});
case 'CM2'
LOSflag = 'off';
GAMMA = 5.5; gamma = 6.7;
set_param(gcb,'MaskValues',{T,nT,SPF,chantype,'off','0.4','0.5','5.5','6.7','3.3941','3.3941','3'});
case 'CM3'
LOSflag = 'off';
GAMMA = 14; gamma = 7.9;
set_param(gcb,'MaskValues',{T,nT,SPF,chantype,'off','0.0667','2.1','14','7.9','3.3941','3.3941','3'});
case 'CM4'
LOSflag = 'off';
GAMMA = 24; gamma = 12;
set_param(gcb,'MaskValues',{T,nT,SPF,chantype,'off','0.0667','2.1','24','12','3.3941','3.3941','3'});

otherwise % enter custom parameters

set_param(gcb,'MaskEnables',{'on','on','on','on','on','on','on','on','on','on','on','on'});
end
3) clear
pw1=.5e-9;%pulse width in nanosec,change to desired width
pw=pw1/2.5;%Fudge factor for inaccurate PWs(approx. 4-5 for 1st der. and
%approx. 2-3 for 2nd der.)
Fs=100e9;%sample frequency
Fn=Fs/2;%Nyquist frequency
t=-1e-9:1/Fs:20e-9;%time vector sampled at Fs Hertz. zoom in/out using (-1e-9:1/Fs:xxxx)
A=1;
%================================================
% EQUATIONS
%================================================
%y=A*(t/pw).*exp(-(t/pw).^2);%1st derivative of Gaussian pulse=Gaussian monocycle
y =A*(1 - 4*pi.*((t)/pw).^2).* exp(-2*pi.*((t)/pw).^2);%2nd derivative of Gaussian
%pulse=doublet(two zero crossings)
% y=y.*sin((2*pi*t*4.5e9).^2)%spectrum notches(multipath)
%================================================
% 2ND DERIVATIVE DOUBLET (PPM WITH 5 PULSES)
%==================================================
%modulated doublet
yp=y+ ...
A*(1-4*pi.*((t-2.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-2.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
A*(1-4*pi.*((t-5.0e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-5.0e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
A*(1-4*pi.*((t-7.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-7.5e-9-.2e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
A*(1-4*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2);
%unmodulated doublet
B=1;%This shows how the anplitude matching of templet and modulated signal
%plays an important part. Would require AGC on first LNA to hold modulated
%sig constant within an expected multipath range.(B=.4 to .5 causes errors).
yum=B*y+ ...
B*(1-4*pi.*((t-2.5e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-2.5e-9)/pw).^2)+ ...
B*(1-4*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2).*exp(-2*pi.*((t-10e-9)/pw).^2);
yc=yp.*yum
y=yp;%y=modulated doublet
NFFY=2.^(ceil(log(length(y))/log(2)));
FFTY=fft(y,NFFY);%pad with zeros
NumUniquePts=ceil((NFFY+1)/2);
FFTY=FFTY(1:NumUniquePts);
MY=abs(FFTY);
MY=MY*2;
MY(1)=MY(1)/2;
MY(length(MY))=MY(length(MY))/2;
MY=MY/length(y);
f=(0:NumUniquePts-1)*2*Fn/NFFY;
%new fft for unmodulated doublet
y1=yum;%unmodulated doublet
NFFY1=2.^(ceil(log(length(y1))/log(2)));
FFTY1=fft(y1,NFFY1);%pad with zeros
NumUniquePts=ceil((NFFY1+1)/2);
FFTY1=FFTY1(1:NumUniquePts);
MY1=abs(FFTY1);
MY1=MY1*2;
MY1(1)=MY1(1)/2;
MY1(length(MY1))=MY1(length(MY1))/2;

MY1=MY1/length(y1);
f=(0:NumUniquePts-1)*2*Fn/NFFY1;
%new fft for correlated yc
y2=yc;%y2 is the time domain signal output of the multiplier
%(modulated times unmodulated) in the correlation receiver. Plots
%in the time domain show that a simple comparator instead of high speed A/D's
%could be used to recover the 10101 signal depending on integrator design.
%I have not included an integrator in the program but it would be a properly
%constructed low pass filter in an actual receiver.
NFFY2=2.^(ceil(log(length(y2))/log(2)));
FFTY2=fft(y2,NFFY2);%pad with zeros
NumUniquePts=ceil((NFFY2+1)/2);
FFTY2=FFTY2(1:NumUniquePts);
MY2=abs(FFTY2);
MY2=MY2*2;
MY2(1)=MY2(1)/2;
MY2(length(MY2))=MY2(length(MY2))/2;
MY2=MY2/length(y2);
f=(0:NumUniquePts-1)*2*Fn/NFFY2;
%===================================================
% PLOTS
%===================================================
%plots for modulated doublet
figure(1)
subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,y);xlabel('TIME');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('Modulated pulse train');
grid on;
axis([-1e-9,10e-9 -1 1])
subplot(2,2,2); plot(f,MY);xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
%axis([0 10e9 0 .1]);%zoom in/out
grid on;
subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,20*log10(MY));xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('20LOG10=DB');
%axis([0 20e9 -120 0]);
grid on;
%plots for unmodulated doublet
figure(2)
subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,y1);xlabel('TIME');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('Unmodulated pulse train');
grid on;
axis([-1e-9,10e-9 -1 1])
subplot(2,2,2); plot(f,MY1);xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
%axis([0 10e9 0 .1]);%zoom in/out
grid on;
subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,20*log10(MY1));xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('20LOG10=DB');
%axis([0 20e9 -120 0]);
grid on;
%plots for correlated yc
figure(3)
subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,y2);xlabel('TIME');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('Receiver correlator output');
grid on;
axis([-1e-9,10e-9 -1 1])
subplot(2,2,2); plot(f,MY2);xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
axis([0 7e9 0 .025]);%zoom in/out
grid on;
subplot(2,2,3); plot(f,20*log10(MY2));xlabel('FREQUENCY');ylabel('20LOG10=DB');

%axis([0 20e9 -120 0]);

grid on;
4.
%positioning error in case of monocycle waveforms in IEEE 802.15.3a channel
function[PosNx,ErrNx]=cp1002_find_LSE_position(positions,ranges,Nx,Ref,sigma_2,G)
N=size (ranges,1);
err_ranges=ranges+sqrt(sigma_2)*randn(N);
k=length(Ref);
for i=1:(k-1)
A(i,1)=positions(Ref(i),1)-positions(Ref(k),1);
A(i,2)=positions(Ref(i),2)-positions(Ref(k),2);
end
A=-2*A;
b=zeros(2,1);
for i=1:(k-1)
b(i)=err_ranges(Ref(i),Nx)^2-err_ranges(Ref(k),Nx)^2-positions(Ref(i),1)^2+positions(Ref(k),1)^2-
positions(Ref(i),2)^2+positions(Ref(k),2)^2;
end
PosNx=A\b;
ErrNx=sqrt((PosNx(1)-positions(Nx,1))^2+(PosNx(2)-positions(Nx,2))^2);
if G
figure(2),scatter(positions(:,1),positions(:,2))
xlabel('X [m]');
ylabel('Y [m]');
box on;
hold on;
scatter(PosNx(1),PosNx(2),200,'filled','k','p');
scatter(positions(Nx,1),positions(Nx,2),200,'filled','^');
for i=1:k
scatter(positions(Ref(i),1),positions(Ref(i),2),'filled','r','s');
end
hold off;
end

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIME-REVERSAL ULTRA-WIDEBAND POSITIONING

A Thesis in Electrical Engineering for Railway Systems

Postgraduate Program Signature Date

Dr. Yalemzwed Negash

Advisor Signature Date

Internal Examiner Signature Date

External Examiner Signature Date

Chair person Signature Date

Birikti Gidey Desta

Place: Addis Ababa

Date of Submission: ______________

Dr.Yalemzewd Negash ____________________ _____________________

Advisor’s Name Signature Date

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. VI

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1

Problem Statement ........................................................................................... 2

Research Question ............................................................................................ 2

Scope of the Study ............................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 5

2. LITEATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 5

Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band Positioning Beacon Technologies ............. 25

System and fundamental components of Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................ 29

3. IEEE 802.15.3a STANDARD CHANNEL MODELING ................................ 29

Path Loss Model ............................................................................................. 34

Fading Statistics ............................................................................................. 35

Time Variance ................................................................................................ 36

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................ 38

4. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TR-

Design components of TR-UWB-IR Positioning Beacon System ................. 39

Analytical Study of TR-UWB-IR Positioning Beacon System ...................... 40

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 52

5. ANALYTICAL AND SIMULATION RESULTS ................................................ 52

CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 60

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 60

CIR-Channel Impulse Response

Research Background and Motivation

Figure 1:1: Architecture of the CBTC System[1].

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 1

range, which may overlap several frequency bands allocated to radio

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 2

Is the new emerging balise technology technically feasible to install?

Evaluating the history and background of TR-UWB-IR techniques.

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 3

Scope of the Study

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 4

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 5

Fundamentals of Time Reversal Ultra-Wide Band

Bf ∗ 0.2 or BW > 500MHz − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation (2.1)

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 6

The general characteristics of UWB-IR are;

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 7

Communication system capacity: the theoretical system capacity of any communication

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 8

Figure 2:2: Time Representation of Gaussian and Monocycle Waveforms.

Birkti Gidey AAiT/2021 9

Dr.Yalemzewd Negash _