THE VELAMMAL INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, PANCHETTI

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES FOR 2023 – 24 ( THIRD 33 % EXAM )

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Iodoform reaction with sodium hypoiodite is also used for detection of CH3CO group or CH3CH(OH) group which
produces CH3CO group on oxidation.

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IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

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 • Carboxylic acids are weaker than mineral acids, but they are stronger acids than alcohols and many
simple phenols.
• Higher members of aliphatic carboxylic acids (C12 – C18) known as fatty acids.

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MECHANISM

Uses of Carboxylic acid

1. Methanoic acid is used in rubber, textile, dyeing, leather and electroplating industries.
2. Ethanoic acid is used as solvent and as vinegar in food industry.
3. Hexanedioic acid is used in the manufacture of nylon-6, 6.
4. Esters of benzoic acid are used in perfumery.
5. Sodium benzoate is used as a food preservative.
6. Higher fatty acids are used for the manufacture of soaps and detergents.

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Therefore, the order of boiling points of isomeric amines is as follows:

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 \
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Quantitative evolution of nitrogen is used in estimation of amino acids and proteins.

• A very important class of compounds used for synthesis of a variety of aromatic compounds.
• Secondary and tertiary amines react with nitrous acid in a different manner.

In the reaction with secondary amine, N,N-diethylbenzenesulphonamide is formed.

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Since N, N-diethylbenzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom, it
is not acidic and hence insoluble in alkali.
Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride.

1. This property of amines reacting with benzenesulphonyl chloride in a different manner is used for
the distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and also for the separation of a mixture of
amines.
2. However, these days benzenesulphonyl chloride is replaced by p-toluenesulphonyl chloride.

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The order of basicity of amines in the gaseous phase
tertiary amine > secondary amine > primary amine > NH3
The order of basic strength in case of methyl substituted amines and ethyl substituted amines in aqueous solution
• (C2H5 ) 2 NH > (C2H5 ) 3 N > C2H5 NH2 > NH3
• (CH3 ) 2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3 ) 3N > NH3
Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
• Diazonium salts are very good intermediates for the introduction of –F, –Cl, –Br, –I, –CN, –OH, –NO2 groups
into the aromatic ring.
• Aryl fluorides and iodides cannot be prepared by direct halogenation.
• The cyano group cannot be introduced by nucleophilic substitution of chlorine in chlorobenzene but
cyanobenzene can be easily obtained from diazonium salt.
• The replacement of diazo group by other groups is helpful in preparing those substituted aromatic
compounds which cannot be prepared by direct substitution in benzene or substituted benzene.
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

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