MMME2007

The University of Nottingham

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL, MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

A LEVEL 2 MODULE, SPRING SEMESTER 2017-2018

THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS 2

Time allowed TWO Hours

Candidates may complete the front cover of their answer book and sign their desk card but
must NOT write anything else until the start of the examination period is announced

Answer ALL questions in Section A, choose TWO out of THREE questions in Section B
and choose TWO out of THREE questions in Section C

Only silent, self-contained calculators with a Single-Line Display or Dual-Line Display are
permitted in this examination.

Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English
may use a standard translation dictionary to translate between that language and English
provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. Subject specific translation
dictionaries are not permitted.

No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries,
may be used.

DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so

In this examination candidates are required to answer ALL questions in Section A,

TWO out of THREE questions in Section B and TWO out of THREE questions in
Section C. If a candidate answers more than the required number of questions, all
questions will be marked and the highest marks will be used in the final
examination mark.

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: Five printed sheets of formulae

Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids & other data
(in S.I. units, 5th edition)
Enthalpy-Entropy chart – A3 sized photocopy
Psychrometric chart

INFORMATION FOR INVIGILATORS:

Question papers should be collected in at the end of the exam – do not allow candidates to take
copies from the exam room.

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SECTION A
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

1. Briefly describe the meaning of relative humidity.

[1 mark]

The dry and wet bulb temperatures of atmospheric air were found to be 27C and 23C
respectively. Use the psychrometric chart to answer the following:

(a) What is the relative humidity of the air?

[1 mark]

(b) What is the relative humidity when the air is at 15C wet and dry bulb?
[1 mark]

2. Water is placed inside a rigid open container in a room at 25C and 1 bar pressure. The
water is then boiled until all air is expelled and there is only water and steam in the
container, and then the container is closed tightly and left to cool to the room
temperature. What is the final pressure inside the container?
[3 marks]

3. In a power plant, steam enters an isentropic turbine at 400C and 120 bar, and leaves
as saturated vapour.

(a) What does it mean that the turbine is isentropic? State the isentropic efficiency
of this steam turbine.
[2 marks]

(b) Find the power generated by the turbine if the steam mass flow rate is 60 kg/s.
Chart accuracy is sufficient.
[2 marks]

4. Petrol is used in automotive engines and is mainly octane (C8H18). The density of petrol
is 0.77kg/litre. The combustion is near to stoichiometric.

(a) Write the chemical reaction for stoichiometric combustion of octane.

[2 marks]

(b) Calculate the mass of air used for use of 1 litre of fuel.
[2 marks]
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5. A square flat plate having side lengths of 2m is initially at 37C. It is cooled by a fan
blowing air parallel to the plate at a uniform velocity of 10 m/s. Taking the air
temperature as 20C, the Nusselt number is taken as NuL=0.037ReL4/5Pr1/3.

(a) Why is Reynolds number relevant in the formulation of Nusselt number in this
situation?
[1 mark]

(b) Calculate the Nusselt number given that dynamic viscosity, , is 1.56810-5 m2/s
and Prandtl number, Pr is 0.707.
[2 marks]

6. Explain briefly, using a p-V diagram, how the volumetric efficiency of a single stage
compressor is affected by the magnitude of the pressure ratio across the compressor.
[3 marks]

7. A boundary layer is developing on a flat plate. The free stream velocity U is equal to 10
m/s and the kinematic viscosity of the flow is 110-5 m2/s. Calculate the Drag friction
coefficient CD at the distance of 1 m from the leading edge. The Reynolds number for
transition from laminar to turbulent is 3106.
[3 marks]

8. An aircraft of mass of 1500 kg cruises at 250 km/h in horizontal flight at 1000m.

(a) What is the lift force?

[2 marks]

(b) Calculate the lift coefficient generated from wings with an area of 12 m2.
[2 marks]

9. Generally pumps can fall into two types: positive displacement pumps and dynamic
pumps.

(a) Which type of pumps have the feature of “self-priming”?

[1 mark]

(b) If a pump has to work for different liquids whose viscosities change significantly,
which type is the better choice if there is no other restriction?
[1 mark]

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10. The momentum equation along the x-direction is stated below. Define the forces
described in the equation.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢
+𝑢 + 𝑣 +𝑤 = − + ( + + )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
[3 marks]

11. An aircraft flies at 2000m height where the air temperature is 270K, with a speed of 450
m/s.

(a) Calculate the Mach number of the aircraft.

[2 marks]

(b) Will the aircraft induce a Mach cone? Why?

[2 marks]

The ratio of specific heat of air 𝛾 may be taken as 1.4, and the specific gas constant
R as 287.1 J/(kgK).

12. Illustrate the three-sublayer structures in a turbulent boundary layer with the aid of a
sketch of its velocity distribution along the direction normal to the solid wall. Indicate in
which region the corresponding velocity varies logarithmically.
[4 marks]

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SECTION B
ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

13. A kite flies in the air with a string held by a child on the ground. The mass of the kite is
0.05 kg and the length of its string is 1.0 m and width is 0.5 m. The air flows horizontally
at a velocity of 15 km/h.

The air density and viscosity may be taken as:

𝜌 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 , 𝜇 = 1.8 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚𝑠

(a) If the kite could be assumed as a flat plate, explain why it can’t be in equilibrium
in the air when its orientation is parallel to the horizontal.
[1 mark]

(b) Consider the situation in which the kite flies with the angle of the string to the
horizontal direction at 45 and the tension in the string at 50 N. Sketch the
directions of all force on the kite under this situation on your answer booklet.
[1 mark]

(c) With the aid of the sketch from Q13 (b), calculate the drag and lift forces on the
kite when it is in equilibrium perpendicular and parallel to the ground with the
string at 45.
[4 marks]

(d) Estimate the corresponding drag coefficient and lift coefficient if the planform area
of the kite is 0.35 m2.
[4 marks]

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14. Steam is injected through a nozzle in a large scale turbine with a velocity U equal to 100
m/s. The steam conditions are: T = 400C, pressure is 0.1 MPa, and specific heat capacity
of the steam, cp, is 1930 J/kg K and specific heat at constant volume, cv, is 1469 J/kgK.
The nozzle has an area, A, equal to 0.5 m2.

(a) Calculate the speed of sound in steam and determine the Mach number.
[3 marks]

(b) The turbine is rotating at 5 rad/s and the turbine diameter, D, is equal to 10 m.
Calculate the capacity coefficient.
[3 marks]

(c) It is necessary to replace the turbine with a new similar turbine having a diameter,
D, equal to 5m. The new turbine uses the same nozzle and the same flow rate as
the old turbine. Calculate its rotational speed.
[4 marks]

15. (a) What are the four basic dimensions in fluid mechanics?
[2 marks]

(b) The drag force developed on a boundary layer over the bottom of a barge (flat-
bottomed boat for carrying freight) varies with the free-stream velocity U, the
length of the barge L, the density  and the viscosity . Find the dimensionless
parameters for this problem.
[4 marks]

(c) A model of the above barge is to be machined from a real prototype scale of
model:real = 1:100. Because of free surface flow, Reynolds number and Froude
number should be equal to ensure dynamic similarity. The Froude number
𝑈2
is: = 𝑔𝐿 . The barge will be used in a river with a viscosity of =10-6 m2/s. What
fluid viscosity should the model be tested in?
[4 marks]

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SECTION C
ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

16. (a) Coal has a composition by mass of 70% carbon, 8% hydrogen and 5% oxygen,
the remainder being moisture. It is burned in 3% excess air in a power station.
Find the rate of air consumption if the coal flow rate is 50kg/s.
[5 marks]

(b) The coal combustion supports generation of 439 kg/s of steam at 150 bar and a
superheat temperature of 500C for a Rankine steam cycle. The steam turbine
has an isentropic efficiency of 94% and exhausts into the condenser at 0.04 bar.
Calculate the power out of the turbine.
[5 marks]

17. (a) For atmospheric air at 1 bar at the two conditions of temperature and relative
humidity of 40C and 50% and of 22C and 50%:

i) Calculate the specific (i.e. absolute) humidity.

[4 marks]

ii) What temperature must the 40C air be reduced to in order to reduce its
absolute humidity to the same as the cooler air?
[1 mark]

iii) How much moisture must be removed per kg of dry air?

[1 mark]

This calculation should be performed without using the psychrometric chart.

(b) In order to cool the warm air and remove the moisture, a refrigeration unit
evaporator heat exchanger containing refrigerant R134a is used. The evaporator
exit condition is saturated vapour at 5C. The condenser part of the refrigeration
cycle has an exit condition of saturated liquid at 16.812 bar. Given that the air
cooling duty required is 129.5kW, calculate the mass flow rate of R134a to cool
the air.
[4 marks]

You may assume that the refrigerant at evaporator inlet has the same enthalpy
as the condenser outlet.

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18. (a) A domestic radiator has a surface measuring 0.8m high by 1.4m wide, and the
surface temperature is 60C. The room requires heating from its initial
temperature of 16C. Calculate the Grashof number for this convection situation.
The room pressure is 1 bar and density and viscosity of air are 1.12 kg/m3 and
1.810-5 kg/ms respectively.
[5 marks]

(b) The domestic boiler heating the radiators has a cross flow heat exchanger. The
flame gases flow at 10 g/s and enter the lower side of the heat exchanger rising
vertically at 500C. 50 g/s of water returns from the radiator circuit and enters
the heat exchanger from the right side at 50C, and exits at 68C. cp of the gas
is 1.2 kJ/kgK and that of water is 4.2 kJ/kgK. Calculate the exit temperature of
the gas and the LMTD of the heat exchanger.
[5 marks]

MMME2007 End