Science & Technology

in Ancient Civilizations
(Part 2)
Prepared by:
Prof. Aileen I. Atienza

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 Ancient Civilizations
1.4 Egyptian Civilization
1.5 Greek Civilization

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Egyptian Civilization

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Egyptian Civilization
 Egypt is located in North Africa
 Around 3200 BCE, the creation of the Egyptian civilization
began with Egypt brought together under one ruler, King
Narmer

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Temples
 believed that temples were the homes of the gods and
goddesses.
 every temple was dedicated to a god or goddess
 worshipped by temple priests and the pharaoh.

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Temples
Everyday, temple priest
 washed the god’s statues
 changed cloths with fine linen
 put jewelry
 offered food and wine

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Temples
 made of stone
 walls were covered with
scenes
 brightly painted

Source: Q-files

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 Ancient Egyptian Temples

Source: Third hour

Source: Touropia

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 Mummification
 Egyptians believed in life after
death
 eternal life was only possible
if the individual’s corpse
remained intact
 believed that if the body
decayed, so as the soul
 deceased’s soul should be
Source: nbcnews.com
recognized and returned in
the next life

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Mummification Process
1. Washing of the body

2. Removal of the different internal organs by making a cut in

the left side of the abdomen.
(intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs)

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3. Internal organs are placed in the corresponding canopic jar.

Hapi Imsety Duamutef Qebehseneuf

baboon-headed god human-headed god jackal-headed god falcon-headed god
of the North of the South of the East of the West
Lungs Liver Stomach Intestines

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Mummification Process
4. Brain is removed through the nose by using hooked
instrument then being thrown away
Heart is untouched as believed to be used for
intelligence and emotion in the next life

Heart also revealed evidence of the deceased’s true character.

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Mummification Process
5. The inside of the body is rinsed with wine and spices.

6. Moisture from the body is eliminated

7. Application of a salt called natron for 70 days is done to

preserve the body.

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8. Lastly, the body is
wrapped in linen cloth
and placed in a
sarcophagus.

Source: Pinterest

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Source: Egypt Independent

Source: Pinterest

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Activity 1.2
 Interactive Mummy Maker

Browse the internet and go to the website:

https://games.talkingpyramids.com/the-mummy-maker/

Follow the instruction to witness the process of

mummification.
Hieroglyphics
 Pictures of living creatures and symbols of objects used in
daily living

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Source: Pinterest
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Hieroglyphics

Source: medium.com
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 Hieroglyphics

 Hieroglyphics
writings were
well-preserved
since these were
carved at the walls
of pyramids and
other structures

Source: home-school.lovetoknow.com

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Medicine and Physician
 knowledge of healing herbs
 repairing physical injuries
 knew how to stitch a wound
 eye-surgery operation
 knowledge of Anatomy came from the practice of embalming
the dead

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 Medicine and Physician

 practiced dentistry
 extracted teeth,
 drained abscesses
 made false teeth

Source: reddit

Ancient Egyptian Dental Work

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Source: surgicaltechnologyhistory.weebly.com Source: Pinterest

Ancient Egyptian Medical Tools

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Irrigation System
 Canals and Ditches
 Shaduf

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Irrigation System
 Shaduf – boom and basin irrigation strategy

Source: Egypt Guide

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Mathematics
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division

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Mathematics
 Fractions
 Decimals
 basic ideas of Geometry

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 Calendar

 12 months = 30 days each

 1 year = 360 days

Source: Ancient Egyptian Facts

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Calendar
 In 4000 B.C. added 5 extra days at the end of every year
 Solar year = 365 days

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

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Wigs
 Were worn for beauty, vanity and personal hygiene

Source: solarey.net

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 Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from
harmful sun rays
 Symbol of social status
 Used by both sexes

Source: takealookatancientegypt.weebly.com

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 Source: Pillole di Storia

Source: clbxg.com

 made from human hair, sheep's wool or vegetable fibers.

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 Other Discoveries and inventions
 Cosmetics

Source: beautysecrets.com

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 Other Discoveries and inventions
 Paper from papyrus

Source: historyaanswers.co.uk

Source: latour-marliac.com

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Greek Civilization

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Greek Civilization
In 8th century BC
 Government
 Art
 Architecture
 Philosophy
 Sport

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Greek Civilization
 Polytheistic society

 Believed in Mythology to
explain natural mysteries

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 Greek Mythology

Source:Realm of history

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 Theater
 Art and Literature performances

Source: ancient.eu

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Theater
 large
 open-air structures
 tiered seating area -
theatron
 a circular space for the
actors to perform -
orchestra
 stage - skene

Source:Google Sites

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Source: The Travel Company

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Water Mill
 Was used in agricultural processes like milling of grains
 Mass production of rice, cereals, flours and the likes

Source:ancienthistorylists.com

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Greek Houses
 Poor Greek - rural area or crowded urban slums
 multi-story blocks of apartments

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Source:pinterest.com

Ancient Greek Hillside Houses

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 Larger houses built around a courtyard

Source:colourboxcom

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 For well-to-do craftsmen
or farmers:

 large and luxurious

 accommodation for a
large household
including many slaves

Source:sites google.com

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Trade
 150 years after 750 BC
 Sea for their livelihood
 Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea

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Source:sites ngc coin.com

Coins for trading

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Greek Philosophers
Socrates
•known to developed the "Socratic Method" of analyzing
good and justice
•The problem is broken down into series of inquiries that
would lead to answers to the problem.

Plato
•became student of Socrates
•laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science.
•founded The Academy of Athens, the first institution of
higher learning in the Western world.

Aristotle
•became student of Plato
•developed Empirical approach in studying nature
•founed Theory of Four causes (material, formal, efficient ,
final)

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Greek Philosophers
Thales
•believed that water was the only substance that was souce of all
things

Pythagoras
•made important contributions in the field of mathematics
•developed the Pythagorean Theorem

Empedocles
•believed in the four fundamental elements (fire, air, earth and
water)

Democritus
•established the concept of atomisim
•everything in nature is made up of indivisible elements called
atoms
Archimedes
•known for his physical law of buoyancy

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End of Part 2

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