CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE

Development Length

▪ Development length is defined as the length of embedment of the steel

reinforcements in concrete to develop the full (yield) strength of the reinforcing
bar which simply expressed by the formula,

T = Ab fy

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 1. Development length

CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Types of Bond Stresses

1) Chemical bond stress

▪ It is the natural bonding between the surfaces of two different materials
(concrete and steel bars), however, this chemical bond stress is weak,
and the tension rebar can easily be pulled out.

2) Mechanical bond stress

▪ The mechanical bond is some sort of a bearing stress between steel and
concrete and therefore is much stronger than the chemical bond, thus,
steel reinforcements for concrete construction have lugs (Fig. 2) and are
called deformed bars.
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Types of Bond Stresses

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 2. Mechanical bond

▪ The development length is the extension of the rebar length from the
point where the rebar stress as designed is equal to fy (see Fig. 3).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 3. Development length

▪ The development lengths (ld and ldh) measured from the face of the
column must have adequate lengths in order that the stress in the rebar
can reach its full stress fy.
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
▪ Another application of the development length is for lap slices as shown
in the Fig. 4.

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 4. Lap slice

CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Hooks
▪ In situations where there is no enough space for development length of
straight bars, hooks are employed to shorten the development length
requirement as shown in the Fig. 5.

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 5. Different types of hooks

CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Hooks
▪ The detailed requirements for hooks of main bars are presented in the
NSCP 2015 Table 425.3.1. (see Table 1 in the next slide).

▪ For secondary bars (stirrups, ties & hooks), three (3) hook angles are
possible, namely: 90-degrees, 135-degrees, and 180-degrees (Fig. 5).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length ▪ A standard hook for stirrups, ties, and
hoops includes the specific inside
Hooks bend diameter and straight
Table 1. Detailed requirements for hooks extension length. It shall be permitted
to use longer straight extension at the
end of a hook ( a longer extension
shall not be considered to increase
the anchorage capacity of the
hook).
▪ The Table 2 (next slide) gives the
details of the minimum inside bend
diameters and standard hook
geometry for secondary bars (NSCP
2015 Table 425.3.2).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length Table 2. Detailed requirements for hooks (secondary bars)

Hooks
▪ For the 135-degree hook,
previous codes only
specified 6db for the
straight extension length
(lext).

▪ The 75mm requirement for

lext was specified for
“seismic hooks” (the same
for the 180+-degree hook
where the seismic hook
requirement for lext is
75mm).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Tension Bar Development Length, ld
▪ The development depends on the type of force to be transmitted. The
most stringent requirement is for tension bars since these will likewise
impart tension stresses on the concrete which is its weakness.

▪ In contrast, the development length requirements for compression bars

are more lenient.
▪ There are two alternative formulas for the development length in tension,
but this length shall not be less than 300mm.

▪ The simpler formulas for the tension development length are given in
Table 3 (NSCP 2015 Table 425.4.2.2).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Table 3. Tension bar development length formulas
▪ Modification factors for tension
bars are given in Table 4 (next
slide).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Table 4. Tension bar modification factors

▪ Modification factors for

tension bars are given in
Table 4 (next slide).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Hook Development Length, ldh
▪ There are three (3) requirements listed and the greater value among the
three is to be adopted.

▪ The modification factors for hooks are shown in Table 5.

CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Table 5. Modification factors for hooks
Development Length
Hook Development Length, ldh

▪ Without going thru the

computation of Ψ𝑐 and
Ψ𝑟 their values can be
taken as equal to 1.0.
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Compression Bar Development Length, ldc
▪ The required development length for compression bars are shorter as
shown in Table 5 (NSCP 2015 Table 425.4.9) and shall be the greater of (a)
through (c).

▪ The modification factors for compression bars are different from tension
bars since the action of forces are different from the compression bars
(Fig. 1). The applicable modification factors for compression bars
development length are given in Table 6 (NSCP 2015 Table 425.4.9.3).
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Compression Bar Development Length, ldc
Table 6. Modification factors for compression bars
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length
Reduction of Development Length for Excess Reinforcements
▪ The development lengths in the previous discussions can be reduced by
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
use of the ratio except were prohibited under the following
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
conditions:

▪ In as much as most in our country Philippines is under Zone 4 (see Fig. 6),
frame members designed to resist earthquakes cannot avail of this
reduction.
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Development Length

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 6. Philippine Zoning

CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE

Sample Problem 1
A 7.3m long, simply supported beam shown has the dimensions b = 300mm and
h = 600mm. The effective depth “d” is 527.5mm. The beam is designed with 4 bars at
midspan where the maximum moment is located. As the moment diagram decreases to
zero at the ends, the number of bars is reduced from 4 bars to 2 bars as shown. The bar
size is 25mm. Determine the required lengths of the bars. Determine also if hooks are
required at the ends. Use𝑓𝑐′ = 28MPa and Grade 60 rebars. The total factored load is 50
kN/m.

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 P − 1. Philippine Zoning

CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE

SOLUTION:
CE 416 – PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED/REINFORCED CONCRETE
Next Topic:
Lap Splices