17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Workability
Consistency
Stiff Normal Flowing

Slump flow
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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Concrete workability using slump

In (a) the original shape of the cone is

(a) Stiff concrete more or less retained, whereas in (c)
(b) Normal concrete shape of the cone is completely lost.
Slump test cannot distinguish between the
(c) Highly workable workability of such concretes. In such
concrete cases other tests such as Vebe and slump
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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

The content should be used only for educational purpose

because it contains various copyright content. In the
development of the course material published content of
several authors have been used and their contribution is
gratefully acknowledged 3
 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Vebe test for workability of concrete

• This test is used for determination of consistency
of concrete using a Vee-Bee Consistometer, which
determines the time required for transforming,
by vibration, a concrete specimen in the shape of
a conical frustum into a cylinder.
• This test shall be performed as per IS
1199:1959 or ACI 211.3R02.
• The method is used for harsh concretes, such as
that used in dams, or roller compacted
pavements, etc.

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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Compaction factor of concrete

• Set up to determine the
compaction factor of concrete
• Based on the relative extent of
compaction achieved as concrete
drops through the cones into
cylinder at the bottom.
• The test can be used to assess
the workability of a reasonably
wide range of concretes.
• The test is, however,
cumbersome to perform and
rarely used at site.
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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Slump flow

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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Segregation resistance Separation of the solid phase

from the others in any of
Concrete is a mixture, comprising these cases can be called
of coarse aggregates suspended
‘segregation’, and the ability
in mortar (a fluid phase).
of the ‘fluid’ phase to resist
Mortar is a mixture comprising it, called ‘segregation
of fine aggregate suspended in resistance’.
the fluid phase of cement paste
(a fluid phase).
Properties of the fluid phase
Cement paste is a mixture of the in all cases are time dependent
very fine cement particles due to continuing hydration of
suspended in water (a fluid). cement.

!! No standard test to measure segregation resistance !!

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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Air content in concrete

Entrained air is Entrapped air is

Air in concrete
intentionally put present
in place and ‘unintentionally’,
• Entrained particles are very and is generally
• Entrapped fine and uniformly much larger is size
distributed within of individual
concrete particles

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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Air content in concrete

Depending on whether the concrete is AE or non-AE, air
content may be taken as the specified value or about 1-2%,
depending on the shape and size of aggregates, etc.
Between 4-6% air is prescribed for concrete exposed to
cyclic freezing and thawing.

• Increases workability through ball-bearing kind of action

• Decreases strength by serving as points for stress
concentration
• Improves resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing
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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Air entrainment in concrete using AE agents

Entrains air ‘particles’ are between 30~250μm in diameter.
Entrained air
• Increases workability of concrete
• Reduces water demand
• Increases freeze-thaw resistance of concrete
• Compressive strength reduces with increase of air, and
therefore, should be kept at a minimum
Air content increases with dosage of air-entraining admixture

Water
Voids
Entrained
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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Water
Voids
Entrained
Air

Entrained air reduces water pressure in voids when water

changes to ice, and this prevents crack formation in concrete.
Entrained air must be small in size and uniformly distributed
with close distances.

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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Durability Factor and Air Content

100

When durability
Durability Factor

factor is high,
freeze-thaw
resistance is high.

0
0 4 10
Air Content (%)

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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Temperature rise and thermal stresses

• Set up to record increase in temperature in
concrete on account of liberation of the
heat of hydration of cement.
• Concrete is placed and cured in the unit on
the left, where adiabatic conditions are
maintained.
• Variation in temperature of concrete is
recorded using the instrument panel shown
on the right.

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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Setting time of concrete

• A view of the Proctor’s apparatus for
determining the setting times of concrete.
• The needle in Proctor’s apparatus is lowered
gradually and the penetration resistance (to
obtain a certain length of penetration) is
recorded.
• The test is carried out at regular intervals
and the initial and final setting times are
reached when penetration resistance reaches
500psi and 4000psi. These times can be
determined by interpolation of values
obtained during the test.
• It should be ensured that readings are not
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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

Initial and final setting time of concrete

• Based on penetration resistance (PR), which increases as the

setting (in cement and concrete) progresses.
• Carried out after concrete is wet-sieved to remove the CA.
• Manual and automatic versions of equipment for determination of
initial and final setting times of concrete are shown.
• Arbitrary values of PR, used to define these times.
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 17-09-2021

CEC203: Building Material, Construction and Management

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad

The content should be used only for educational purpose

because it contains various copyright content. In the
development of the course material published content of
several authors have been used and their contribution is
gratefully acknowledged 16