KOMUNIKASI SEL The main difference between the

different categories of signaling is the

By: vidill
distance that the signal travels to reach
the target cell.
➢ Autocrine signaling
a. Learning objectives
➢ Paracrine s
➢ Forms of signaling
➢ Endocrine s
➢ Types of receptors
➢ Direct s. across (melintasi) gap
➢ Signaling molecules
junctions
➢ Propagation of the signal
➢ Respons to the signal

1. Autocrine signaling
➢ A cell target itself (auto)
b. Introduction
➢ Autocrine signals are produced by
➢ Cells communicate via various types of
signaling cells that can also bind to the
signaling that allow chemicals to travel
released ligand
to target sites in order to elicit a
(Sinyal autokrin dihasilkan oleh sel
response.
pemberi sinyal yang juga dapat
(Sel berkomunikasi melalui berbagai
berikatan dengan ligan yang dilepaskan)
jenis sinyal yang memungkinkan bahan
➢ The signaling cell and the target cell
kimia melakukan perjalanan ke lokasi
can be the same or similar
target untuk memperoleh respons.)

➢ There are two kinds of communication:

- Intercellular signaling:
communication between cells
- Intracelluler signaling:
communication within a cells

➢ Signaling cell: releasing chemical

signals received by a target cell
(Sel pemberi sinyal: melepaskan sinyal
kimia yang diterima oleh sel target)
➢ Target cells’ protein: receptor ->
binding to signaling molecules ->
response
(Protein sel target: reseptor ->
pengikatan pada molekul pemberi sinyal
-> respons)
➢ Signaling molecules that bind
(berikatan) to receptors are called
ligands.
➢ Ligands and receptors are specific to
each other.
(Ligan dan reseptor bersifat spesifik
satu sama lain.)
c. Forms of signaling
➢ Occurs during the early development
of an organism -> cells develop into the
correct tissues and take on the proper
function (mengambil fungsi yang tepat)
➢ Regulates (mengatur) pain sensation
and inflammatory
➢ Undergo programmed cell death during
virus infection -> killing the virus
during the process.
(Menjalani kematian sel terprogram
selama infeksi virus -> membunuh virus
selama proses tersebut.)
2. Paracrine signaling
➢ A cell signals a nearby cells
 ➢ Paracrine signals move by diffusion 3. Endocrine (berkaitan dengan hormon)
through the extracellular matrix signaling
(cairan ekstracellular) -> elicit
(memperoleh) quick responses that
last only a short time
(Sinyal parakrin bergerak secara difusi
melalui matriks ekstraseluler (cairan
ekstraseluler) -> menimbulkan
(memperoleh) respons cepat yang
hanya berlangsung dalam waktu
singkat)
➢ A cell targets a distant cell through
the bloodstream
(Sebuah sel menargetkan sel yang jauh
melalui aliran darah)
➢ Originate (berasal) from endocrine
cells -> produce a slower response but
have a longer-lasting effect
➢ The ligands released in endocrine
signaling are called hormones
➢ To keep the response localized, ➢ In the body, many endocrine cells are
paracrine ligand molecules are normally located in endocrine glands, such as
quickly degraded by enzymes or the thyroid gland, the hypothalamus,
removed by neighboring cells and the pituitary gland
(Untuk menjaga respon tetap (Di dalam tubuh, sel endokrin banyak
terlokalisasi, molekul ligan parakrin terdapat pada kelenjar endokrin,
biasanya dengan cepat didegradasi oleh seperti kelenjar tiroid, hipotalamus,
enzim atau dihilangkan oleh sel dan kelenjar hipofisis.)
tetangganya.) ➢ Hormones travel large distances
➢ One example of paracrine signaling is between endocrine cells and their
the transfer of signals across synapses target cells via the bloodstream
between nerve cells. (Hormon menempuh jarak yang jauh
(Salah satu contoh pensinyalan antara sel endokrin dan sel targetnya
parakrin adalah transfer sinyal melalui aliran darah)
melintasi sinapsis antar sel saraf.) ➢ Hormones get diluted and are present
in low concentrations when they act on
their target cells
(Hormon menjadi encer dan hadir
dalam konsentrasi rendah ketika
bekerja pada sel targetnya)

4. Direct signaling (biasanya ada pada sel

otot polos)
Gap junction

Enzyme
Asetilkolin
esterase
 ➢ A cell targets a neighboring cell
through a gap junction
➢ Gap junction: connections between the
plasma membranes of neighboring cells
(hubungan antara membran plasma sel
tetangga)
➢ These water-filled channels allow small
signaling molecules to diffuse between
the two cells.
Saluran berisi air ini memungkinkan
molekul pemberi sinyal kecil berdifusi
di antara kedua sel.)
➢ Small molecules, such as calcium ion
(Ca2+), can move between cells, but
large molecules like proteins and DNA
cannot fit through the channels
(Molekul kecil, seperti ion kalsium
(Ca2+), dapat berpindah antar sel,
tetapi molekul besar seperti protein
dan DNA tidak dapat masuk melalui
saluran tersebut.)
➢ The specificity of the channels
ensures that the cells remain
independent but can quickly and easily
trasnmit signals
(Kekhususan saluran memastikan
bahwa sel tetap independen namun
dapat dengan cepat dan mudah
mengirimkan sinyal)
➢ Direct signaling allows a group of cells
to coordinate their response to a signal
that only one of them may have
received, e.g.: in muscle cells.
(Pensinyalan langsung memungkinkan
sekelompok sel untuk
mengoordinasikan respons mereka
terhadap sinyal yang mungkin hanya
diterima oleh salah satu sel tersebut,
misalnya: pada sel otot.)
1) Internal receptors
➢ Internal receptors, also known as
intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors,
are found in the cytoplasm of target
cells and respond to hydrophobic ligand
molecules that are able to travel
across the plasma membrane
(Reseptor internal, juga dikenal
sebagai reseptor intraseluler atau
sitoplasma, ditemukan di sitoplasma sel
target dan merespons molekul ligan
hidrofobik yang mampu melakukan
perjalanan melintasi membran plasma.)
➢ Once inside the cell, the hydrophobic
ligand molecules bind to protein that
act as regulators of mRNA synthesis
(transcription) to mediate gene
expression.
(Begitu berada di dalam sel, molekul
ligan hidrofobik berikatan dengan
protein yang bertindak sebagai
pengatur sintesis mRNA (transkripsi)
untuk memediasi ekspresi gen)
2) Cell-surface receptors

d. Types of receptors
1. Internal receptors
2. Cell-surface receptors
➢ Enzyme-linked receptors
➢ Ion channel-linked r
➢ G-protein-linked r
 ➢ Cell-surface receptors, or besar, namun daerah rentang
transmembrane receptors, are integral membrannya terdiri dari satu alfa-
proteins that bind to external signaling heliks pada untai peptida.)
molecules ➢ when a ligand binds to the extracellular
(Reseptor permukaan sel, atau domain of an enzyme-linked receptor,
reseptor transmembran, merupakan a signal is transferred through the
protein integral yang berikatan dengan membrane, activating the enzyme ->
molekul pemberi sinyal eksternal) leads to a response.
➢ These receptors span the plasma (ketika ligan berikatan dengan domain
membrane and perform signal ekstraseluler dari reseptor terkait
transduction, in which an extracellular enzim, sinyal ditransfer melalui
signal is converted into an intercellular membran, mengaktifkan enzim ->
signal. menghasilkan respons.)
(Reseptor ini menjangkau membran
plasma dan melakukan transduksi 4) ion channel-linked receptors
sinyal, di mana sinyal ekstraseluler
diubah menjadi sinyal antar sel.)

3) Enzyme-linked receptors (berhubungan

dengan enzim)

➢ ICLR bind to a ligand and open a

channel through the membrane that
allows specific ions to pass through
➢ This type of cell-surface receptor has
an extensive membrane-spanning
region with hydrophobic amino acids
(Jenis reseptor permukaan sel ini
memiliki wilayah rentang membran yang
luas dengan asam amino hidrofobik)
➢ Conversely, the amino acids that line
➢ Enzyme linked receptors are cell-
the inside of the channel are
surface receptors with intracellular
hydrophilic to allow for the passage of
domains that are associated with an
ions
enzyme
(Sebaliknya, asam amino yang melapisi
(reseptor permukaan sel dengan
bagian dalam saluran bersifat
domain intraseluler yang berhubungan
hidrofilik sehingga memungkinkan
dengan enzim)
lewatnya ion)
➢ ELR normally have large extracellular
➢ When a ligand binds to the
and intracellular domains, but the
extracellular region of the channel,
membrane-spanning region consists of
there is a conformational change in the
a single alpha-helix in the peptide
protein’s structure that allows ions to
strand
pass through
(ELR biasanya mempunyai domain
(Ketika ligan berikatan dengan wilayah
ekstraseluler dan intraseluler yang
ekstraseluler saluran, terjadi
 perubahan konformasi pada struktur 1. Memberi sinyal molekul
protein yang memungkinkan ion ➢ Kecil, ligan hidrofobik
melewatinya.) - Hormon, vit. D
➢ Ligan larut air
- Molekul kecil, peptida, protein

2. Propagasi sinyal
➢ Jalur persinyalan dan penguatan sinyal
➢ Metode sinyal intracellular
➢ Fosforilasi
➢ Pesan kedua

3. Respon terhadap sinyal

➢ Respon terhadap jalur persinyalan
➢ Ekspresi gen
➢ G-protein-linked receptors bind to a ➢ Peningkatan metabolisme seluler
ligand and activate an associated G- ➢ Kematian sel
protein ➢ Penghentian jalur persinyalan
(Reseptor terkait G-protein berikatan
dengan ligan dan mengaktifkan protein
G terkait)
➢ The activated G-protein then interacts
with a nearby membrane protein, which
may be an ion channel or an enzyme
➢ All G-protein-linked receptors have 7
transmembrane domains, but each
receptor has a specific extreacellular
domain and G-protein-binding site.
(Semua reseptor terkait protein G
mempunyai 7 domain transmembran,
namun masing-masing reseptor
mempunyai domain ekstraseluler
spesifik dan situs pengikatan protein
G.)

Hydrophobic: larut lemak tidak larut air