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© Ministry of Vocational Training and Education
Acknowledgements
The institute of Vocational Training and Education of Médéa thanks all the trainers who
participated in the elaboration of this handbook.
Special thanks to:

¾ Mr Adjouati Azeddine Director of l’IFEP of MEDEA
¾ Mr Hadj Mohamed Boudjema sub director pedagogic engineer IFEP of Medea
Full name Speciality Instistute

Guessis Fouzia y English teacher y INSFP Médéa
Faid Nabila y English teacher y IEP Beni Mared - Blida
Hamoudi Sadjia y English teacher y INSFP - Blida
Dahel Latifa y English teacher y INSFP - Agro-alimentaire - Blida
Ramdane Fatiha y English teacher y CFPA - Bouinan - Blida
Kritli Soumia y English teacher y IEP Beni Mared - Blida
Laidi Mourad y CIP AIG y IFEP Medea
Foudad Mohamed PSFEP 1. AIG y INSFP - Bir Mourad Rais
Zemmouri Abdelhakim PSFEP 1. AIG y INSFP - Bir Mourad Rais
Hamdoud Imane PFP AIG y INSFP - Bir Mourad Rais
ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 3

Table des matières
PREFACE.................................................................................................................... 7
Technical Sheet of the Technical English Manual .................................. 8
1. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION READING COMPREHENSION .................... 9
1. 1. Jobs............................................................................................................................................ 10
1. 1. 1. Jobs Family: Design in the arts and typographical industry........................................ 10
1. 1. 2. Jobs Family: Printing in the arts and typographical industry....................................... 11
1. 1. 3. Jobs Family: Finishing in the arts and typographical industry..................................... 12
1. 2. Vocabulary.............................................................................................................................. 12
1. 2. 1. Equipment and Materiel.............................................................................................................. 12
1. 2. 2. The tools............................................................................................................................................. 19
1. 2. 3. Consumables.................................................................................................................................... 21
1. 2. 4. Technical documentation.............................................................................................................26
1. 3. Chapter 1 Summary:..............................................................................................................26
1. 4. Activity Chapter 1:................................................................................................................26
2. TECHNICAL WORDS USEN..................................................................................... 28
2. 1. General english.......................................................................................................................29
2. 1. 1. Pronouns..............................................................................................................................................29
2. 1. 1. 1. Subject Pronouns:.......................................................................................................................29
2. 1. 1. 2. Self/selves pronouns..................................................................................................................29
2. 1. 1. 3. each other....................................................................................................................................30
2. 1. 1. 4. Relative pronouns – who, which, whose, that...................................................................30
2. 1. 1. 5. Practice......................................................................................................................................... 31
2. 1. 2. Articles - A An The........................................................................................................................ 31
2. 1. 2. 1. The indefinite article – a, an..................................................................................................32
2. 1. 2. 2. Use of the indefinite article a/an.........................................................................................32
2. 1. 2. 3. The definite article – the..........................................................................................................32
2. 1. 2. 4. Practice..........................................................................................................................................34
2. 1. 3. Nouns....................................................................................................................................................35
2. 1. 3. 1. Definition........................................................................................................................................35
2. 1. 3. 2. Proper / Common Nouns...........................................................................................................35
2. 1. 3. 3. Count / Non-Count (Mass) Nouns........................................................................................35
2. 1. 3. 4. Abstract / Concrete / Collective Nouns...........................................................................35
2. 1. 3. 5. Nouns groups................................................................................................................................36
2. 1. 3. 6. The plural of nouns in English.................................................................................................37
ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries

2. 1. 3. 7. Practice..........................................................................................................................................39
2. 1. 4. Adjectives..........................................................................................................................................39
2. 1. 4. 1. Définition .......................................................................................................................................39
2. 1. 4. 2. Adjectives, ending in -ing and -ed................................................................................... 41
2. 1. 4. 3. Practice......................................................................................................................................... 41
2. 1. 5. Auxiliaries to be, to do, to have............................................................................................... 41
2. 1. 5. 1. Definition....................................................................................................................................... 41
2. 1. 5. 2. use of auxiliaries........................................................................................................................ 41
2. 1. 5. 3. Practice..........................................................................................................................................42
2. 1. 6. Simple sentence................................................................................................................................42
2. 1. 6. 1. Definition........................................................................................................................................42
2. 1. 6. 2. Form..................................................................................................................................................43
2. 1. 6. 3. Practice......................................................................................................................................... 44
2. 1. 7. Present simple vs present progressive.................................................................................... 44
2. 1. 7. 1. Present simple.............................................................................................................................. 44
2. 1. 7. 2. Use of tenses............................................................................................................................... 44
2. 1. 7. 3. Present progressive ( continuous )......................................................................................45
2. 1. 7. 4. Uses of The Present progressive:..........................................................................................45
2. 1. 7. 5. Practice..........................................................................................................................................45
2. 1. 8. Past simple vs present perfect simple......................................................................................46
2. 1. 8. 1. Uses of the past simple : ........................................................................................................46
2. 1. 8. 2. Uses of the present perfect simple: ..............................................................................46
2. 1. 8. 3. Practice..........................................................................................................................................47
2. 1. 9. Future Simple.....................................................................................................................................47
2. 1. 9. 1. Uses of the future simple..........................................................................................................47
2. 1. 9. 2. Uses of the Future (Going to) :..............................................................................................48
2. 1. 9. 3. Uses of the present progressive with future meaning: ................................................48
2. 1. 9. 4. Uses of the present simple with future meaning: ...........................................................48
2. 1. 9. 5. Practice..........................................................................................................................................48
2. 1. 10. Adverbs............................................................................................................................................49
2. 1. 10. 1. Definition......................................................................................................................................49
2. 1. 10. 2. Uses of adverbs.......................................................................................................................49
2. 1. 10. 3. Practice...................................................................................................................................... 51
2. 2. EXPRESSING TECHNICAL SENTENCES............................................................................... 51
2. 2. 1. Use of technical sentences........................................................................................................ 51
2. 2. 2. Sentence Structures....................................................................................................................... 51
2. 2. 3. SIMPLE SENTENCES ........................................................................................................................ 51

2. 2. 4. COMPOUND SENTENCES ............................................................................................................ 51

2. 2. 5. COMPLEX SENTENCES....................................................................................................................52
2. 2. 6. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES.........................................................................................52
2. 2. 7. Practice:..............................................................................................................................................54
2. 3. SUMMARY chapter 2.............................................................................................................55
2. 4. ACTIVITY chapter 2...............................................................................................................55
3. Technical documentation reading comprehension.................................. 56
3. 1. Definition.....................................................................................................................................57
3. 2. The exchange book:..............................................................................................................57
3. 3. The manufacturing file:..........................................................................................................57
3. 4. Booklets.......................................................................................................................................58
3. 5. Technical characteristics of PET equipment.................................................................59
3. 6. Notices of machine use........................................................................................................ 61
3. 7. SUMMARY Chapter 3............................................................................................................62
3. 8. Activity Chapter 3:................................................................................................................62
General summary of manual.................................................................................... 64
GENERAL ACTIVITY:..................................................................................................... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................. 66
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX 1: KEYS ................................................................................................................. 67
Chapter 1: TECHNICAL VOCABULARY IDENTIFICATION.......................................................67
Activity keys Chapter 1..................................................................................................................67
Chapter 2: TECHNICAL WORDS USE............................................................................................67
Activity keys Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................67
Chapter 3: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION READING COMPREHENSION........................72
Activity keys Chapter 3...................................................................................................................72
APPENDIX 2: LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS......................................................................... 74

PREFACE
The goal of this manual of English is to study and practise the grammar of the language.
The manual will be helpful to the trainees to advance and increase their knowledge of
English.
This manual is divided into three main parts:
The first part is focused on the technical vocabulary identification, the second one is
about the general grammar, and the last part is the reading comprehension of technical
documentation.
There is an interactive grammar exercises which are explained simply and clearly and give
the trainee the opportunity to practice.
The trainees are given a reading texts where they can read about something related to
the theme. There is a particular emphasis on high-frequency vocabulary in English.
Practice activities also give the trainees the chance to practice their speaking skills.
The manual has the following aims:

1. To develop trainee’s ability to use English grammar.
2. To improve trainees reading and writing simple English.
3. Developing listening comprehension to English sounds, words, and simple sentences.
4. To improve trainees hand-writing in English.
5. To help trainees obtain some English high frequency vocabulary and social expressions.
6. To enable trainees to learn technical English at intermediate level.

Technical Sheet of the Technical English Manual

Expected Behaviour:
At the end of this module the trainee must be able to exploit the technical documentation in
English language.
Conditions of Realization:
From:
y Texts
y Application Exercises
Help:
y Microcomputer
y Dictionaries
General Performance Criteria:
y Correct use of grammar, vocabulary, spelling and conjugation.
y Correct understanding of English.
y Exploitation just technical documents.
y Faithful translation of terms and texts.
Special Criteria
Intermediate Objective Contents Elements
Performance
1. Identify the technical y Correct application of y Branch materials.
vocabulary branch vocabulary rules. y Equipments and devices of
y The respect of the spelling the branch.
rules. y Branch tools.
y Correct pronunciation of y Branch’s work material.
words. y Technical documents of the
branch.
2. Use technical terms of the y Correct application of y Elementary English:
branch vocabulary rules, conjugation - Pronouns.
and grammar. - Auxiliaries (to be, to do, to
y Compliance with the rules of have)
phrases formulation. - Articles.
y Correct interpretation of - Nouns.
technical terms. - Adjectives.
- Simple sentences.
- Tenses (present simple, simple
past, future)
- Adverbs.
y Phrases formulation.
3. Read and interpret the y Correct identification types y Technical documents.
technical texts of the branch. of technical documents. - Notices.
y Correct identification of the - Brochures.
specific aspects in the use of - Technical texts
technical documents.
y Fair interpretation of
technical data.

1. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION READING COMPREHENSION

Presentation
The art and industries and graphic arts branch includes trades relating to design and
realization of graphic and printed products, the trade specific to the driving of the various
industrial print and binding machine; and finally the work restoring works and edition.
1. 1. Jobs
1. 1. 1. Jobs Family: Design in the arts and typographical industry
Infographist and designer Communication and typographical

industries / option: Study and realiza-
tion of planning products
Typographic contact / option: creating Publishing

publishing supplies

1. 1. 2. Jobs Family: Printing in the arts and typographical industry
Operating Hellio printing machines Operating Flexo printing machines
Operating the offset printing machines Silk print
Operating the means of printing / Operating printing machines

option: Flexo and Hellio

Communication and printing industries /

option: study and realization of
typographical products
1. 1. 3. Jobs Family: Finishing in the arts and typographical industry
Operating industrial binding machines Technical binding and book restoration
1. 2. Vocabulary
1. 2. 1. Equipment and Materiel
Offset printing machine:
Uses a Double Decal Indirect Printing Process,

in which the text or image to be reproduced
is transferred from the printing surface which
is a metal plate inked on the paper via a
rubber blanket

Clipping Table:
It is a vibrating and slightly inclined tray,

equipped with edges arranged in square
and on which one places the sheets of pa-
per in oar or half-oar to equalize them.
Transfer machine:
Machine that prints by heat transfer the

image to reproduce for example T-shirt, caps.
Screen straightener for screen printing:
It is a manual and extensible device for

tightening and fixing screen printing on their
frames.
Screen printing carousel:
It is a manual machine for screen printing

identified consisting of a rigid and stable
base, jeannettes and mobile display arms in
rotation, independently of each other print
with the carousel for example on t-shirts, caps,
etc.

Polymer developer flexography:
Flexo plate processing machine is a solvent

base for multifunction developer Allowing
exposure, washing, drying and uncoupling.
Semi-automatic screen printing machine:
It is a semi-automatic screen printing

machine that prints on flat objects such as
bags, umbrellas, crates.
Transfer machine:
Machine that prints by heat transfer the

image to reproduce for example T-shirt, caps.
Screen straightener for screen printing:
It is a manual and extensible device for

tightening and fixing screen printing on their
frames.

Screen printing carousel:
It is a manual machine for screen printing

identified consisting of a rigid and stable
base, jeannettes and mobile display arms in
rotation, independently of each other print
with the carousel for example on t-shirts, caps,
etc.
Pad printing machine:
Pad printing is an indirect printing machine

used to mark any type of support, all shapes
and all objects example pen, flash disk .
AP drying tunnel pulsed air drying:
It is a tunnel that uses a steady and precise

air flow for homogeneous drying of inks and
coatings after screen printing.
UV drying tunnel:
It is a tunnel that uses UV wavelength for

drying and curing inks that do not show
good results with infrared tunnel drying or air
drying.

IR infrared drying tunnel:
The infrared drying tunnel uses short/medium

wave infrared emitters to polymerize
water-based inks and screen printed
plastisols in the textile industry.
Test printer:
Prints a digital proof that is a simulation of a

four-colour print on a printer.
The Paper Folder:
It is a shaping machine used in printing to

make different folds. The main parts of a
folding machine are cylinders, pockets and
knives, a mechanical and pneumatic drive
system of the sheet.
The Manual Paper Creasing:
The role of this machine is to create grooves

in paper, cardboard or plastic pouches. to
facilitate the folding of the material without
cracking or breaking. The grooving is manual,
by drawing.

The gluer:
A gluing machine or machine is a machine

allowing to glue different types of mate-
rials, usually supports in flat forms (paper,
cardboard, plastic films, fabrics), The glues
use hot glues or cold glues. They can be
used in printing, publishing and packaging.
The laminator:
Machine used to place a plastic film on a

flat surface of the print.
Microcomputer with specialized software:
Graphic designer uses a firmware with

graphic software such as Adobe Photoshop,
Adobe Illustrator and Adobe indesign.
Metal thread stapler:
It’s an electric finishing machine

à wire with two heads. It is
especially suitable for stapling in flat or
horseback mode supports such as
catalogues, booklets and magazines and
brochures.

Assembly Machine:
Finishing machine that automatically

assembles the books of a book it can be
equipped with an automatic picker.
Digital printing machine:
It is from a large professional printer that

reproduces images from computer data
transmitted from a microcomputer or USB key.
Inkjet Tracer:
The inkjet tracer is a large format printer with

dye ink (water-based) or pigmented ink
dedicated to imaging in the field of graphic
arts for large format digital prints on media
such as the bache and one way.
Mini laboratory photos:
Device for taking high quality digital photos.

Sublimation press:
This press uses Thermal sublimation printing is

a marking technique with heat sensitive inks.
The heat produced gasifies the ink that pe-
netrates the support mesh.
1. 2. 2. The tools
Densitometer by reflection :
The densitometer by reflection is used in

Printing for measurement and control of
the density of colour ink. We distinguish
black and white densometres and colours;
there are densometers that combine the
mode by reflection and the mode by
transsmission.
PH meter:
A PH meter is a device generally electronic,

used in printing in order to measure the PH of
the mooring solution.
Son account :
The son in law is a magnifying glass

Magnification (generally x10) used for the
Verification of the details that the eye can
Not perceive as the point of frame of a print,
The superposition of colours, the
meshes of The fabric.

Keys for printing machine:
Used for assembly and disassembly print

machines organs and finish.
Typometer:
The typometer is a very metal rule used in

printing, it is graduated on one side in milli-
meters and on the other side by
Typographic points.
Assembly rule:
It is used to fix the film against plate on a

mounting table.
Insolament rule:
For fixing the film against the plate offset to

maintain the basic line at the level of the
insolation chassis.

Folder :
The folder is a tool used in the workshop

Of finish to mark the paper or the fine
Cardboard to facilitate its folding.
Spatula :
The spatula is a tool generally in plastic

Measures 70mm, it is used to the mixture of
inks printing.
Micrometer:
The micrometeror palmer is a length

measurement instrument. In its current
form , it is widely used to measure the
thickness of the plate and paper, the
diameter of cylinders (outdoor micrometer)
or diameters bore (interior micrometer)
1. 2. 3. Consumables
Inks for offset:
It is an ink used in offset printing it is greasy

and does not run. Its chemical composition
and viscosity depend on the method of
drying.

The Additive:
The concentrated additive represents (2 to

3 %) of the wetting solution but it will contain
most of the ingredients fulfilling the functions
of this solution.
Ream of Paper:
Set of twenty hands of paper, five hundred

sheets
Offset palate:
It is a flat printer shape without apparent

relief, An insole offset plate ready for printing
has A printer surface that accepts greasy
ink and refuse water (printer area) and
A non-print surface covered with a layer of
hydrophilic sodium silicate that rejects the ink
(non-print area).
The Blanket:
The blanket used on the offset press and
canvas rubber material, rolled on a cylinder,
it transfers the image printed from the plate to
the paper.

The offset plate correctors:

Use to make small corrections on the surface
of the offset plate, such as removal or addi-
tion. Each type of plate has its own type of
concealer.
Cleaning solution formulated for: deglaze the
rollers and blankets, Loosening of blankets or
The Deglazer:
pressure forces between blanket and plate.
Deoxidizing plate remover:
Cleaning product that removes ink residues,

veil, oxidation, low scratches while activating
the correct distribution and ink taking.
Anti-maculant powder:
It is a vegetable powder based on starch,

used in printing to maintain a sufficient air gap
between the sheets to accelerate their drying
and to prevent the ink from being transferred
to the following prints in a stack.

Printing film:
It is a transparent polyester
plastic sheet on which a sensitive chemical
layer has been deposited àlight (the
photosensitive layer), the film produced by a
flasher from a digital file it is intended for the
manufacture of plates (printing forms).
Screen printing fabric:
Sieving cloth in various finenesses to make

screen printing screens. 43T, 54T, 64T, 80T,
90T, 120T, 140T.
Adhesive for mounting plates for flexogra-

phy:
Double-sided adhesive for mounting plates

for flexography in order to fix the plate on
the cylinder holder.
Anilox flexography:
Cylinder used in flexography to charge and

provide a measured amount of ink to the
printing plate. Plastic films for flexible
packaging

Flexographic printing:
Use to print on packaging such as paper

bags, supermarket handbags, clothing bags,
juice bottle labels, etc.
The Cliché (shape printer of the

flexography):
Flexographic printing is a embossed printing

form used in direct printing processes. Made
of photopolymer resin, an ultraviolet reactive
material. Resins (polyester, acrylic or
polyamide) are exposed to light generally
Imitation paper for binding:

Imitation leather or imitation leather paper is
usually used in binding for cardboard making
and framing covers, document doors etc...., it
is easy to cut, paste and even to sew it has
of deferential colors.
Grey-grey cardboard:
Hardboard used in binding such as book

covers, document doors.

1. 2. 4. Technical documentation
¾ Specifications
¾ Motion / Production file.
¾ Notices of machine use.
¾ Booklets.
1. 3. Chapter 1 Summary:
The arts and graphic industries branch includes 13 specialities, distributed in 03 family of trades
as follow:
¾ The design of product for the arts industries.
¾ Printing arts and graphic industries.
¾ The finishing of graphic arts and industries.
Each profession requires specific material and equipment, as well as tools and materials of work
necessary for their uses.
Finally, for rational use; Each equipment requires a technical document.
1. 4. Activity Chapter 1:
1. Match each definition with its right picture.
1. Flexography is a roll-feed web printing

process. Flexographic printing is commonly
used to print high volumes of labels and
packaging.
2. Gravure printing is a widely used

processing method often used to print large
volumes of magazines and catalogues
3. A binding machine is used to bind a

range of papers which includes documents,
manuals, quotations, brochures and much
more

4. An Offset Press Operator is used for

producing megalith printing plates; to make
metal printing plates.
2. Fill in gaps with the necessary words.

equipped – transferred – printed on curved surfaces - cup paper –the sheet of papers –
printing process.
a. The rotogravure uses a __________ adapted to a very high quality print.
b. Trimmer is used to __________ according to the size of the sheet.
c. Offset printing machine also called offset lithography is a method of mass production
printing in which the image on metal plates are __________ blankets or rollers and then to the
print media.
d. Clipping table is well __________ square table and on which one places __________
in oar or half oar to equalize them.
e. Cylindrical printing machine is also known as cylindrical screen printers they can be
__________ .

2. TECHNICAL WORDS USEN

2. 1. General english
2. 1. 1. Pronouns
2. 1. 1. 1. Subject Pronouns:
Singular Plural
I
You We
He You
She They
It
Examples:
a. Tony and Timothy are designers.
They are designers.
b. Miss White is very clever.
She is very clever.
c. Richie is an English teacher
He is an English teacher.
d. Packaging is Important.
It is important
2. 1. 1. 2. Self/selves pronouns
He carries the buckets himself.
REMINDER
Reflexive pronouns are used with certain verbs, when the object of the verb is the same as
the subject.
Exemple:
I have to introduce myself

Personal pronouns self/selves pronouns

I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
you yourselves
they themselves
2. 1. 1. 3. each other
They help each other
The form each other is the same regardless the subject.
2. 1. 1. 4. Relative pronouns – who, which, whose, that

When do we use the relative pronouns who, which, whose and that?
who → when we talk about people
which → when we talk about things
whose → instead of his/her or their
We also use that for who/which.

2. 1. 1. 5. Practice
Choose the correct pronoun to fill the blank.
1. I really like watching old shows. __________ are some of the best things on TV.
a. Those
b. That
c. This
d. These
2. I slipped on the sidewalk and hurt __________ .
a. himself
b. themselves
c. myself
3. __________ is some of the nicest weather we’ve had lately.
a. Those
b. That
c. This
d. These
4. After the parade, __________ met up in the town square.
a. something
b. everyone
c. anywhere
5. Would you like __________ to drink.
a. something
b. everyone
c. anywhere
2. 1. 2. Articles - A An The
Articles in English are complicated, and there are many rules for their use. However, learning a few
general rules about the use of the articles is helpful; the logic of these rules can be transferred
to most uses of the article. In addition to learning the rules, you can gain a good working use
of the articles through reading and listening. Remember that the article is not stressed, so don’t
listen for its full value! Also, ask native speakers to help you when you don’t know whether or not
to use the article.
Table of Articles
NUMBER INDEFINITE DEFINITE

Singular a / an the
Plural nothing the
Non-Count nothing the

2. 1. 2. 1. The indefinite article – a, an

a. The indefinite article – a
¾ The indefinite article a is the same for all genders.
y a boy
y a girl
y a cat
¾ The indefinite article has no plural form.
y a boy → boys
¾ We use an if the following word starts with a spoken vowel.
the following word starts with a spoken the following word starts with a spoken
consonant vowel
y a boy y an aunt
y a school y an old school
y a girl y an American girl
Mind the pronunciation of the following word.
The first sound we speak is [j], so we use The first sound we speak is [^], so we use
a → a unit an → an uncle
2. 1. 2. 2. Use of the indefinite article a/an

¾ before phrases of time and measurements (per week/weekly)
y We have English four times a week.
y I go on holiday twice a year.
y Our car can do 220 kilometres an hour.
¾ before phrases of jobs
y My father is a car mechanic.
¾ with a noun complement
y He is a good worker.
¾ before phrases of nationality
y Bruce Springsteen is an American.
¾ half/quite
y We need half a pound of sugar.
y This is quite a good story.
2. 1. 2. 3. The definite article – the

¾ The definite article the is the same for all genders in singular and in plural.
y the boy
y the girl

y the computers
¾ If the following word begins with a consonant, we speak [ð∂], if the following word begins
with a vowel, we speak [ði:].
[ð∂] [ði:]
y the following word starts with a spoken y the following word starts with a spoken
consonant vowel
- the girl - the English girl
- the book - the orange book
- the school - the old school
Compare the following words:
Here [j] is pronounced at the beginning of the Here [^] is pronounced at the beginning of
word → the unit the word → the uncle
¾ We have listed some examples in the following table. There you can see when we use the
definite article and when we don’t.
without the definite article with the definite article – the

y general words (indefinite) y general words (definite)
- Life is too short. - I’ve read a book on the life of Bill Clinton.
- I like flowers. - I like the flowers in your garden.
y names of persons on the singular, y family names in the plural
relatives - The Smiths live in Chicago.
- Peter and John live in London.
- Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles.
y public buildings, institutions, means of y public buildings, institutions, means of
transport (indefinite) transport (definite)
- Mandy doesn’t like school. - The school that Mandy goes to is old.
- We go to school by bus. - The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40.
- Some people go to church on Sundays. - The round church in Klingenthal is famous.
y names of countries in the singular, summits y names of countries in the plural, mountain
of mountains, continents, towns ranges, regions
- Germany - the United States of America
- France - the Netherlands
- Mount Whitney - the Highlands
- Mount McKinley - the Rocky Mountains
- Africa - the Alps
- Europe - the Middle East
- Cairo - the west of Australia
- New York
y single islands y groups of islands
- Corfu - the Bahamas
- Bermuda - the British Isles
- Sicily - the Canaries

y parks, lakes, streets y names with of-phrase, names in plural,

- Central Park well-known buildings, oceans, seas, rivers,
- Hyde Park musical instruments, newspapers
- Lake Michigan - the Statue of Liberty
- Loch Ness - the Tower (of London)
- 42nd Street - the Great Lakes
- Oxford Street - the Empire State Building
- the Isle of Wight
- the Atlantic (Ocean)
- the Mediterranean (Sea)
- the Nile
- the Rhine
- the Suez Canal
- the piano
- the Times
y months, days of the week (indefinite) y months, days of the week (definite)
- The weekend is over on Monday morning. - I always remember the Monday when I had
- July and August are the most popular an accident.
months for holidays. - The August of 2001 was hot and dry.
¾ We use the seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) with or without the definite
article.
y in summer
y in the summer
¾ The American English word fall is always used with the definite article the.
¾ Sometimes we use the article and sometimes we do not. It often depends on the context.
Watch the following examples:
1. The student goes to school.
2. The mother is going to the school.
In the first sentence we do not use the definite article, in the second we do. The student goes to
school for its primary purpose, so we do not use the article.
The mother might talk to a teacher, for example. She visits the school for a different reason. That’s
why we use the definite article the in the second sentence.
Thanks to Erik.
1. I like __________ blue T-shirt over there better than __________ red one.
2. Their car does 150 miles __________ hour.
3. Where’s __________ USB drive I lent you last week?
4. Is your mother working in __________ old office building?
5. Carol’s father works as __________ electrician.
6. The tomatoes are 99 pence __________ kilo.
7. Ben has __________ terrible headache.
8. After this tour you have __________ whole afternoon free to explore the city.

2. 1. 3. Nouns
2. 1. 3. 1. Definition
Nouns are words that name a person, place or any entity. Anything that exists; ideas, thoughts,
emotions, people, all the objects (cars, planets, televisions, phones...) can be named.
Most sentences have multiple nouns, some sentences have only a single noun.
2. 1. 3. 2. Proper / Common Nouns
¾ Nouns that name a particular item in a group are called proper nouns. The first letter is ca-
pitalized.
y Michael Jordan (person, athlete...)
y Pepsi Cola (drinks, soda),
y New York (city)
¾ Nouns that refer to a general class of person, place, entity are common nouns and they are
not capitalized.
y basketball player, soda, city
2. 1. 3. 3. Count / Non-Count (Mass) Nouns
¾ This is the classification according to whether a noun can be counted or not. Count nouns
are countable.
y cat
y tree
y Dr. Adams
y book
y nut
y bean
¾ Mass nouns name undifferentiated mass, things that are not usually considered countable..
y water
y milk
y grass
y sand
y news
y money
¾ Non-count nouns are usually singular and quantified by quantifiers such as much, more, less,
some...
y some sugar
y less water
y little butter
2. 1. 3. 4. Abstract / Concrete / Collective Nouns

¾ Abstract nouns name ideas, thoughts, emotions.

love, peace, honor

¾ Concrete nouns name physical objects that have a mass.
ball, tree, glass
¾ Collective nouns refer to a group of people or entities.
herd, bunch, army, family, tribe
2. 1. 3. 5. Nouns groups
¾ Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are also called count nouns.
Countable : The toys are in the box.
Some Countable Nouns:
y idea y worker y bear

y mistake y teacher y bottle
y city y star y room
y car y sister y coin
Examples:
He has got a lot of books.
There aren’t many cars outside.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are called mass nouns.
Uncountable : The water is cold.
y water y sand y hair

y ice y butter y soap
y juice y information y time
y rice y science y money
Examples:
There is little meat in the kitchen.
We haven’t got much time.
Adam loves science.
Ali doesn’t like milk.
Quantifiers that are used with countable and uncountable nouns.
Both With Countable and

With Countable Nouns With Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable
many much some
a great number of (a) little any
a large number of a great deal of a lot of
a great many a great amount of lots of
(a)few plenty of
a number of

Hints:
A few is more than few and a little is more than little.
He has little money. I have a little money (I have more money)
Tim has few friends. I have a few friends. (I have more friends)
Some terms used with uncountable nouns:
a cup of coffee two slices of bread

a box of tea three pieces of chalk
a loaf of bread three loaves of bread
a piece of chalk two bottles of perfume
a slice of bread five boxes of tea
a bottle of perfume two cups of coffee
a dish of fresh fruit two dishes of fresh fruit
a pound of cheese a few pounds of cheese
a bar of soap two bars of soap
a can of coke two cans of coke
a head of lettuce three heads of lettuce
a tube of toothpaste five tubes of toothpaste
a kind of shaving cream two kinds of shaving cream>
a jar of honey three jars of honey
2. 1. 3. 6. The plural of nouns in English

¾ Regular Plural Forms
How to form the plural?
We form the plural by adding -s to the singular of the noun.
Singular Plural
y a car y two cars
y a cassette y two cassettes
y a lamp y two lamps
y a hat y two hats
y a cup y two cups
Nouns ending in sibilants

Add -es. Add -s if the noun ends in one -e.
Singular Plural
y a box y two boxes
y a sandwich y two sandwiches
y a suitcase y two suitcases
y a rose y two roses
y a garage y two garages
Nuons ending in -y
¾ - y after consonant

Change -y to -i, then add -es.
Singular Plural
y a city y two cities
y a lady y two ladies
There are two forms of the plural of the word penny:

y pennies → You refer to the single coins.
y pence →You refer to the price (how much sth. is).
¾ - y after vowel
Add -s after a vowel.
Singular Plural
y a boy y two boys
y a day y two days
Nouns ending in -f or -fe

Add -s
Singular Plural
y a roof y two roofs
y a cliff y two cliffs
y a sheriff y two sheriffs
Substitute with -ves
Singular Plural
y a thief y two thieves
y a wife y two wives
y a shelf y two shelves
Both forms are possible with the following nous:

y scarf → scarfs/scarves
y hoof → hoofs/hooves
Add -s for words ending in -ff.
Nouns ending in -o
Add -s
Singular Plural
y a disco y two discos
y a piano y two pianos
y a photo y two photos

- Add -es
Singular Plural
y a tomato y two tomatoes
y a potato y two potatoes
y a hero y two heroes
Both forms are possible with the following nous:

y buffalo → buffalos/buffaloes
y mosquito → mosquitos/mosquitoes
y tornado → tornados/tornadoes
y Irregular Plural Forms
Singular Plural
y a man y two men
y a woman y two women
y a child y two children
y a mouse y two mice
y a tooth y two teeth
y a goose y two geese
y a foot y two feet
y an ox y two oxen
¾ Give the plural of the following words :
1. life →
2. family →
3. boy →
4. house →
5. city →
6. man →
7. child →
8. sandwich →
9. nurse →
10. shelf →
2. 1. 4. Adjectives
2. 1. 4. 1. Définition
Adjectives tell us about a person or a thing.
¾ What do adjectives modify?
Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns/names.

Person Thing
y Mandy is a careful girl. y This is a nice car.
y Mandy is careful. y The car is nice.
y She is careful. y It is nice.
¾ Where do adjectives go?

An adjective can be put before the noun. Then it is an attribute.
Person Thing
y Mandy is a careful girl. y This is a nice car.
An adjective can be put after the verb to be (is). This is called predicative position.
Person Thing
y The girl is careful. y This car is nice.
¾ Adjectives can go after the following verbs:

y appear
y become
y feel
y get
y go
y keep
y turn
When we speak about what something looks like, smells, sounds and tastes – we use the
adjective. Mind the difference between adjective and adverb.
y I feel great.
y She looks good.
y It seems impossible.
y The steak smells fantastic.
¾ Can adjectives be used without nouns?
Yes, adjectives can be used without nouns. Mind the definite article the:
y the rich = rich people
Here is an example from the fairy tale Cinderella:
y The good must be put in the dish, the bad you may eat if you wish.”
Here is another example with nationalities in the plural:
y The Scottish live in the North of the United Kingdom.
¾ Can two or more adjectives be used together?
Yes, if you use more adjectives you can put them in front of the noun:
y a fat old cat

or you can put them after the verb (e.g. to be). In this case and is placed between the last two
adjectives.
y It was cold, wet and windy.
2. 1. 4. 2. Adjectives, ending in -ing and -ed
There are adjectives ending in -ing and -ed. These are participle constructions, used like
adjectives. Here are some examples:
a. Here the adjective is put before the noun:
y Yesterday I read an amusing story in a magazine.
y Doris has a boring job.
y We watched the group of excited people.
b. Here the adjective is put after the verb:
y I was not at all amused by the discussion.
y Children get bored very quickly.
y The end of the film was really exciting for me.
1. comfortable →
2. historical →
3. lovely →
4. ancient →
5. square →
6. strange →
7. huge →
8. eastern →
9. plastic →
10. skinny →
2. 1. 5. Auxiliaries to be, to do, to have
An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a «helping verb.» With auxiliary
verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: to be, to
do, to have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc.
y I think I should study harder to master English.
y I am having a cup of coffee.
y You have been practicing hard.
y It was written by a petitioner.
y You may choose what you like.
2. 1. 5. 2. use of auxiliaries
The verb forms of be, do, and have can be used either as a main (full) verb or an auxiliary verb.
The following examples show these verbs used as auxiliary verbs.

«Be» as an auxiliary verb

¾ a. Used in progressive sentences:
y I am taking a bath.
y She is preparing dinner for us.
y They have been studying all night.
¾ b. Used in passive sentences:
y I was given a free meal.
y He was seen by fans at the airport.
y This song has been sung by all nations.
«Do» as an auxiliary verb
¾ Used in negative sentences
y I do not know the truth.
y She doesn’t agree with me.
y They didn’t arrive here yet.
¾ b. Used in questions:
y Do you want to have another one?
y Did he finish his homework?
y Do we need to keep going straight?
«Have» as an auxiliary verb
¾ Used in perfect sentences:
y I have been following you for a mile.
y We have done a lot so far.
y She had been queen of the town.
¾ Identify all auxiliary verbs in the following paragraph.
I have just heard that you didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that
time? I must ask that you explain the reason.
¾ Which of the following sentences does not show any auxiliary
1. I didn’t have any reason to go there.
2. Have we practiced this song enough?
3. Three seats have been reserved for us.
4. I am a professor in the economics department.
2. 1. 6. Simple sentence
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause, that can stand alone as a sentence.

Examples
y I cannot drink warm milk.
y A day without sunshine is like night.
y Only the mediocre are always at their best. (Novelist Jean Giraudoux)
y Reality continues to ruin my life. (Cartoonist Bill Watterson)
2. 1. 6. 2. Form
¾ A simple sentence is not always a short, basic sentence like the four examples shown above.
A simple sentence could have a compound subject (i.e., a subject with two or more simple
subjects). For example:
y Jack likes walking.
(This is a simple sentence with one simple subject («Jack»).)
y Jack and Jill like walking.
(This is a simple sentence with a compound subject made up of two simple subjects («Jack» and
«Jill»).)
¾ A simple sentence could also have a compound predicate (when two or more verbs share
the same subject). For example:
y Jack likes fishing.
(This is a simple sentence with a normal predicate, i.e., there’s just one main verb («likes»).)
y Jack likes fishing but hates hunting.
(This is a simple sentence with a compound predicate. The subject «Jack» is the subject of two
verbs («likes» and «hates»).)
y Jack likes walking and fishing but hates running and hunting.
(This is still a simple sentence with a compound predicate. The subject «Jack» is still the subject of

two verbs («likes» and «hates»), but you can see how a simple sentence could start to get quite
busy.)
¾ Here’s an example of a simple sentence with a compound subject, a compound predicate,
and direct objects with more than one item.
y Jack and Jill like walking and fishing but hate running and hunting.
(This is still a simple sentence. There are no dependent clauses.)
¾ Here is a real-life example of a busy simple sentence:
y Wolves and European brown bears developed a fear of humans too late and became ex-
tinct in the British wilds and the forests and mountains of Europe.
1. A simple sentence is a sentence that consists of just one independent clause.
a. True
b. False
2. Tick ( √ ) the simple sentence:
y Shake it hard.
y Shake it, and then pour it.
y Too much agreement kills a chat. (Eldridge Cleaver)
y It’s still raining, but it will work
y I used to love scones.
y When I was a teenager, I ate at least four scones a day.
y He tried it and bought it.
y He tried it before he bought it.
y Sarah can eat four boiled eggs in a minute.
y Sarah can eat four boiled eggs if she puts her mind to it.
2. 1. 7. Present simple vs present progressive
« Welcome to beautiful Venice. Here, as you can see, everyone travels by boat. It’s the number
one means of transport used here,» said the tour guide. « When are we visiting the Bridge of
Sighs?» asked one of the tourists. « Tomorrow morning. Let’s go to our hotel now. The staff there
is waiting to serve us dinner. They always serve dinner at 6:00 p.m.. Please get off the boat
carefully. We don’t want anyone to fall into the canal. »
2. 1. 7. 1. Present simple
Examples:
y I work.
y I do not (don’t) work.
y Do I work?
2. 1. 7. 2. Use of tenses
1. The Present Simple is used:
¾ For habitual or repeated actions, usually with adverbs of frequency
I always get up early in the morning.

¾ For permanent situations in the present:

Susan lives in France
¾ For actions related to timetables
The train to Oxford leaves at 7:27 p.m:.
¾ For general truths:
Whales live in the sea.
¾ In story-telling, film and book reviews, sports commentaries:
… and Armand scores his third goal!
2. 1. 7. 3. Present progressive ( continuous )
Examples:
y I am working
y I am not working
y Am I working?
2. 1. 7. 4. Uses of The Present progressive:
¾ For actions or events happening at or around the time of speaking:
He’s talking on the phone now. :
¾ For temporary states in the present: .
Peter’s looking for a job:
¾ For future actions related to personal arrangements.
The time is mentioned:
I’m giving a party tonight. .
¾ For annoying repeated actions, with adverbs of frequency such as always, continually etc.:
She is always talking in class.
1. Choose the correct form.
a. Elvira (is wearing/ wears) a black skirt and designer shoes today.
b. The children (are walking/ walk) to school every morning.
c. I (am working/work) in Mumbai this month.
d. They (aren’t taking/ don’t take) any photos today.
e. We’(re never playing/ never play) computer games.
f. Why (are you running/do you run)? I’m late!.
g. How often (are you watching/ do you watch) TV? Every evening.
2. Complete the conversation using the present simple or continuous of the verbs in
(brackets).
A. Hi Mandy! How are you? What are you doing (you do) here?
B. Hi Jakob! I’m fine. Good to see you. 1 __________ (visit) my sister.

A. She __________ (live) here. 1__________ (stay) with her for three days.
B. Oh nice! What __________ (your sister do)?
A. She’s a dentist. She __________ (work) in the city centre. What about you? What __________
(you do) these days?
B. 1__________ (learn) to fly. I want to be pilot.
A. Wow. That’s great! Where __________ (you learn)?
B. In Aptex Training Centre, near the airport. Hey, do you have time for a coffee?
A. No, sorry, I __________ (wait) for my sister. She’s in the bank. Look, that’s her there. She
__________ (wear) a red dress and __________ (talk) to the cashier.
B. OK, another time. Call you.
2. 1. 8. Past simple vs present perfect simple
Examples:
y I worked. .
y I did not (didn’t) work.
y Did I work?
2. 1. 8. 1. Uses of the past simple :
¾ For a completed action that took place at a definite time in the past. The time is either men-
tioned or implied:
y I bought this suit last week.
¾ For habitual or repeated actions in the past:
y She always came late to the office.
¾ For completed actions that took place one after the other in the past:
y I arrived home late last night, had a glass of milk and went straight to bed.
Time Expressions
y yesterday, then, last night / week / month, ago etc.
2. 1. 8. 2. Uses of the present perfect simple:
¾ For an action which happened in the past but we don’t mention when exactly:
I have seen this film.
¾ For an action which happened in the past but its results are obvious in the present:
George has broken his leg.
¾ For an action which started in the past and continues up to the present:
I have taught grammar for five years.
¾ For a recently completed action. In this case we usually use just:
Where’s Peter? He has just left.
Time Expressions
y already, yet, since, for, never, ever, this morning / this week / etc., how long ,etc

¾ Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in the box.
carry / change / chat / enjoy / listen / start / stop
1. My friend and I __________ for three hours on the phone last Friday.
2. We __________ the film yesterday.
3. She __________ to the radio every morning for 20 years.
4. He __________ my heavy bag to the station for me.
5. They __________ their clothes after work last night.
6. The lesson __________ 20 minutes ago.
7. My boss __________ a taxi for me yesterday morning.
¾ Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple form of the verbs in the box.
break / go / not buy / not made / not See / organize / swim
1. She her __________ arm. She’s in hospital now.
2. I __________ a musical.
3. Lots of people__________ to a salsa class.
4. We __________ in the Pacific Ocean.
5. They __________ a marathon.
6. I __________ a cake for my mother’s birthday.
7. He __________ a present for his wife.
¾ Complete the email using the present perfect or past simple form of the verbs in
(brackets).
Hi Juan
How are you? I’m in Vienna now with Alice. We __________ (go) to the opera five times! It’s a
beautiful city. On Tuesday we __________ (see) the palace and __________ (walk) around in its
large gardens. On Wednesday we __________ (take) a bus to the Museum of Modern Art and
__________ (swim) in the Danube. It was very cold! We __________ (do) a lot of other interesting
things, too, Have You __________ (ever/eat) Sacher Torte? It’s an Austrian cake. Alice loves it. She
also loves German coffee. Yesterday she __________ (drink) eight cups! We’re having a great
time, but Alice __________ (lose) her phone. She __________ (buy) cheap one on Friday, but it
__________ (break) the next day. See you soon.
2. 1. 9. Future Simple
Examples:
y Future (Will)
y I will (I’ll) work.
y I will not (won’t) work.
y Will I work?
2. 1. 9. 1. Uses of the future simple
¾ For decisions made at the moment of speaking:
Somebody’s been hurt. I’ll call an ambulance.

¾ For predictions about the future. We can use verbs like think, believe, be sure, be afraid and
adverbs like perhaps etc.:
I believe John will become a great scientist.
¾ In the main clause of Conditional Sentences Type 1:
If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
¾ For requests, invitations, promises, orders or threats:
Will you help me, please?
Stop chattering or I’ll punish you.
¾ For offers, we use «shall» instead of will in The first person singular and plural
Shall I bring you some tea?
Examples:
y I am (I’m) going to work.
y I am (I’m) not going to work.
y Am I going to work?
2. 1. 9. 2. Uses of the Future (Going to) :
¾ For actions that we plan to do in the future:
I’ve sold my car because I’m going to buy a motorbike.
¾ For predictions based on evidence.
The sun is shining. It’s going to be a lovely day.
2. 1. 9. 3. Uses of the present progressive with future meaning:
¾ For actions we have already planned to do in the near future:
I’m flying to Rome tomorrow.
2. 1. 9. 4. Uses of the present simple with future meaning:
¾ For actions that will happen according to timetables or schedules:
The bus leaves at 10:05 p.m.
¾ Complete the note from Debbie to her friend. Put the verbs in the Future Simple.
Dear Karen,
I’m sorry about the fight we had yesterday. I promise that I __________ (be) a better friend.
When you have a secret, I __________ (not tell) anyone! When you have a problem, I __________
(listen) carefully.
Will you come to my house tomorrow? We __________ (have) lots of fun. We __________ (listen) to
the new CD I bought. Then we __________ (make) popcorn and we __________ (watch) a mo-
vie. I __________ (not fight) with you anymore, I promise! I __________ (call) you tonight and we
__________ (talk).
Your best friend, Debbie

¾ Complete the telephone conversation between Karen and Debbie. Use the Future
Simple.
Debbie: Hello? Karen? It’s Debbie. Did you get my note? Will you come to my house tomorrow?
Karen: Hi, Debbie. Thanks for your note. I don’t want to fight anymore. Yes, I will come to your
house tomorrow. I’d like to come at 6 o’clock __________ (you, be) home then?
Debbie: No, I won’t be home at 6 o’clock.
Karen: __________ (you, be) home at 7 o’clock?
Debbie: Yes, I will. That’s a good time for me.
Karen:1 can’t wait to listen to your new CD. __________ (You, let) me take it home with me?
Debbie: Sure, I’ll let you take it home.
Karen: I love the new Harry Potter movie. I want to see again __________ (you, go) to the video
store to rent the movie?
Debbie: Yes, I’ll go after school. Oops! I forgot to buy popcorn. __________ (you, bring) some
popcorn?
Karen: Sure, I’ll bring the popcorn. See you tomorrow!
2. 1. 10. Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs and adjectives. They are usually placed after verbs and before adjectives.
Most adverbs formed by adding -ly to the adjective.
Certainly, obviously, clearly, definitely, surely, probably, possibly, undoubtedly etc.
¾ They may appear in any position in the sentence:
Actually, I didn’t buy anything.
She’ll probably be late.
She can dance well, obviously.
¾ When they are in the middle of the sentence, they are placed before the main verb or after
the (first) auxiliary:
He definitely hates cola.
They will probably arrive late.
2. 1. 10. 2. Uses of adverbs
Adverbs of time
soon, today, tomorrow, now, lately, recently etc.
¾ They are usually placed at the end of a sentence:
I’m leaving today.
¾ They may appear at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis:
Tomorrow she’s getting married.
¾ Just goes after the auxiliary verb:
She has just finished her homework.
¾ Late is usually placed at the end of a sentence:
She arrived at school late.

¾ One syllable adverbs such as soon, then, now etc. usually appear in the middle of a
sentence:
I will soon need a new pair of shoes.
¾ Still describes an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. It is
usually placed in the middle of the sentence, before the main verb and after the (first) auxiliary:
He still loves english.
They are still reading.
¾ Yet is used in interrogative and negative sentences. It is placed at the end of a sentence:
Have you seen him yet?
They haven’t called us yet.
¾ Already is used in affirmative and interrogative sentences. It is usually placed in the middle
of a sentence, but it may appear at the end for emphasis:
Have you already seen that film?
They have already finished their homework.
¾ They appear before the main verb but after auxiliary or modal verbs and the verb to be
I slipped and nearly fell.
He can hardly see without his glasses.
Adverbs of manner
quietly, carefully, beautifully, badly, etc.
¾ They are usually placed after (the object of) the main verb:
He did his homework quietly.
She sings badly.
¾ When there are several adverbs in a sentence, they usually appear in the following order
manner - place - time:
She sang wonderfully at the concert last night.
When the main verbs of the sentence is a verb of movement, the adverb appear in the following
order place - manner - time:
They went to the city centre by bus yesterday.
Irregular Adverbs
Similar adverbs with different meanings
good near lately = recently late = not early

much late hardly = scarcely hard = with a lot of effort
little early lastly = finally last = after all the others
far well nearly = almost near = close
fast hard deeply = greatly
hard near highly = very much
much late deep = a long way down
little early high a long way up

¾ The words friendly, lively, lonely, lovely are adjectives, not adverbs. The adverbs are: in a...
way.
He is very friendly.
He behaved in a friendly way.
¾ The words hourly, daily, weekly, yearly can be adjectives or adverbs.
I bought a weekly magazine.
2. 1. 10. 3. Practice
Put the words in brackets in the correct order.
Dr Wagner examined the patient carefully (carefully !the patient).
1. The baby slept __________ __________ (all night! peacefully /in his cradle).
2. Kelly opened, __________ __________ __________ (her presents /on Christmas Day / ea-
gerly).
3. Alan goes __________ __________ __________ (by car/ every day / to work).
4. The students left __________ __________ (noisily / two minutes ago the classroom).
5. Henry filled in __________ __________ (at the unemployment centre / the application
form)
6. Jane passed __________ __________ __________ (in a hurry / yesterday/ by my house).
7. Karen and Alison talked __________ __________ __________ (in the café / continuously / at
lunchtime)
Write sentences expressing your opinion about a book you have read or a film you have
seen recently. Use the following adverbs of degree:
Fairly, quite, rather, pretty, really, very
2. 2. EXPRESSING TECHNICAL SENTENCES
2. 2. 1. Use of technical sentences
The two essential parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate (verb portion). The
subject refers to the topic being discussed while the verb conveys the action or state of being
expressed in the sentence.
2. 2. 2. Sentence Structures
There are four main types of sentence structures : simple, compound, complex, and compound
complex.
2. 2. 3. SIMPLE SENTENCES
SIMPLE SENTENCES have one main clause (one subject + one verb) and any number of phrases.
The following are all simple sentences:
y A simple sentence can be very effective.
y It makes one direct point.
y It is good for creating emphasis and clarity.
2. 2. 4. COMPOUND SENTENCES
COMPOUND SENTENCES have two or more main clauses joined by coordinating
conjunctions (CC) such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS). You can also connect them using a
semi-colon or a colon. By coordinating the ideas, you give them equal weight and importance

[Subject + verb…, CC then subject + verb].

The following sentences are all compound:
y A compound sentence coordinates two ideas, and each idea is given roughly equal weight.
y The two ideas are closely related, so they should be kept close together.
y The two clauses may express a parallel idea, and they might also have a parallel structure.
y Compound sentences need coordinating conjunctions, or they become comma splices, which
are a type of run-on.
2. 2. 5. COMPLEX SENTENCES
COMPLEX SENTENCES express complex and usually unequal relationships between ideas. One
idea is “subordinated” to the main idea by using a “subordinate conjunction” (like while,
because, and although); one idea is “dependent” upon the other one for logic and
completeness. Complex sentences include one main clause and at least one dependent
clause (see Example 2 above). Often, it is stylistically effective to begin your sentence with the
dependent clause, and place the main clause at the end for emphasis.
The following sentences are complex; they each follow the same structure:
Subordinate conjunction + subject + verb (the dependent clause), subject + verb (the main
clause)]:
y When you make a complex sentence, you subordinate one idea to another.
y If you place the subordinate clause first, you give added emphasis to the main clause at
the end.
2. 2. 6. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES have at least two main clauses and at least one dependent
clause. Because a compound-complex sentence is usually quite long, you must be careful that it
makes sense; it is easy for the reader to get lost in a long sentence. For more information, watch
this video on compound-complex sentences from Kahn Academy.
The following sentences are compound-complex:
y Kate doesn’t like cartoons because they are loud, so she doesn’t watch them. (independent
clause, dependent clause, CC,independent clause)
y After our trip to the beach, school started back, and I was excited to see my friends. (de-
pendent clause, independent clause, CC, independent clause)
y The dog started barking, so the cat ran away, and since I couldn’t keep up, I decided
to stop. (independent clause, CC, independent clause, CC, dependent clause, independent
clause)

Examples:
Job: Rotogravure Printing Machine Operator
The holder of the certificate of vocational aptitude in printing machine operation is responsible
for assisting the printing machine operator during a given production run by ensuring the
operation of certain specific stations. He works under the responsibility of the latter.
MAIN TASKS:
The holder of the certificate of professional
competence in rotogravure printing machine
operation is responsible for:
y Setting up the rotogravure presses
y Carrying out the adjustment of the press
y Set up the printing form on the inking cylin-
der
y Preparing the inks
y Ensuring the paper feed
y Participate in press maintenance work
Job: Flexo printing machine operator

The holder of the certificate of professional competence in flexographic printing machine
operation is responsible for assisting the printing machine operator during a given production
run by ensuring the operation of certain specific stations. He works under the responsibility of the
latter.
MAIN TASKS:
competence in flexographic printing machine
y Setting up a sheet-fed or rotary flexogra-
phic press:
y Carry out the setting of the printing form on
the inking cylinder
y Adjusting the press
y Adjusting the margins
y Prepare inks
y Adjust dampening and inking
y Carry out colour registration
y Participate in press maintenance work

Job: Graphic Communication/ option: Computer Graphics

The Higher Technician in Graphic Communication/option: Computer Graphics Designer is a
professional responsible for designing and producing models of graphic or digital products
graphic or digital products with the help of computer tools, entering documents, carrying out
page layouts and the layout and imposition and preparing the documents in order to make them
reproducible.
He/she manages the output of the latter on film or plate and ensures the quality of his/her
production.
MAIN TASKS:
competence in flexographic printing machine
He/she is responsible for:
y Taking note of the order to be produced;
y Putting a concept into text and image;
y Ensuring the design and production of the
packaging graphics
y Ensuring the functionality of his/her compu-
terised workstation;
y Prepare a model for a graphic product;
y Produce a mock-up for a graphic or digital
product;
y Prepare the project schedule
y Estimate project costs
y Prepare the production file
2. 2. 7. Practice:
Read the text below and answer the questions
Text:
An offset printing, also called offset lithography, is a method of mass –production printing in which
the image on metal plates are transferred (offset) to rubber blankets or rollers and then to the
print media.
Among the benefits of offset printing there are speed offset presses which use large rolls of paper
that are cut during or after printing cost effective, flexibility, consistent quality, ideal for large scale
printing and Pantone colour matching. Offset printing requires more equipment namely the
blanket cylinder and takes longer to set up. Plus, the inks used for offset are often oil-based and
the cylinder must be washed after every use. Offset inks are made up of three ingredients:
y Colour pigment.
y The liquid carrier that holds the pigment particles.
y Modifiers – Additive ingredient to control drying, smell and resistance.

Answer the questions:

1. What is the type of this machine?
2. What are the benefits of this machine?
3. The machine’s inks are made of different ingredients. What are they?
2. 3. SUMMARY chapter 2
It is essential to learn grammar because it helps learners understand the English language better.
Grammar also enables them to understand how sentences are formed and allows them to write
good essays.
2. 4. ACTIVITY chapter 2
a. Read the text and answer the questions.
Bindery and finishing machine operators set up and operate machines and equipments that
work with large sheets of paper. This machine can turn material from the printing press or digital
printing equipment into finished materials such as books, brochures and presentation folders. A
bindery operator’s responsibility include routine maintenance of the machines and employing
and making the necessary repairs or adjustments if anything goes wrong during the printing
process.
¾ Questions:
1. What is the text talking about?
2. Give the synonyms of the underlined words.
3. Pick up all the verbs in the text.
¾ Choose the correct verb to make simple present sentences.
1. I / hamburger (+) (like, drink, play)
2. Henry /French (?) (make ,speak ,work)
3. The buses / on Sundays (-) (speak ,play ,run)
4. What language / Brazilians (?) (run , work , speak)
5. Felix /fast cars (+) (sing ,catch , drive)
6. Annemarie / newspapers (-) (make , read ,clean)
7. My two brothers both / in London (+) (play ,speak ,work)
8. Dogs /vegetables (-) (work ,eat , pass)
9. Maria / the piano (-) (play , make , cool)
10. My husband / very well (+) (bring , cook ,stop)

3. Technical documentation reading comprehension

3. 1. Definition
All products and apps require some level of existing knowledge to use.
Types technical documentation
¾ Specifications
¾ Motion / Production file.
¾ Notices of machine use.
¾ Booklets.
¾ The exchange book
¾ Manufacturing file
3. 2. The exchange book:
The specification (CDC) is a document contractual developed according to a requirements of
a company constant.
It is a project monitoring guide and tool of communication between the project manager (master
of ) and the client (contracting authority)
Component of a note book:
1. Customer presentation
y Description of the organization
y Presentations
y Concurrent
2. Customer problem
3. Customer objectives
4. Customer requirements
5. Element provided by the customer
6. Retro planning
7. Technical file
3. 3. The manufacturing file:
This is the technical information set necessary for the realization of a product.
Example:
Product name Infolding

Type of product Depligating 3 components
Finished format A4
Finished format folded 21cm 9,7 cm
Odentation Landscape
Type and grammage of paper Cut paper 30
Impression process Offset
Number of colour Quadaichromy

3. 4. Booklets.

3. 5. Technical characteristics of PET equipment.
Flexo Printing Machine

In CI flexo press, stack flexo press and in line
flexo press printing, the ci flexo press has
accurate overprinting and high printing
accuracy. In fact, it has a great advantage in
printing large-area color patches. Among ci
flexo printing machines, 4-color flexo printing
machine, 6-color flexo printing machine and
8-color flexo printing machine are more
popular.
Parameter
Model CHCI8-600S CHCI8-800S CHCI8-1000S CHCI8-1200S

Max. Web Width 650mm 850mm 1050mm 1250mm
Max. Printing Width 550mm 750mm 950mm 1150mm
Max. Machine Speed 300m/min
Printing Speed 250m/min
Max. Unwind/Rewind Dia. φ1200mm
Drive Type Gear drive
Plate thickness Photopolymer plate 1.7mm or 1.14mm (or to be specified）
Ink Water base ink or solvent ink
Printing length (repeat) 400mm-900mm
Range Of Substrates 50-400g/m2 Paper. Non woven Etc.
Electrical supply Voltage 380V. 50 HZ.3PH or to be specified
Technical Advantages
1. CE safety certification.
2. Ci flexo printing machine automate product quality management, and complete the pro-
duction of high-quality products under the state of human-computer interaction;
3. High-speed, high-efficiency, large-scale production suitable for large-scale orders, is a
powerful weapon for large-scale printing plants to improve market competitiveness;
4. Save labor, reduce labor intensity, automatic off-press ink control, fully enclosed drawer type
quick-change ink chamber, only one person can easily control the machine;
5. The intelligent control system uses the latest control devices, man-machine portable data
exchange interface, and completes the machine control in a clean and relaxed production
environment;
6. Selected high-quality parts and accessories, long-term reliability and durability, and conve-
nient remote fault detection function;
7. Quick order change, memory and reproduction of order production parameters, superior
bus order management, flexible control of orders and only control can greatly improve the pro-
duction efficiency of the entire factory

Application Field
8 color flexo printing machine is suitable for paper, film, non-woven products printing. You can
provide sample pictures and the relevant personnel will recommend the machine suitable for you.

3. 6. Notices of machine use.

Design instructions for flexo printing
Start the planning of artwork by test packing the product(s) concerned. This makes it easy to
check dimensions and how printed areas and seams will look in the final packaging. Changes
made to dimensions during the proofing phase will increase costs.
A high-quality printing result requires professional prepress work. A good understanding of flexo
printing techniques can help achieve optimal colour separation and overall quality. We prefer to
carry out colour separation ourselves to guarantee a good end-result. The potential for making
changes and corrections when a job is being printed is limited.
General guidelines
y When printing a specific area or element with spot colours, use PMS codes to specify colours,
rather than 10/75/20/5 or 100 %C+30%M for example.
y The recommended rulling for raster areas are between 20-60L/cm, depending on the pro-
duct, size of the image, and/or printing machine.
y Gradients ranging from 2-98 % can be printed.
y Rasters should be continuous, using a minimum dot size of 2 % in the lightest areas
y Dot gain is typically high and this needs to be taken into account during prepress.
y Trapping (colour overlap) is normally 0.2 mm.
y 5 mm of unprinted space should be left around the edges of bag-type packaging.
y Logos and shapes should be of high quality, preferably in the form of vector graphics.
y Avoid using PC-based files, as converting files can corrupt artwork, including even simple line
art.

3. 7. SUMMARY Chapter 3
To rational and security use different equipments in the industry field graphic; The driver must
submit to manufacturer’s instructions contained in notices and manual of instructions for use.
These instructions come down as follows:
y Use of equipment functions
y First- level maintenance work.
y Basic settings
y For the study and design of models, products print and graphics, swallowing products: De-
signers use many technical documents to meet the needs of customers in materials of product
quality.
y These documents are reinforced as follow:
y The exchange book
y Technical files (manufacturing file)
y Characteristics of consumable products.
y Technical characteristics of PET equipment.
y Documentation technique of equipments
y Booklets
3. 8. Activity Chapter 3:
a. Label this Offset printing diagram using the words below:
Ink rollers / Impression cylinder / Paper / Water / Offset cylinder / Water rollers / Plate cylinder

b. Label this Front view of the paper gathering and folding machine
Output Tray / Feed Out Detecting Sensor / Belt Driver / Folding Rollers / Fold Engage Motor /
Buckle Plate 1 / Feed Motors / Feed Tray Sensors / Feed Trays

General summary of manual

The professions of the Arts and Graphic Industries branch can be divided into three distinct
categories.
y Machine drivers ( Helio ,Flexo , Offset , etc)
y Trade of reread, restoration of works and editing.
y The designers responsible for the study, the design and realization of printed products
graphics and packaging.
The exercise of these trades requires the use of equipment tools and consumer according to
the nature of the activity as well as the necessary technical documentation of the manufacturer.
Activity as well as the necessary technical documentation of the manufacturer.
The study and design of printed products, graphics products and packaging also requires
in addition knowledge of technical characteristics of equipment; the use of computer and
specific software tools (drawing software, Photo shop, etc) As well as the exchange book and file of
product manufacturing.
In this book, we try to progress trainees’ main skill in all the fields, reading, writing and
understanding. These courses encourage them to practice and to use their own skills to enhance
their variety of learning strategies.
The course includes many different ideas and exercises and many vocabulary to learn.

GENERAL ACTIVITY:
Say whether these sentences are true and false.
1. Gravure printing machine is used to print volumes of labels and packaging. ( __________ )
2. An offset press operator is a machine which make metal printing plates. ( __________ )
3. A clipping table is a machine which is equipped with edges arranged in square.
(__________ )
4. Trimmer is responsible of cutting papers and regulates their margins. ( __________ )
5. Computer to plate CTP is an imaging technology which helps to transfer a digital image
generated in a computer directly to a printing plate. ( __________ )
6. The rotogravure is a machine that cuts the reels paper, PVC rolls of most economically way
and in the desired size. ( __________ )
7. Cylinder printing machine prints by heat , transfer the image to reproduce for example
t-shirt caps. ( __________ )
8. Screen printing carousel is a manual machine that prepares various application such as film
paper, Paper board printing. ( __________ )
9. The gluer machine is usually support in flat form it can be used in printing , publishing and
publishing and packaging. ( __________ )
10. 10-Assembly machine which assembles books and can be equipped with an automatic
picker. ( __________ )

BIBLIOGRAPHY
¾ French Books.
y Nomenclature des métiers et des spécialités.
y L’automobile technologie professionnelle générale tome 2 Edition Foucher.
¾ English Books.
y Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use
y Norman Coe – Mark Harrison – Ken Paterson. Oxford Practice Grammar
y Gabriele Stobe. Just English GrammarIllustrated
y Jim D. Dearhlot. CareerPathsMechanics
y Djamel Achit. Useful English
y Secondary school first yearText Book.
¾ Websites.
y Islcollectiveenglish .com
y Anglais facile .com
y Edupedia-world of education .com
y English start .com
y Schoolmouv .fr
y Myenglishgrammar.com
y Yourdictionary .com
y Dictionary.cambridge .org
y Themechanicdoctor .com
y Study.com
y Typesofartstyles.com

APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1: KEYS
Chapter 1: TECHNICAL VOCABULARY IDENTIFICATION
Activity keys Chapter 1
¾ Match each definition with its right picture:
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
¾ Fill in gaps with necessary words:
1. Printing process
2. Cup paper
3. Transfered to rubber
4. Equiped / The sheet of papers
5. Printed on curved surfaces
Chapter 2: TECHNICAL WORDS USE
Activity keys Chapter 2
¾ Pronouns
1. A. I really like watching old shows. Those are some of the best things on TV.
2. C. I slipped on the sidewalk and hurt myself.
3. C. This is some of the nicest weather we’ve had lately
4. B. After the parade, everyone met up in the town square.
5. A. Would you like something to drink.
¾ Articles - A An The
1. I like the blue T-shirt over there better than the red one.
2. Their car does 150 miles an hour.
3. Where’s the USB drive I lent you last week?
4. Is your mother working in an old office building?
5. Carol’s father works as an electrician.
6. The tomatoes are 99 pence a kilo.
7. Ben has a terrible headache.
8. After this tour you have the whole afternoon free to explore the city.
¾ Nouns
1. life → lives
2. family → families
3. boy → boys

4. house → houses
5. city → cities
6. man → men
7. child → children
8. sandwich → sandwiches
9. nurse → nurses
10. shelf → shelves
¾ Adjectives
1. comfortable → opinion
2. historical → purpose
3. ovely → opinion
4. ancient → age
5. square → shape
6. strange → opinion
7. huge → size
8. eastern → origin
9. plastic → material
10. skinny → shape
¾ Auxiliaries
¾ Identify all auxiliary verbs in the following paragraph.
I have just heard that you didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with that
time? I must ask that you explain the reason.
¾ Which of the following sentences does not show any auxiliary
4. I am a professor in the economics department.
¾ Simple sentence
1. A - True
2. Tick ( √ )
y Shake it hard. ( √ )
y Too much agreement kills a chat. (Eldridge Cleaver) ( √ )
y I used to love scones. ( √ )
y He tried it and bought it. ( √ )
y Sarah can eat four boiled eggs in a minute. ( √ )
¾ Present simple vs present progressive

1. Choose the correct form.
a. Elvira is wearing a black skirt and designer shoes today.
b. The children walk to school every morning.

c. I am working in Mumbai this month.

d. They aren’t taking any photos today.
e. We never play computer games.
f. Why are you running? I’m late!.
g. How often do you watch TV? Every evening.
2. Complete the conversation using the present simple or continuous of the verbs in
(brackets).
a. Hi Mandy! How are you? What are you doing here?
b. Hi Jakob! I’m fine. Good to see you. 1 am visiting my sister. She lives here. 1 am staying
with her for three days.
a. Oh nice! What does your sister do?
b. B She’s a dentist. She works in the city centre. What about you? Whatare are you doing
these days?
a. 1am learning to fly. I want to be pilot.
b. Wow. That’s great! Where are you learning ?
a. InAptex Training Centre, near the airport. Hey, do you have time for a coffee?
b. No, sorry, I am waiting for my sister. She’s in the bank. Look, that’s her there. She is wearing
a red dress and she is talking to the cashier.
a. OK, another time. Call you.
¾ Past simple vs present perfect simple
¾ Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in the box.
1. My friend and I chatted for three hours on the phone last Friday.
2. We enjoyed the film yesterday.
3. She listened to the radio every morning for 20 years.
4. He carried my heavy bag to the station for me.
5. They changed their clothes after work last night.
6. The lesson started 20 minutes ago.
7. My boss stopped a taxi for me yesterday morning.
¾ Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple form of the verbs in the box.
1. She has broken her arm. She’s in hospital now.
2. I have not seen a musical.
3. Lots of people have gone to a salsa class.
4. We have swum in the Pacific Ocean.
5. They have organized a marathon.
6. I have not made a cake for my mother’s birthday.
7. He has not bought a present for his wife.
¾ Complete the email using the present perfect or past simple form of the verbs in
(brackets).

Hi Juan
How are you? I’m in Vienna now with Alice. We have gone to the opera five times! It’s a beautiful
city. On Tuesday we saw the palace and walked around in its large gardens. On Wednesday
we took a bus to the Museum of Modern Art and swam in the Danube. It was very cold! We did a
lot of other interesting things, too, Have you ever eaten Sacher Torte? It’s an Austrian cake. Alice
loves it. She also loves German coffee. Yesterday she drank eight cups! We’re having a great time,
but Alice lost her phone. She bought cheap one on Friday, but it broke the next day.
See you soon,
¾ Future simple
¾ Complete the note from Debbie to her friend. Put the verbs in the Future Simple.
Dear Karen,
I’m sorry about the fight we had yesterday. I promise that I will be a better friend. When you have
a secret, I won’t tell anyone! When you have a problem, I will listen carefully.
Will you come to my house tomorrow? We will have lots of fun. We will listen to the new CD I
bought. Then we will make popcorn and we will watch a movie. I won’t fight with you anymore, I
promise! I will call you tonight and we will talk.
Your best friend, Debbie
¾ Complete the telephone conversation between Karen and Debbie. Use the Future
Simple.
Debbie: Hello? Karen? It’s Debbie. Did you get my note? Will you come to my house tomorrow?
Karen: Hi, Debbie. Thanks for your note. I don’t want to fight anymore. Yes, I will come to your
house tomorrow. I’d like to come at 6 o’clock, will you be home then?
Debbie: No, I won’t be home at 6 o’clock.
Karen: Will you be home at 7 o’clock?
Debbie: Yes, I will. That’s a good time for me.
Karen:1 can’t wait to listen to your new CD. Will you let me take it home with me?
Debbie: Sure, I’ll let you take it home.
Karen: I love the new Harry Potter movie. I want to see again will you go to the video store to
rent the movie?
Debbie: Yes, I’ll go after school. Oops! I forgot to buy popcorn. Will you bring some popcorn?
Karen: Sure, I’ll bring the popcorn. See you tomorrow!
¾ Adverbs
¾ Put the words in brackets in the correct order.
1. Dr Wagner examined the patient carefully.
2. The baby slept peacefully in his cradle all night.
3. Kelly opened, eagerly her presents on Christmas day.
4. Alan goes to work by car every day.
5. The students left noisily the classroom two minutes ago.
6. Henry filled in quickly the application form at the unemployment centre.
7. Jane passed in a hurry by my house yesterday.

8. Karen and Alison talked continuously in the café at lunch time.
¾ Expressing Technical sentences

1. This machine is called “Offset printing machine”
2. Offset printing machines are speed presses and used large rolls of papers that are cut du-
ring or after printing, ideal for large scale printing and pantone colour matching.
3. The different ingredients are: colour pigment, the liquid carrier and additive ingredient to
control drying, smell and resistance
¾ Technical words use

a. Read the text and answer the questions.
1. The text defines bindery machine equipments and its services and how we can use it.
2. Synonyms
y Bindery = a place where books are bound
y Finishing = complete /end
y Operate = work /make go
y Material = equipment
y Folders = document case
y Maintenance = conservation / preservation
y Adjustment = adaptation /accommodation
y Process = act / operate
3. The verbs are: set up – operate – work – turn – include – employing – making – goes
b. Choose the correct verb to make simple present sentences.
1. I like hamburger.
2. Does Henry speak French?
3. The buses does not run on Sundays.
4. What language do Brazilians speak?
5. Felix drives fast cars.
6. Annemarie doesn’t read newspapers.
7. My two brothers both work in London.
8. Dogs don’t eat vegetables.
9. Maria doesn’t play the piano.
10. My husband cooks very well.

Chapter 2: TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION READING COMPREHENSION

Activity keys Chapter 3:
a. Label this Offset printing diagram using the words below:
b. Label this Front view of the paper gathering and folding machine

GENERAL ACTIVITY KEYS :

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. False
8. False
9. True
10. True

APPENDIX 2: LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Anglais ( Infinitif ) Prétérit Participe passé Français ( Infinitif )
abide Abode abode souffrir, suporter
arise Arose arisen survenir
awake awoke awoken se réveiller
be was, were been être
bear Bore borne / born porter / supporter
beat Beat beaten battre
become became become devenir
beget begat / begot begotten engendrer
begin began begun commencer
bend Bent bent plier / se courber
bereave bereft / bereaved bereft / bereaved déposséder / priver
bet Bet bet parier
bid bid / bade bid / bidden offrir
bite Bit bitten Mordre
bleed Bled bled saigner
blow Blew blown souffler / gonfler
break broke broken casser
breed Bred bred élever (des animaux)
bring brought brought apporter
broadcast broadcast broadcast diffuser / émettre
build Built built construire
burn burnt / burned burnt / burned brûler
burst burst burst éclater
buy bought bought acheter
can could could pouvoir
cast Cast cast jeter / distribuer (rôles)
catch caught caught attraper
chide Chid chiden gronder
choose chose chosen choisir
cling clung clung s’accrocher
clothe clad / clothed clad / clothed habiller / recouvrir
come came come venir
cost Cost cost Coûter
creep crept crept ramper
cut Cut cut couper
deal Dealt dealt distribuer
dig Dug dug creuser
dive dived dived / dove plonger
do Did done faire
draw Drew drawn dessiner / tirer


dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed rêver
drink drank drunk boire
drive drove driven conduire
dwell dwelt dwelt / dwelled habiter
eat Ate eaten manger
fall Fell fallen tomber
feed Fed fed nourrir
feel Felt felt se sentir / ressentir
fight fought fought se battre
find found found trouver
flee Fled fled s’enfuir
fling flung flung Lancer
fly Flew flown voler
forbid forbade forbidden interdire
forecast forecast forecast prévoir
forget forgot forgotten / forgot oublier
forgive forgave forgiven pardonner
forsake forsook forsaken abandonner
forsee foresaw foresawn prévoir / présentir
freeze Froze frozen geler
get Got gotten / got obtenir
give Gave given donner
go Went gone aller
grind ground ground moudre / opprimer
grow Grew grown grandir / pousser
hang Hung hung tenir / pendre
have Had had avoir
hear heard heard entendre
hide Hid hidden cacher
hit Hit hit taper / appuyer
hold Held held Tenir
hurt Hurt hurt blesser
keep Kept kept garder
kneel knelt / knelled knelt / kneeled s’agenouiller
know Knew known connaître / savoir
lay Laid laid poser
lead Led led mener / guider
lean leant / leaned leant / leaned s’incliner / se pencher
leap leapt / leaped leapt / leaped sauter / bondir
learn learnt learnt apprendre


leave Left left laisser / quitter / partir
lend Lent lent prêter
let Let let permettre / louer
lie Lay lain s’allonger
light lit / lighted lit / lighted allumer
lose Lost lost perdre
make made made fabriquer
mean meant meant signifier
meet Met met rencontrer
mow mowed mowed / mown Tondre
offset offset offset compenser
overcome overcame overcome surmonter
partake partook partaken prendre part à
pay Paid paid payer
plead pled / pleaded pled / pleaded supplier / plaider
preset preset preset programmer
prove proved proven / proved prouver
put Put put mettre
quit Quit quit quitter
read Read read lire
relay relaid relaid relayer
rend Rent rent déchirer
rid Rid rid débarrasser
ride Rode ridden monter (vélo, cheval)
ring Rang rung sonner / téléphoner
rise Rose risen lever
run Ran run courir
saw saw / sawed sawn / sawed scier
say Said said Dire
see Saw seen voir
seek sought sought chercher
sell Sold sold vendre
send Sent sent envoyer
set Set set fixer
shake shook shaken secouer
shed Shed shed répandre / laisser tomber
shine shone shone briller
shoe Shod shod chausser
shoot Shot shot tirer / fusiller
show showed shown montrer
shut Shut shut fermer


sing Sang sung chanter
sink sank / sunk sunk / sunken couler
sit Sat sat s’asseoir
slay Slew slain tuer
sleep Slept slept dormir
slide Slid slid glisser
slink slunk / slinked slunk / slinked s’en aller furtivement
slit Slit slit fendre
smell smelt smelt sentir
sow sowed sown / sowed semer
speak spoke spoken parler
speed Sped sped aller vite
spell Spelt spelt épeler / orthographier
spend spent spent dépenser / passer du
temps
spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled renverser
spin Spun spun tourner / faire tourner
spit spat / spit spat / spit cracher
split Split split fendre
spoil spoilt spoilt gâcher / gâter
spread spread spread répandre
spring sprang sprung surgir / jaillir / bondir
stand stood stood être debout
steal Stole stolen voler / dérober
stick stuck stuck coller
sting stung stung piquer
stink stank stunk Puer
strew strewed strewn / strewed éparpiller
strike struck stricken / struck frapper
strive strove striven s’efforcer
swear swore sworn jurer
sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated suer
sweep swept swept balayer
swell swelled swollen / swelled gonfler / enfler
swim swam swum nager
swing swung swung se balancer
take Took taken prendre
teach taught taught enseigner
tear Tore torn déchirer
tell Told told dire / raconter
think thought thought penser


thrive throve / thrived thriven / thrived prospérer
throw threw thrown jeter
thrust thrust thrust enfoncer
tread Trod trodden piétiner quelque chose
typeset typeset typeset Composer
undergo underwent undergone subir
understand understood understood comprendre
wake woke woken réveiller
wear Wore worn porter (avoir sur soi)
weep Wept wept pleurer
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted mouiller
win Won won gagner
wind wound wound enrouler / remonter
withdraw withdrew withdrawn se retirer
wring wrung wrung tordre
write wrote written écrire

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ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 3

Table des matières

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries

2. 2. 4. COMPOUND SENTENCES ............................................................................................................ 51

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries

This manual is divided into three main parts:

The manual has the following aims:

2. To improve trainees reading and writing simple English.

3. Developing listening comprehension to English sounds, words, and simple sentences.

4. To improve trainees hand-writing in English.

6. To enable trainees to learn technical English at intermediate level.

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 7

Technical Sheet of the Technical English Manual

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 8

1. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION READING COMPREHENSION

Infographist and designer Communication and typographical

Typographic contact / option: creating Publishing

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 10

1. 1. 2. Jobs Family: Printing in the arts and typographical industry

Operating Hellio printing machines Operating Flexo printing machines

Operating the offset printing machines Silk print

Operating the means of printing / Operating printing machines

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 11

Communication and printing industries /

1. 1. 3. Jobs Family: Finishing in the arts and typographical industry

Operating industrial binding machines Technical binding and book restoration

Offset printing machine:

Uses a Double Decal Indirect Printing Process,

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 12

It is a vibrating and slightly inclined tray,

Machine that prints by heat transfer the

Screen straightener for screen printing:

It is a manual and extensible device for

Screen printing carousel:

It is a manual machine for screen printing

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 13

Polymer developer flexography:

Flexo plate processing machine is a solvent

Semi-automatic screen printing machine:

It is a semi-automatic screen printing

Machine that prints by heat transfer the

Screen straightener for screen printing:

It is a manual and extensible device for

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 14

Screen printing carousel:

It is a manual machine for screen printing

Pad printing machine:

Pad printing is an indirect printing machine

AP drying tunnel pulsed air drying:

It is a tunnel that uses a steady and precise

It is a tunnel that uses UV wavelength for

ENGLISH MANUAL : Arts and Graphic Industries 15

IR infrared drying tunnel:

The infrared drying tunnel uses short/medium

Prints a digital proof that is a simulation of a

The Paper Folder:

It is a shaping machine used in printing to

The Manual Paper Creasing: