SKIT Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan,

Department of Electrical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO# 1(a)

OBJECT:
study block diagram and working of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) and measure
peak to peak voltage. time period, frequency. Lissajous figures of a periodie signal using

CRO

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S. N. Name of Apparatus Specification Quantity
Function 1MHz
generator
Cathode-Ray 30 MHz, Dual
Oscilloscope Trace
C.R.O. Probes BNC To BNC

THEORY
CRO iS an electronic device which is capable of giving a visual indication of a signal wavetorm.
With an
Oscilloscope the w aveform of the signal can be studied with respect to amplitude
distortion and deviation from the normal.
Oscilloscope can also be used for measuring vollage.
Irequeney and phase shift.

input
Vertical Delay
Signal Amplifier Line Luminous
Spot Phosphor
Screen
Electron
Gun
ToCRT

HV Supply Eelctron
LVSupply Beam
Vertical
To All Circuits Deflection
Plates
Horizontal
Trigger Time Base Horizontal Deflection
Circuit Generator Amplifier Plates

Fig. Block Diagram of Oscilloscope

Cathode Ray Tube:
Cathode Ray Tube is a heart of Oscilloscope providing visual display of the input signals. CRT

consists of three basic parts.

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SKIT Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan,
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1. Electron Gun.

2. Deflecting System.
3. Flouroscent Screen
These essential parts are arranged inside a tunnel shaped glass envelope.
Electron Gun:
It consists of an
The function of this is toprovide a sharply focused stream of electrons. mainly
anode. Control grid is
indirectly heated cathode, a control grid, focusing anode and accelerating
cylinder in shape. It is connected to negative voltage w.r.t to cathode. Focusing and accelerating

of electrons are released from the

anodes are at high positive potential. w.r.t anode.{ Plenty
surface of cathode due to Barium Oxide coating. Control Grid encloses the cathode and controls

the number of electrons passing through the tube.

Deflection system:
The beam after coming out of the accelerated anode passes through two sets of deflection plates
with the tube. The first set is the vertical deflection plate and the second set is horizontal

deflection plates. The vertical deflection plates are oriented to deflect the electron beam that

moves vertically up and down. The amount of deflection is set by the magnitude of the applied

beam is also deflected left right by voltage applied to horizontal

voltage. The horizontally or a

plates. The deflecting beam is then further accelerated by a very high voltage applied to the tube

Fluorescent Sereen:
The screen is large inside the face of the tube and is coated with a thin layer of florescent
material called Phosphor. On this fluorescent material when high velocity electron beam strikes
its converting the energy of the electron the clectron beam between into visible light (spots).
Hence the name is given as fluorescent sereen.

Panel Controls:
1. POWER ON/OFF / Push the button switch to supply power to the instrumet.

2. X5/Switech when pushed inwards gives 5 times magnification ofthe X signal.

3. XY ( used for XY display). / Switched when pressed cut off the time base and allows access

theexit horizontal signal to be fed through CH

4. CH 1/CH I/TRIG I/ TRIG II/ Switch out when selects and triggers CH I and when Pressed

selects and riggers CH I.

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SKIT Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan,
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FOWER TIME D AT/NORM

ono SEP

EVE

NTENS INP

HOLO
FOCUS AL EXT

vOLTS OMN VOLTS /DN -FOS

FOS

INVERT RVER

CH

ONPONEN CH
VIDUA oRDU N

Oscilloscope TESTER TRGV LCHOR

5. MOD/DUAL/ Switch when selects the dual operation switch

6. ALT/CHOP/ADD / Switch selects alternate or ehopped in dual mode. If mode is selected
then this switch enables addition or subtraction of the channel i.e. CH-! +- CH I1.

7. TIME/DIV/Switch selects thetime base speed.

8. ATNORM/ Switch selects AUToNORMAL position Auto is used to get trace when no

signal is fed at the input. In NORM the trigger level can be varied from the positive pcak to

negative peak with level control.

9. LEVEL/ Controls the trigger level from the peak to peak amplitude signal.
10. TRIG.INP/Socket provided to feed the external trigger signal in EXT. mode.

1.CAL OUT / Socket provided for the square wave output 200 mv used for probe

compensation and checking vertical sensitivity ete.

12.EXT/ Switch when pressed allows external triggering signal to be fed from the socket

marked TRIG.INP.

13. X-POS/ Controls the horizontal position of the trace

14. VAR /Controls the time speed in between two steps oftime/div switeh For ealibration put
this fully anticlockwise (at cal pos)

15. TV Switch when it allows video frequency up to 20 KHz to be locked.

16. +-/ Switch selects the slope oftrigger whether positive going or negative

17. INV CHJ II/Switch when pressed inverts thhe CH ii.

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SKIT Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology. Management and Gramothan,

Department of Electrical Engineering

18. INTENS/ Controls

brightness of trace.
19. TR/ Controls the alignment ofthe trace with gratitude (screw driver adjusimen
20. FOCUS: Controls the sharpness of the trace.
21. CT: Switch when
pressed starts CT operation.
2.GDIAC /DC: Input coupling switch for each channcl. In AC the signal is coupled through thee

0.1 MFD capacitor.

23. DACIGD: BNC connectors serve as input connectors for the CH I and CH Il channel input

connector also serves as the horizontal external signa.

. N: 1o test any components in the circuit, put one test probe in this socket and connect

the other test probe in the ground socket.

25. VOLTS /DIV: Switches select the sensitivity of each channe.

26. Y POSIAND II: Controls provided for vertical deflection for each channe.

Back Panel Controls

. FUSE:350 mA fuse is provided at the back panel spare fuses are provided inside the

instrument.

2. ZMOD : Banana socket provided for modulating signal input i.e. Z-modulation.

Lissajous Figures:
When sine-wave signals of different frequencies are input to the horizontal and vertical
amplifiers a stationary pattern is formed on the CRT when the ratio of the two frequeneies is an

integral fraction such as 1/2, 2/3. 4/3. 1/5, etc. These stationary patterns are known as Lissajous
figures and can be used for comparison measurement of frequencies.

a) (b)

(d)

Fig. Lissajous figures for horizontal to vertical frequency ratios of(a) 1:1, (b) 2:1, (c) 1:2 and (d)
3:1

Procedure
I. Turn on the power of the CRO.

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SKIT wami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramotnan,

Department of Electrical Engineering

2. FTOm the Function Generator select the desired frequency and amplitude wave.
of the Sine
dmplitude of the waveform is obtained by noting the number of divisions along the Y-axis
DeEween peak to peak ofthe waveform (i.e. sine waveform/ Triangular waveform /Square

avetorm) and multiplying with the divisional factor of the amplitude note in volts.
4. Time period is calculated from
X-axis.
5.
Frequency is obtained by formula F=1/T.
0. 1his frequency is compared with the frequency applied using function generator.
.
Voltage in the CRO is compared with the voltage applied from function generato.

OBSERVATION TABLE
) To Measure
Frequency
No. of Timel Frequency Frequency
S. No. Time
Divisions Div. (Observed) (Actual) Error

(i) To Measure Voltage

No. of Voltage Voltage % Error
S. No. Volt/ Div.
Divisions (Observed) (Actual)

RESULT
The CRO Panel is studied and determined the Amplitude, Time period and Frequency of a given

waveform using CRO.

PRECAUTIONS
ambient light conditions.
. Avoid using CRO in high
& humidity. t should not be used in dusty
2. Select the location free from Temperature
environment.

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Department of Electrical Engineering

. D o not operate in a place where mcchanical vibrations arc morc or in a place which generates

strong magnetic tields or impulses.

4. Do not incrcase the brightness of the CRO than that is requircd.

VIVA VOICE QUESTiONS:

How is CRO superior to ordinary measuring instruments?

and horizontal plates are provide in a CR0?

2. Why vertical
Why triggering circuit is provided in a CRO?
What are the essential components of a CRT?

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SKIT Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramotna
Department of Electrical Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO #1b)
OBJECT:
acnlilication and testing of different tvpes off clectronic components viz resistors, inductors

capacitors, diodes, diac, triac, transistors, thyristors, relays, cte.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. N. Name of apparatus Type
Carbon Composition Resistors

Wire wound Resistors

Potentiometers
. Resistors Trimmers
Thermisters
Varisters (VDR)
Light Dependet Resistors

Film Capacitors

2 Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors

Electrolytic Capacitors
Air Core Inductor

. Inductors Laminated Core Inductor

PN junction diode.

Zener diode

Diodes Light-emitting diode

Photodiode
Schottky diode

Relays Electromagnetic relay

5.
Bipolar Transistor
Transistors
6. ficld-effect transistor

Thyristor
Diac

9. Triac

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SKIT Swami Keshvanand Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering

THEORY:
function is to limit the flow of current in an
Resistor: Resistor is electronie component whose
an
for ohm is 2. They are available
units called ohms. The symbol
electric circuit. It is measured in
Some materials such as
material has some resistance.
in ditferent values, shapes and sizes. Every
to current to flow
.These materials are called
Rubber, Glass and air have very high opposition
Has very low resistance
Silver and Aluminum etc.
insulators. Other materials such as Copper,
The unit of resistance is ohm.
they are called Conductors.
There are two basic types of resistors.
Linear Resistors

(a) Fixed Resistors

Carbon Composition Resistors

i.

ii. Wire Wound Resistors

iii. Thin Film Resistors

iv. Thick Film Resistors

(b) Variable Resistors

. Potentiometers

ii. Rheostats
iii. Trimmers
Non Linear Resistors

(a) Thermisters

(b) Varisters (VDR)

Resistor Photo Conductive Cell or LDR

(c) Photo or

Insulating Cover

Carbon Composition

Color Code Lead

Carbon Composition Resistors Wire wound Resistors

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SKIT Keshvanand Institute
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Swami Electrical Engineering
Department of
Capacitors: but will effectively allow
current (dc)
does not pass direct
device which stores a charge. It
Tt is a
is dependent on the freq of
The reactance of a capacitor "C
the flow of alternating current (ac).
the ac signal and is given by
X2fe
Joules. A capacitor
to a voltage has a stored energy of 1/2 CV
A capacitor 'c' when charged
dielectric medium.
by a
essentially consists of two conducting plates separated
Symbol:
H
'c' is given by
Capacitance of a capacitor
c
The SI unit of capacitance is Farad (F)
Type of Capacitors
. Fixed type capacitor
a. Film Capacitor Type
b. Ceramic Capacitors
c. Electrolytic Capacitors
2. Variable type capacitor
Film Capacitor Type Ceramic Capacitor
Electrolytic Capacitor Variable Capacitor
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Swami
Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and
Department of Electrical Engineering uramothan,
Inductor:
An inductor, also called a coil, choke or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component
Cs energy in a magnetic field when clectric current flows through it. An inauetor
ypically consists of an insulated wire core. An inductoris
wound into a coil arouna
Cnaracterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change o1 cuirrent.
The unit of inductance is the henry (H).
Types of inductors
1. Air Core Inductor
2. Laminated Core Inductor
Air Core Inductor Laminated Core Inductor
Diodes
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electricity primarily in one
direction. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the forward biased condition) and to block the current in the opposite direction
(the reverse biased condition)
Pype N-type P-N junction representalion
matenal
materia
(a)
Depletion region
Anode Cathode
Schematic symbol
(b) Stripe marks cathode
Real component appearance
(c)
P-N diode
I. Zener Diode
Diode (LED)
2. Light Emitting
3. Photodiode
4 Schottky Diode
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Relays hin
terminals tor a single or
consists of a set of input
A relay 1s an electrically operated switch. It
control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals.
multiple
Electromagnetic relay
power required for
ne convert the input current into the mechanical
magnetic system is used to
and contacts.
cores, armatures,
springs
contact closure. Its basic components are coils, magnetic
Transistors:
Bi-Polar Transistor (B.JT)
of doped
A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal
electronic device constructed
semiconductor Material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications.
Ctor
Emitter
electros
Emitter Collector
Base
Base
n-p-n transistor
p-n-p transistor
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJ)
Field-Effecet Transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the
flow of current in a semiconductor.
Drain
Gate
I Source
FET Symbol
Thyristorr
A thyristor is a four layer solid-state semiconductor device with P and N type material. Wheneve
a gate receives a triggering current then it starts'
conducting until the across
voltage the thyisto
device is under forward bias.
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SKIT Swami
Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan,
Department of Electrical Engineering
There are
a
three states in
.
thyristor
Reverse
2.
blocking mode
Forward blocking mode
3. Forward conducting mode Ca rode
Gra+e
a
Anode
Symbol of thyristór
DIAC
The DIAC is a diode that conducts electrical current only after its breakover voltage. VBO, has
been reached momentarily. The term is an acronym of "diode for alternating current.
Anode2
(MT2)
Anodel
(T1)
Symbol of Diac
Triac:
TRIAC is a 3 terminal ac switch that shows conduction in both the directions. These are triggered
into conduction by low energy gate signal. TRIAC 15 a contraction of TRlode for
Alternating
Current. It is a bidirectional device that belongs to the thyristor family.
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 M a n a g e m e n t

and
and Gramothan,
SKIT Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technol Engineering
Department of Electrical
MT1
Main Terminal 1
Go-
Gate
Main Terminal 2
MT2
Symbol of Triac
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Measured Value
Component for Types of By Multi By Color
Remark
S. N. identification/testing| Component meter Coding
1. Resistorss
i)
2. Capacitor
3. Inductors
(i)
RESULT:
The CRO Panel is studied and determined the Amplitude, Time period and Frequency of a given
waveform using CRO.
PRECAUTIONS
I. Avoid using CRO in high ambient light conditions.
2. Select the location free from Temperature & humidity. It should not be used in dusty
environment.
3. Do not operate in a place where mechanical vibrations are more or in a place wn
generates strong magnetic fields or impulses.
4. Do not increase the brightness of the CRO than that is required.
DOEE/LAB MANUAL(IFY3-26/2FY3-26) BEE LAB
 Gramothan,
SKIT and
Swami Management
Keshvanand Institute of Technology,
Department of Electrical Engineering
VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:
1. what is the
function of Resistor, capacitor and Inductor
2. Ormula of energy stored in the nagnetic ficld of the inductor
3. How to calculate
Energy stored in a capacitance?
4 OW many Types of Loads are there in a Common Electrical Circu
5. Define diode.
6. What are the different configurations of transistor?
7 Why Collector is Made Larger than Emitter and Base?
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