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Complete Notes for Class-X According to New Syllabus – 2020-21
4.(A)ORGANIC EVOLUTION
1. What is Evolution? Experiment of Miller and Urey: They provided an
Ans: Evolution: The process by which complex forms of lives experimental proof of the theory of abiogenesis. They
organs or organ systems have modified from simpler forms created a laboratory condition similar to probable early
due to changes in genetic composition through ages, is Earth.
known as evolution. Observation: Miller identified a variety of organic molecules
2. Explain with a flow chart the steps of origin of life on like some amino acid (Alanine, glycine etc.), long chain
earth. carbohydrates, formaldehyde etc. in the formed samples.
Ans: Steps of origin of life on earth: Evolution has involve Inference: From the above observation, Miller concluded
gradual transformation from simple, unicellular, that organic molecules might have been synthesized
underdeveloped form to complex multicellular, well abiotically in early earth probably by the energy of high
differentiated forms of plants and animals. Major voltage electric current of thundershower and other
evolutionary events can be explained with schematic external source of energy like solar radiation etc.
diagram as follows - Therefore, “The theory of abiogenesis of origin of life has
Finally man has been evolved been proved experimentally”.
↑ 4. Discuss the basic structures of heart in different groups
Four-limbed vertebrates moved on land of vertebrate animals as evidence of organic evolution. Or,
↑ Substantiate evolution with the help of morphological
Plants evolved, Creating new habitats evidence.
↑ Ans: Evolution of heart in vertebrates: If we compare hearts
Fish like vertebrates evolved of a fish, a frog, a lizard and a mammal, we find that there is
↑ a basic pattern.
Origin of multicellular organisms  The heart a fish is two chambered and respiration
↑ takes place by gills. Through the heart of fish only
Photosynthetic bacteria begin to release oxygen into the deoxygenated blood flows. This is suitable for
atmosphere aquatic environment.
↑  In amphibian the heart is three chambered. Here in
Origin of unicellular life in water the ventricle the oxygenated and deoxygenated
↑ blood get mixed.
Origin of life in water  In reptiles heart is made up of two separate auricles
↑ and two incompletely separated ventricles.
Formation of earth  In birds and mammals the heart is completely four
chambered and deoxygenated and oxygenated) is
3. Briefly explain Miller’s and Urey’s experiment to prove kept completely separated.
chemical origin of life on earth.  This proves that in vertebrates the structure of the
Ans: Theory of abiogenesis or chemical origin of life: The heart has been gradually complicated and advanced
formation of complex organic molecules from simple from a common origin in response to the changed
inorganic molecules, through chemical reactions in the environment.
oceanic water during early history of earth is known as 5. What do you mean by homologous organs? Explain how
chemical evolution. the homology of forelimbs in vertebrates give support in
favour of evolution.

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Ans : Homologous organs : Homologous organs are those
which have similar origin but are different in shape, size and
functions.
Homology of forelimbs in vertebrates: When we examine
the forelimbs of vertebrates, they appear to differ widely
from one another.
 In the horse they are required for locomotion on
land.
 In birds they are modified into wings for flying.
 In the Whales the forelimbs are modified into
flipper for swimming in water.
 In man they are modified for grasping objects.
But on examination, these different types of forelimbs
clearly indicate that they are all same in nature and are built
in the same fundamental plan. They all consist of Humerus,
Radius-ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges.
6. What do you mean by analogous organs? Write in brief
the analogous organs of animals.
Ans: Analogous organs: Analogous organs are those which
have dissimilar origin and are similar in function.
Analogous organs in animals:
Analogy of wings- Both the dragon fly and the bird can fly
but wings of insects have extended body without any
skeleton, but the wings of a bird have external feather
covering an internal skeleton support.
These analogous organ and their origin is different but have
the same function.
Thus two widely separated animal- a vertebrate and an
invertebrate possess wings and are adapted to their flying
habit.
7. What is vestigial organ? Write in brief vestigial organs of
man.
Ans: Vestigial organs: Vestigial organs are those which were
once well developed and functional in the ancestor but have
been rendered functionless due to disuse in recent times.
Vestigial organs in man: In man there are more than
hundred vestigial organs. The most important are
vermiform appendix, nictitating membrane, muscle of
pinna, mammary gland of the male, segmented muscle of
the abdomen, coccyx at the end of the vertebral column,
sharp canine, third molar teeth etc.
8. What is missing link? Give examples of missing link from
animals and plants.
Ans : Missing link: The organisms which were the
connecting link between two groups but they are not living
at present are known as Missing Link.
Example of missing link : Archaeopteryx is a good example
of fossil representing the intermediate form. It possess
characters of reptiles (teeth in beak) and birds (wings). This
fossil of flightless water bird acts as a missing link between
reptiles and birds.
9. What is fossil? Explain with an example how do fossil
acts as evidence in favour of organic evolution.
Ans: Fossil: Remains of organism of remote past in the
sedimentary rocks as casts or moulds are termed as fossils.
Fossil of a horse as an evidence of Organic Evolution:
i) Eohippus: First Fossil of horse is named as Eohippus (Dawn
horse) that was discovered from North America. The size of
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the animal was like a fox. It was 11” high at the shoulders
with short head and neck. The forelimb was with 4 complete
finger and on splint of first finger whereas hind limb was the
three functional fingers.
ii) Mesohippus: It was evolved from Eohippus. The size of
the animal was like that of present day sheep about 24” at
the shoulders. Forelimbs with three fingers and one splint of
last finger whereas hind limb had three fingers where
middle finger was longest and supported most body weight.
iii) Merychippus: This was evolved from Mesohippus about
40” high at shoulders, with longer neck. Both forelimb and
hind limb had three finger where middle finger was longest
and supported entire body weight.
iv) Pliohippus: This was evolved from Merychippus. It was
nearly 50” high at the shoulders. Both forelimb and hindlimb
had strong complete finger. Thus Pliohippus might be
considered as first one toed horse.
v) Equus: This is modern horse that was evolved from
Pliohippus . It is about 60’ high at the shoulders with a long
head and neck .Each forelimb and hind limb has one very
strong complete finger with two splints.
Therefore the line of progression of evolution of horse is-
Eohippus Mesohippus  Merychippus  Pliohippus 
Equus
10. What are the different weaknesses (Demerits) of
Lamarckism ?
Ans: Lamarck failed at the following points:-
i) There are number of cases where evolution proceeded
not only without any increase in size but rather through a
reduction in size.
ii) The characters acquired by the organism due to use and
disuse are never inherited in the offspring.
iii) Lamarckism provided no sufficient experimental ground
to account for the origin of new species.
11. Explain the Struggle of existence and Variation in the
light of Darwin's theory.
Ans: Struggle of existence: A competition takes place
between the individuals for food and space. This is called
struggle for existence.
Usually of three types of struggle found in nature –
(i) Intraspecific struggle- It is the struggle for food and space
between the organisms of their own kinds.
(ii) Inter specific struggle- it is the struggle for food and
space between individual of different species.
(iii) Environmental struggle- It is the struggle against
physical and other factors of the environment.
Variation: Variation is a rule of nature. No two individual
plants and animals are exactly the same and they vary from
each other. It has been observed that slight variations occur
in all parts of the organism. These variations are the primary
cause for which children do not resemble exactly their
parents.
Some plants and animals possess beneficial
variation which help them to survive in nature. Those who
do not possess beneficial variations gradually disappear.
According to Darwin, the beneficial variation are
transmitted to the next generation.
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12. What do you mean by natural selection? What are the
demerits of Darwin's theory?
Ans: Natural selection: According to Darwin, the individuals
which could adapt themselves with the environmental
conditions were successful in struggle for existence. They
survived and propagated their variations to the next
generation. The others with unsuitable variation perished.
It means nature selects only those groups of
individuals which can withstand all the adverse conditions of
environment and provide them with food, shelter and other
necessities.
Demerits: (i) Darwin could not explain the origin of
variations.
(ii) Darwin's theory of natural selection is unidirectional.
(iii) Origin of organs cannot be explained through natural
selection.
(iv) Darwinian natural selection cannot account for the
degeneration of organs.
(v) In fact, although natural selection selects favourable
mutations, it does not explain origin of species.
13. What is the relation between evolution and
adaptation?
Ans: Relationship between Evolution and Adaptation:-
(i) The relation between evolution and adaptation is very
close and important. First there are adaptive changes in a
species and then evolution by minor and major steps lead to
the formation of a new species. Actually, it is impossible to
separate one from other.
(ii) When the changes due to adaptation in an organism
become stable giving rise to stable genotype by mutation,
there is evolution of a new species. Thus it may be said that
adaptation is the cause and evolution is the effect.
14. What is meant by ‘Inheritance of acquired character’ ?
What is meant by ‘Survival of the fittest’?
Ans: Inheritance of acquired character: According to
Lamarck, characters acquired by an organism during lifetime
is transmitted to its offsprings through heredity. Moreover,
the characters are inherited by the offspring who in their
turn, acquire characters and transmit to the next
generation.
As a result the cumulative effect of characters
gradually give rise to a new species after a few generations.
But this concept of Lamarck is most disputed.
Survival of the fittest: According to Darwin, the individuals
which can adapt themselves with the environmental
conditions are successful in struggle for existence. They
survived and propagated their variations to the next
generation. The others with unsuitable variation perished.
This is called Survival of the fittest.
15. Briefly explain comparative embryology as evidence of
evolution.
Ans: Evidence from comparative embryology: Embryology
deals with the embryonic developmental stages since zygote
till birth of the young one. These evidence are based on
competitive study of the embryos of various animals. If a
comparative study is made with embryos of different
vertebrates (Such as fish, amphibia, reptilian, aves and
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mammalian) striking similarity is observed among the
embryos as follows:
(i) Similar external branchial grooves in the pharyngeal
region.
(ii) Presence of a series of internal paired gill pouches.
(iii) Presence of segmental myotomes in the tail like
structure.
It proves that they all are evolved from one species.
16. Explain convergent and divergent evolution examples
and compare them.
Ans: Convergent evolution: It is the process where different
groups of organism independently evolve analogous
structure having similar functions to adapt in similar
environment. Analogous structures are the result of
convergent evolution.
Example- In aquatic environment, so many animals such as
invertebrates (eg; prawn), so many fishes, Amphibia (eg;
Toad and frog ), Reptile (eg; crocodile, turtle), Birds (eg;
duck) , Mammals (eg; whale, dolphin) etc. Any aquatic
animal must have common function of swimming, steering
and balancing. All these animals have developed different
structure to serve those common functions.
Divergent evolution: It is the process where similar groups
of organism develop different functional structures to adapt
in different environment. Homologous structure are the
result of divergent evolution.
Example: The fore limb of man, tiger, whale and bat have
same basic structural plan —i.e. Same type of bones,
muscles etc. But In man, hands are used for various function
as well grasping, in tiger for running as well as catching the
prey, in whale the forelimbs is modified into flipper or
paddler for swimming, in bat it is modified into patagium
(wing) for flight.
Difference between Convergent and Divergent evolution:
Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution
1. Analogous organs result 1. Homologous organs
into convergent evolution. result into divergent
evolution
2. Different groups of 2. Same group of organism
organism show similar exhibit different adaptive
adaptive modification. modification or radiation.
4.B ADAPTATION
1. What is adaptation?
Ans. The changes of the living body which help them in the
survival in a newly changed environment is known as
adaptation.
2.What is the role of swim bladder in fishes?
Ans. Swim bladder is the hydrostatic organ and is in the
dorsal portion of the body cavity under the vertebral
column. The sac is thin walled, elongated in shape, and filled
with gases.
Fishes can live freely at different depths in water by
varying the volume of air in this sac. When the air bladder is
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filled with gases, buoyancy increases, body becomes lighter
in weight and the fish floats up.
On the contrary, when gases go out of air
bladder, buoyancy decrease, body becomes heavier in
weight and the fish sinks down.
3. What is the aim of Adaptation?
Ans. By adaptation the organism, plant or animal, possess
features of structure and function that enable it to make the
best of the conditions under which it lives.
5. Write the adaptive features of pigeon related to flight.
Or Explain adaptation of a bird with example.
Ans. Adaptation of Pigeon:
(i) Body shape: To minimize the resistance of air the body of
pigeon becomes spindle shape.
(ii) Body covering (Feather): To help in flight almost all parts
of the body are covered by the feathers.
(iii) Bones (Body weight) : To keep the body light the bones
of pigeon are light and pneumatic due to spongy nature.
(iv) Muscle : For lashing the wings the flight muscle are
present. The important flight muscles are pectoralis major
and pectoralis minor.
(v) Wings (Modification of forelimbs) : Wings are the organs
of flight in pigeon. The forelimbs are modified into wings.
*(vi) Air Sacs : Small lungs of pigeon are supplemented by
the thin walled are called sir sacs. They are nine, which
contain warm air. This air makes the body light and also
supply oxygen during increasing respiration at the time of
flight.
6. What are the adaptation observed in Xerophytes
(Cactus) ?
Ans. Adaptive characters of Cactus :
(i) Roots: Usually long to penetrate deep into the soil. Roots
are large, thick, hard and woody. Roots hairs and root caps
are well developed.
(ii) Stems : Aerial, sometimes modified to form phylloclade.
The stem becomes flat, fleshy, green and is covered by
spines. It stores water and food. Stems are generally
covered by wax or hairs like substances to restrict loss of
water by transpiration.
*(iii) Leaves: Leaves are usually small, fleshy and leathery
and are often modified into spines to check the loss of
water.
7. Briefly explain mechanism of salt adaptation in Sundari.
Ans. Mechanism of salt adaptation in Sundari:
(i) Salt Exclusion : They have significantly impermeable roots
that are highly suberized which prevent entry of sodium
salts. It has been shown that approximately 90% of salt has
been excluded at the roots by special enzymatic mechanism.
(ii) Salt secretion : Most of the salts that enter the roots is
transported with water through the xylem to leaves.
Sometimes structure like salt gland eliminate excess salts by
active transportation with the help of special enzyme
system.
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(iii) Water conservation: There are thick leaves with leaf
hair, waxy cuticle to prevent water loss by transpiration so
that salt concentration is maintained in dilute form.
8. Explain camel’s ability to withstand extreme water loss
in desert climate. Briefly explain the specialty of shape of
RBC in camel.
Ans.(i) Tolerance of fluid loss: Camels can loss up to 25%
their body fluid without showing any sign of dehydration.
This provides an extra tolerance against long term water
storage.
(ii) Body temperature and sweating: Camel can regulate
body temperature in a very special way. Their body
temperature ranges from 340 C at dawn up to a steady
increase to 400 C by sunset and cool off at night again.
Sweating will occur beyond 400 C temperature. This
type of usual tolerance in extreme heat help them to
preserve approximately 5 liters of water per day.
(iii) Role of kidney : Kidney decreases glomerular filtration
rate and can reabsorb water tremendously. After
reabsorption, the urine becomes as thick as syrup and has
twice the salt content of seawater.
*Specialty of shape of RBC in camel : RBC of camel is
nucleated, oval in shape (found in no other mammal) which
resist clumping in extreme water loss.
Amazingly, camels can drink up to 150 to 200 litres of water
at once. Drinking so much of water in such a short time could
be a problem that may induce water intoxication and severe
osmotic problem. The oval shape of camel’s RBC and their
ability to swell up to double its volume can adjust the
situation. Water is absorbed very slowly through their
stomach and intestine, allowing time for equilibrium.
9. Explain significance behavioral adaptive feature of
chimpanzee.
Ans. Behavioural adaptive features in chimpanzees:
(i) Termites are favourite food of chimpanzees. They take a
twig of a tree, remove the leaves from the twig. Then they
use the stick like a fishing rod to fish the termites.
(ii) Chimpanzee also can crack open nuts using pieces of
wood in a hammer and anvil technique.
(iii) It has been also observed that chimpanzee eats leaves
of medicinal plants when infected with certain parasites.
10. Briefly explain the process of communication in honey
bee.
Ans. Based on the way she is dancing and the duration of
her dance, other bees are able to leave the hive and quickly
locate the food source.
The worker bees perform two types of dances for
communication :
(i) Round dance is performed when a newly
discovered food source is close to the hive.
(ii) Waggle dance is performed for long distance
source. Distance is directly correlated with the
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duration of waggling dance. Closer the distant 25. Which organs is responsible for maintaining buoyancy
higher the frequency and vice versa. of Rohu fish?
MCQ AND SHORT QUESTION:- Ans. Swim bladder.
1. Who is known as father of evolution? 26. How many chambers are there in a swim bladder?
Ans. Charles Robert Darwin. Ans. Two.
2. Give an example of Homologous organ. 27. The blood capillaries present in swim bladder is known
Ans. Flippers of Whale , Forelimbs of horse and hands of as-
man, wings of birds, wings of Bat. Ans. Red gland.
3. Give an example of analogous organ. 28. Which organ absorb the gas of swim bladder?
Ans. Wings of birds and Wings of insects. Ans. Red gland.
4. Choose odd one- Wings of pigeon, Wings of butterfly, 29. Which organ is known as hydrostatic organ of rohu
Forelimbs of horse, Wings of bat. fish?
5. Which was the first nucleic acid on the Earth? Ans. Swim bladder.
Ans. RNA. 30. How many air-sacs are present in pigeon?
6. Name a hydrocarbon which was present in the primitive Ans. 9.
Earth. 31. What helps the bird to fly in a low oxygen areas or at
Ans. Methane (CH4). high altitude?
7. Which group of animals have venous heart ? Ans. Airsac.
Ans. Fish. 32. In which organism double respiration occurs?
8. Give an example of living fossil. Ans. Birds.
Ans. Sphendon. 33. Name a halophyte.
9. Complete the relation- Ans. Sundari.
Coacervate : A.I Oparin : : Microsphere : Sidney fox 34. Which tree is known as looking glass tree?
10. In which book did Lamarck published concept of Ans. Sundari.
organic evolution? 35. What is present in the hump of camel?
Ans. Philosophie zoologique. Ans. Concentrated fat.
11. In which book did Darwin published his concept of 36. What is the characteristic of RBC of camel?
evolution? Ans. RBC of camel is nucleated and oval in shape.
Ans. In the Origin of Species by means of natural selection. 37. What does resist clumping in camel during
12. Give an example of vestigial organ in human? dehydration?
Ans. Vermiform appendix, nictitating membrane, body hair, Ans. Oval shape of RBC.
Coccyx. 38. How much water can a camel drink at a time?
14. Which gas was absent in the primitive atmosphere? Ans. Up to 200 liter or 25 gallon.
Ans. Oxygen. 39. When the food source is closed to the honeybees
15. The branch of science which deals with study of fossils perform-
is known as- Ans. Round dance.
Ans. Paleontology. 40. When the food source is at a long distance the Honey
16. Where did the life originate from Earth? Bees perform-
Ans. In ocean water. Ans. Waggle dance.
17. Name the connecting link between reptiles and 41. Which organ is not present in pigeon to make the body
mammals? lightweight?
Ans. Platypus. Ans. Right ovary.
18. Name the connecting link between reptiles and birds? 42. What is present in pigeon’s eye for sharp vision?
Ans. Archaeopteryx. Ans. Pectin.
19. Whose heart carries only deoxygenated blood? 43. The leaves of cactus are transformed into-
Ans. Fish. Ans. Spine or thorn.
20. Give an example of missing link? 44. The fleshy leaves like structure of cactus is known as-
Ans. Archaeopteryx. Ans. Modified stem or phylloclade.
21. Name the first form of horse ? 45. Chimpanzees can crack a nut by using the technique of-
Ans. Eohippus. Ans. Hammer and anvil.
22. What is the modern name of horse? 46. Who first discovered the language of Bee Dance?
Ans. Equus. Ans. Karl Von Frisch.
23. How many fins are present in Rohu fish? 47. In which plant shrunken stomata is present?
Ans. 7. Ans. In cactus.
24. Which fins are paired in rohu fish? 48. In which plant viviparous germination is observed?
Ans. Pectoral and pelvic. Ans. Sundari and Risophora.
49. What is the adaptive feature of leaves of Sundari?

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Ans. The leaves of Sundari are thick and salt storage is
present in them.
50. In which animal water sacs are present in the body?
Ans. Camel.
51. The stem of cactus and the leaves of Sundari are
covered with a waxy matter known as –
Ans. Cuticle.
52. Chimpanzees are observed to eat_____when infected
with certain parasites.
Ans. Leaves of some medicinal plants.
53. Which bee dance is more complex?
Ans. Waggle dance.
54. Along with the shape of dance the distance of food is
also indicated by –
Ans. The duration of waggle dance.
MP-2017
1. The feature of analogous organs is-
Ans. Different in origin but functions are same.
2. Which of the following absorbs the gas of bladder in
bony fishes-
Ans. Retia mirabilia.
3. The earliest ancestor in the evolution of horse is
Ans. Eohippus.
4. The fundamental tenet of the evolutionary theory of
Darwin is the process of natural selection. [True]
5. Mention one morphological adaptation of cactus to
prevent transpiration.
Ans. Leaves are modified to spine.
MP-2018
1. Which of the following is the intraspecific struggle for
the same food-
Ans. Struggle among the members of Rohu fish in ponds.
2. Which of the following changes did not occur during the
course of evolution of horse?
Ans. Increase in the length and thickness of all digit in limbs.
3. According to the opinion of the scientist, the pre biotic
environment of the earth that led to the origin of life was
like-
Ans. Hot dilute soup in the sea water.
4. Homologues organ evolve due to divergent evolution.
5. In Lamarck’s opinion organism can acquire any particular
inheritable physical trait according to their need. [True]
6. Mention one adaptation of Sundari plant for Salt
tolerance.
Ans. Salt gland is located on both surface of leaf.
MP-2019
1. Identify which of the following indicates interspecific
struggle-
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Ans. Struggle between snakes and owls for capturing rats for
eating.
2. Determine the term related to the theory of Lamarck-
Ans. Inheritance of acquired characters.
3. Identify the animal who communicates information with
other member of its own group through its specific dancing
pattern regarding the source of food -
Ans. Honeybee
4. Coacervate was the aggregate of some large colloidal
molecule during the early phase of origin of life.
MP-2020
1. Parthenium is an exotic species in our country. Other
indigenous species cannot survive in search places where
it grows. This establishes one of the postulates of Darwin’s
theory. Identify the postulate-
Ans. Interspecific struggle.
2. Miller and Urey in their experiments were able to
synthesize some preliminary constituents necessary for
the creation of life. Identify the ones which were amino
acid among them-
Ans. Glycine , Alanine.
3. Decide for which of the following purpose Bees
demonstrate waggle dance.
Ans. Inform other worker Bees about the direction and the
distance of the source of food from the beehive.
4. The hoof of modern horse in the transformation of the
digit number 3 of their ancestors.
5. The leaf of cactus is modified into spine for the reduction
of the rate of filtration. [True]
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