His Notes

Edexcel IGCSE
Pakistan Studies History Section B Notes
Written by IGCSE II Girls (2020-21)
Edited by Khadeejah Syedah
Shah Walliullah
Copyright © 2021 by Khadeejah Syedah, Minahil Imran, Eshaal Malik, Sumrun Fatima, Maimoona Imran, Fatima
Ishtiaq, Nida Zahid, Syeda Ayesha Kakakhel
All rights reserved
Profile
- Name: Qutbuddin bin Abdul Rahim.

- Title: Shah Waliullah Muhaddis Dehlvi, given to him because of his goodness and
piety.
- Date of Birth: February 21st, 1703, during the reign of Aurangzeb Alamgir.
- Place of Birth: Delhi.
- Father: Shah Abdul Rahim (who is associated with the completion of the famous
Islamic legal text, Fatawa-e-Alamgiri).
- Children: Shah Abdul-Qadeer, Shah Abdul-Aziz (who later translated the Quran into
Urdu).
- Date of Death: 20th August 1762
Early Life
➔ Memorised the Quran by the age of 7.

➔ Mastered Arabic and Persian languages.
➔ By 16, he had completed the standard course of Hanafi law and theology.
➔ He taught at Madrasa-e-Rahimia for 12 years.
➔ In 1724, he left for Saudi Arabia for higher education where he was inspired by
Sheikh Abu Tahir-bin-Ibrahim.
➔ He studied in Madina for 14 years where he obtained his sanad in Hadith.
➔ There, he saw the Prophet PBUH in his dream, telling him that he would be
instrumental in reviving Islam in the subcontinent.
Achievements
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Religious Political Social
•First to translate the Quran •Attributed the decline of •Wanted people to

into Persian in 1738 (as Mughal Empire to Muslims’ understand that Islam is not
most locals could not ignorance about Islam. a religion of restriction but a
understand Arabic and complete code of life, along
derived their knowledge •To gather support against with all its matters.
the Mahrattas, wrote letters
from jurists).
to different Muslim leaders, •In a time of non-Muslims
including the Rohilla Chief
•Has 51 books to his credit: gaining power, he was a
and the Nawab of Oudh to
28 in Persian, 23 in Arabic. gather their armies for Jihad. leader who spread the
The most famous of which authentic message of Islam.
are Hujjatullah al Balighah •Wrote a letter to Ahmad
(about the principles and Shah Durrani/Abdali, king of •Helped resolve the threat of
fundamentals of Islam) and Afghanistan to save Muslims Shias and Sunnis opposing
Izalat ul Akhfa (Commentary from Mahrattas aggression. each other- He wrote an
and explanation of the account on the first four
•Ahmed Shah inflicted a caliphs in a way that was
Quran). crushing defeat on the
acceptable to both shias and
Marathas who were a
•Teacher to many at constant threat to Mughal sunnis and he hoped this
Madrassa Rahimiyah. Empire. would help heal divisions
between them.
•In order to create a balance
between the four schools of
thought, (i.e. Hanafi, Malaki,
Shafi, Hambali) he wrote the
book, Al-Insaaf.
Syed Ahmad Barelvi
Profile
- Name: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi

- Date of Birth: 29th November 1786
- Place of Birth: Rae Bareli, Lucknow
- Date of Death: 16th May 1831
- Family: Hasni Syeds (distantly related to Shah Waliullah)
Early Life
➔ At 18, he went to Delhi college for further education.

➔ Enrolled in Madrassa Rahimiyah in 1806.
➔ In 1810/12, he joined the army of Nawab Ameer Khan Tonak to take part in the jihad
against the British.
➔ During this period of life he learned the use of European weapons.
➔ In 1821, he went to Makkah to perform Hajj and stayed there two years, where he
met many Islamic scholars.
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➔ In 1823, he founded the Jihad movement to liberate Punjab and NWFP from Sikh
rule.
Achievements
➔ Jihad Movement
Why? When?
● To liberate Punjab and NWFP from the Sikh rule of Ranjit 1823
Singh.
● He started the Jihad Movement against non-Muslim
oppression. He believed that once this was done, Islam
could be rejuvenated.
● He believed that freedom of Muslims could only come as a
result of armed struggle against the foreign and non-Muslim
forces which were oppressing them.
What?
● Because he could not reach Punjab directly, he went through
Rajasthan, Sindh and Balochistan both avoiding Sikh troops
and collecting support for the Mujahideen force along the way.
● In 1826, the Mujahideen force launched an attack on the Sikh
army at Okara.
● The Mujahideen force swelled to 80,000 men (this meant that
differences arose between the people due to their different
backgrounds and cultures) and tax (Ushr) was collected to
keep the force equipped.
● Despite the treachery of Yar Muhammad (assassnation attempt
and leaving the battlefield at a crucial juncture in hope of
Ahmad’s defeat), the Mujahideen were able to liberate
Peshawar in 1830.
● Because of his piety he led the troops in prayer.
● In 1831, traitors informed the Sikhs of Ahmad Barelvi’s plan
thus they were caught unaware and he was martyred at Balakit
with 600 Mujahideen.
Haji Shariatullah
Profile
- Name: Haji ShariatUllah.

- Date of Birth: 1781
- Place of Birth: Faridpur district, Bengal.
- Father: Abdul Jalil Talukdar, a farmer who died when Haji Shariatullah was 8 years
old.
- Children: Mohammad Mohsin (Dadhu Miyan).
Early Life
➔ Got early education from his village.
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➔ Received further education from the famous Madrassa of Murshidabad.
➔ At age 12, he ran away to Calcutta.
➔ Learned Arabic and Persian in two years from his Quran teacher: Maulana Basharat.
➔ Performed hajj at age of 18. Got his religious education while staying in Arabia
(1799-1818).
➔ Interested in the Wahabism Movement, started by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab
(whom he was greatly influenced from).
Achievements
➔ Faraizi Movement
Where? When?
Bengal 1918
Why? What?
● To discard un-Islamic practices and
customs. ● Tawbah i.e. to be penitent for
● To protect rights of depressed section past sins as a measure for the
of Muslim society, i.e. tenants, farmers purification of soul
and artisans etc. ● To observe strictly the
● To remind people of their mandatory obligatory duties of Faraiz
religious duties. ● Strict adherence to Tawhid
● India being Dar al Harb, Friday
prayers and Eid prayers were
not obligatory
Titu Mir
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Who? What?
● He was a faithful follower of Ahmed ● He believed that the terrible state of
Barelvi. Muslims can only be improved if the
● He was a peasant leader and a
freedom fighter from Bengal. Muslims of Bengal stand united
against the cruel Hindu Zamindars.
● He realized that Muslims are
introducing Shirk and Bidat and
advised them to refrain from doing it.
How?
● A cruel Zamindar, Krishna Deva Rai imposed a tax on Muslims on beards that
made the Muslims enraged.Following Titu Mir's guidance, the Muslims refused to
pay this tax.
● The peasants and weavers saw Titu Mir’s leadership as a way free themselves
from the slavery of Hindu Zamindars and were greatly influenced by him.
● He gathered a small army and trained the people with the lathi.
● The British were threatened by his fellowship and with a force of 300 sepoys and
100 soldiers attacked Titu Mir and his army.
● They failed to resist the British attack and Titu Mir along with many of his followers
martyred in the battle.
Annexations
Sindh
Why? What?
The territory was annexed by the Bombay
A rebellion in Afghanistan led to British Presidency of British India in 1843, following
troops in the country being killed and in a British Indian conquest led by then
revenge, the British decided to annex Major-General Charles Napier in order to
Sindh. quell the insurrection of Sindhi rulers who
had remained hostile to the British Empire
following the First Anglo-Afghan War.
Punjab and North West Frontier
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Why? What?
1st Anglo-Skih War: Death of Ranjit Singh 1st Anglo-Skih War:After the Sikh defeat in
and the political turmoil that ensued due to December 1845 at Ferozpur, the Treaty of
the incompetence of his successors Lahore was signed. Under this, the Sikhs
(Kharak Singh and Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh had to surrender large territories and pay an
both did not last long). indemnity of 15 million rupees.
2nd Anglo-Skih War: Henry Lawrence was 2nd Anglo-Skih War: Sher Singh revolted at
replaced by Fredrick Corrie who adopted a Multan. The final battle of the war took
stiff policy which strained relations. place in Gujarat where the Sikhs were
utterly defeated.
Mysore
Why? When?
Tipu Sultan captured Madras and forced the 1st: 1766
British to accept humiliating peace terms. 2nd: 1780-84
Tipu Sultan was trying to protect his state 3rd: 1790-92
against British invasion. 4th: 1998-99
What?
4 Anglo Mysore wars were fought. Haider Ali died after the first war; Tipu Sultan took over.
During the first and second wars, the Indian were victorious. In the 3rd war, Tipu Sultan
lost half of his territories and the treaty of Mysore failed because the British did not follow
the agreement. During the 4th war, Tipu Sultan was publicly beheaded while defending his
fort in Srirangapatna and Mysore was annexed.
Reasons for British Conquest of India:
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Commercial and
Military Strength - They had the latest warfare tools, efficient communication
(electric telegraph) for quick deployment of troops and
financial resources (taxes collected from the Indians) for
fighting costly wars in the far-flung areas.
Technological
Weaknesses
Indian disunity
- Indians were divided along religious (Hindus, Sikhs,
Muslims), linguistic (Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Persian) and
ethnic lines (Rajput, Brahimin, Aryan, Pashtun, Baloch,
Saraiki).
- Majority of the well-off Indians stayed away from the wars;
they were making profits by trading with the English
merchants.
- The British were shrewd in ‘purchasing’ the loyalties of
influential Indians and thus they found it easy to turn various
groups against each other (Subsidiary Alliance- Local rulers
had to dissolve his own armed forces and accept British
forces in his territory for their lands and selves “protection”.
He also had to pay for the British’ army’s maintenance).
- Some princely states even supplied troops to the British
when they were fighting against their countrymen.
British rule: the Doctrine of Lapse, British administration and reform, including educational, religious,
technological and social developments.
British Administration and Reform
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Educational
● The Minute of Education was passed. It said: ‘the great object of the British
government ought to be the promotion of literature and science among the natives
and the funds proposed for education should be employed on English education
alone.’
● Calcutta Medical College was founded by Lord William Bentick
● A new scheme called the Woods’ Despatch under which various recommendations
were made:
○ Universities to be set up at the model of London University (who would
conduct the exams), colleges were to be affiliated with them.
○ There was to be an education department for every province.
○ Training institute for teachers was to be provided.
○ A Director General was to coordinate education in various provinces.
● Lord Dalhousie set up Bethune College for women in Calcutta.
● Universities were changed from examination boards to teaching bodies and the
government increased control on educational institutions, and missionary schools
were also set up which encouraged English over Urdu, Hindi and Persian.
Social
● Female infanitcide, prevalent in higher caste Rajputs was stopped.

● Slavery system was also abolished.
● Thuggee (thugs who claimed they were serving a goddess) was dealt with under
colonel Sleeman’s command
● Widow remarriage act was passed- Hindu women, especially upper caste ones,
were not allowed to remarry after the death of their husbands.
● The Factory Act was passed that limited the number of working hours for children.
● Human sacrifice offered by some tribes in Orissa was banned.
Technological
● Dalhousie proposed social change through railways, uniform postage and the
electric telegraph.
● British could only make a limited technological impact on India
● Mining was given importance and along with that, many iron and steel industries
were made.
● Chemical Industries were also made which began forming many products including
industrial acids, soda, matches and refined sugar.
Religious
● The British made it virtually impossible for Indians, muslims in particular, to enter
the high posts of government office.
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Agricultural
● Those who could not prove through documentation that the land they farmed was
theirs, were deprived of it.
● Excessive taxations and new sale laws also forced many small landowners to sell.
● Massive tea and coffee plantations were developed as it was a popular export to
Britain.
● Established the Imperial Agricultural Department to encourage the application of
scientific methods to agriculture
● NFWP lands were settled after survey and classification.
● The Rent Act was passed in 1859 which gave protection to tenants.
● Punjab Land Alienation Act was passed which helped the tillers of the land- it
limited transfer of agricultural land from “agriculturalists” to “non-agriculturalists”.
● A huge network of canals was developed - this reduced intensity of famines and
the damage done by them.
Laws
Doctrine of Lapse 1848
If the ruler of a princely state would pass away without having a direct heir, his kingdom
would become property of the British. A number of states were seized under this law
including Jhansi and Jaitpur.
Subsidiary Alliance 1798
An Indian ruler entering into the Subsidiary Alliance with the British had to dissolve his
own armed forces and accept British forces in his territory for his “protection”. He also
had to pay for the British’ army’s maintenance. Hyderabad and Mysore were some of the
states that entered this alliance.
1857 War of Independence
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Political ‘Doctrine of Lapse’- under which any local kingdom not having a direct male
heir was to be taken over by the British.
Religious Introduction of a new rifle cartilage coated in cow and pig fat. To load the
rifle, sepoys had to bite the cartridges open to release the powder.
Theory that Hinduism and Islam were under threat from Christanity; tax
imposed on the construction of temples and mosques, construction of
churches and chapels at the expense of the government.
Social Replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language.
Educated Indians denied high posts; the maximum annual salary of an Indian
in the civil services was 500 rupees.
Economic Hefty taxes the Indians had to pay to the British were despised.
William Digby estimates $45 trillion were transferred from India to the UK
during this time period.
Military Most soldiers were local but officers that commanded them British who
thought themselves superior.
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Events
Meerut
On 6th May, 1857 85 out of 90 Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to bite the greased
cartridges with their teeth. These 85 soldiers were court-martialed and imprisoned for 10
years. They were stripped of their uniforms in the presence of a large Indian crowd. It was
a big disgrace and this incident sent a wave of anger. On 10th May 1857, the Indian
soldiers at Meerut broke into open revolt. They released their companions and killed a few
European officers. On the night of 10th May the mutineers marched to Delhi and reached
there on 11th May.
Delhi
The revolutionaries reached from Meerut to Delhi on 11th May, 1857 and the small British
garrison at Delhi was not able to resist and consequently fell into their hands within 2 days.
The Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was proclaimed Emperor of India. In order to
regain Delhi, Sir John Lawrence sent a strong British force commanded by John
Nicholson. After a long siege of four months, the British recovered Delhi in September
1857. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was captured, his two sons and a
grandson were shot dead before his eyes and he was sent to Rangoon where he died in
the year 1862.
Kanpur
At Kanpur the struggle for Independence was led by Nana Sahib (The adopted son of
Peshwa Baji Rao II). A number of British fell into his hands and he showed great kindness
to them. But when he heard about the attitude of Gen. O’Neil towards Indians, he became
very furious and killed all the British. General Havelock captured Kanpur after defeating
Nana Sahib in a battle on June 17, 1857. Later on Nana Sahib, with the help of Tatya
Tope, recaptured Kanpur in November, 1857 but not for a long time and British defeated
them once again in a fierce war from December 1 to 6, 1857. Nana Sahib fled towards
Nepal, where he probably died, while Tatya Tope migrated to Kalpi.
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Reasons for Failure
1. Lack of unity
There was an absence of nationalism and a common goal to work towards. Although the
restoration of the Mughal empire proved to be a common goal for the Muslims, Hindus
were not all that interested in fighting that goal and differences between Hindus and
Muslims were exploited for British benefit. To add to the confusion, some leaders were
fighting not for independence but for the protection of their own rights.
2. Lack of organization
The war started suddenly in confusion, without any preparation or proper planning. Since
there was an extreme lack of communication and coordination among various groups of
freedom fighters who started their uprising according to their own wishes, it became easy
for the English troops to curb the revolt of different areas one by one. There was also no
plan envisioned for the country after the British were defeated.
3. Role of traitors
Sikhs had been grudgingly fighting against Muslims for a long time. The East India
Company took advantage of their feeling of antipathy and aroused them towards their
own countrymen. Sikh states like Patiyala and Jind helped the English troops in crushing
the native disturbance in Punjab. In the North-West Frontier Province there were certain
feudal lords like the Wali of Swat who displayed their allegiance to the British. Even in
the Indian army there were some traitors like Moulvi Rajab Ali and Mirza Elahi Baksh
who were honored and awarded with affluence for providing information to the Crown
about the whereabouts of the Indian Emperor.
4. Lack of experience
Many of the locals had declared Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, their leader but
instead of warfare he was devoted to poetry and was too old and incompetent to lead the
revolutionaries. The British troops, on the other hand, had the advantage of experienced
and competent generals like Edwards and Lawrence.
5. Lack of resources
The Indians were short of war supplies and food while the British had the very latest of
technology. Unlike the local Indians, English troops were considerably advanced in new
ways of swift and speedy communication; they did not have to cross long roads and
grounds to deliver a message or order but could simply wire it within a few minutes.
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Consequences
British Reform
They took complete political and military control and did not at all depend on local chiefs
and rulers
The government of India was taken over by Queen Victoria who would appoint a viceroy to
represent the crown as the Company proved itself incapable of maintaining order.
The supply of greased cartridge rifles was stopped.
British Attitude towards Muslims
Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last of the Mughals was dethroned, arrested and sent to
Rangoon, Burma were he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Many of his family
members, including 24 princes, were executed by EIC soldiers.
As the British believed that the Muslims were the main instigators behind the uprising, they
(the British) extensively reorganized the army such that there was no all-Muslim units.
Growth of Nationalism
Formation of Indian National Congress
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Aligarh movement
At that time Sir Syed Ahmed realized that the acceptance of modern knowledge is the only
thing that can prevent Muslims from further worsening their situations.
Therefore, modern education and changing the mind of Indian Muslims became the central
point of his movement.
With an idea to bring social reforms and education reforms, he launched the Aligarh
Movement with the following goals:
(a) Improving social and political position of Muslims by encouraging them to receive
western education
(b) Improve relations between the British and Muslim communities by removing british
doubts about muslim loyalty and muslim doubts about british intentions
(c) Increasing political awareness of the Muslim community inorder to make them aware
of the threat to their position from the hindus policy of cooperation with the British
Madrassa in Moradabad
➔ Founded in 1859 it was a Persian school.
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Loyal Muhammadans of India:
➔ Wrote this book in 1860 to create understanding between British and Muslims.
➔ Defended Muslims against British charge that Muslims were disloyal to British.
➔ He also named some Muslims who were being loyal to British in the book.
➔ He also insisted British to leave the hostility/discrimination towards Muslims.
Tabyin-ul-Kalam:
➔ He wrote a sympathetic commentary on ‘Bible’.
➔ It stated the similarities between Islam and Christianity.
➔ It was not published/completed due to lack of resources.
Scientific Society of Ghazipur

➔ Founded in 1863 for the translation of Persian, Arabic and English work into Urdu.
➔ Translating the books helped Muslims better understand British. It allowed Muslims to
see them as more than invaders and learn from their advanced and modern
knowledge.
Hindi-Urdu Controversy
➔ In 1867, Hindus made a demand that Hindi should be made the official language in
place of Urdu (which had become the official language in 1825).
➔ The main reason for Hindus' hatred towards the Urdu language is, it follows Persian
script that is like Arabic – the language of the Holy Quran.
➔ The movement to replace Urdu, gained momentum among the Hindus and they
formed a headquarter at Allahabad.This enraged the Muslims and they came out to
protect the language as they considered it a unifying force.
➔ Sir Syed also supported Urdu and it became the base for the ‘Two Nation
Theory’.The Hindu-Urdu controversy made Sir Syed see things in a different
light.Before it, Sir Syed believed in Hindu-Muslim harmony.
Essay on the Causes of Indian Revolt

➔ The work was not sold, but circulated among British officials.
➔ He partly blamed the British for having ignored Muslim sentiment
Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College:

➔ It was started as a school in 1875.
➔ Became a college in 1877.
➔ Offered Western education along with Islamic.
➔ Admired by many British visitors of Mughal court.
➔ It helped Muslims get better knowledge and allowed them to bag better Government
jobs after graduation, improving the British-Muslim relationship.
➔ In 1921, it became the Muslim University of Aligarh.
Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Educational Conference:

➔ Conference was organised in 1886.
➔ Purpose was to debate and consider new ideas.
➔ Also set up to popularise new educational methods.
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➔ Later, a full-fledged Muslim party, The All India Muslim League started from this
platform after the death of Sir Syed.
Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Defense Association:

➔ Sir Syed organized it in 1893, to present Muslims’ demand to the British government.
➔ Objectives:
○ To protect the political interests of Muslims.
○ To discourage political agitation among Muslims.
○ To lend Muslim support to stabalise British Government.
Two Nation Theory

➔ In the starting years, Sir Syed wanted Muslims to have good relations with Hindus
too.However, the Hindus’ intention seemed otherwise.
➔ Sir Syed realized that democracy is coming to Britain and it will soon reach India too
because some local councils were elected there.
➔ Hindus are in majority, and in case if the British ever leave India then every election
will be won by them.He believed that to solve this problem the British must treat
Hindus and Muslims separately.
➔ For his idea to be considered, he also explained why Muslims and Hindus are two
different nations:.
○ Hinduism supports the concept of multiple Gods while Islam is based on Tauheed i.e.
the Oneness of Allah
○ Muslims bury their dead bodies while Hindus burn their bodies.
○ Hindus consider ‘Cow’ a sacred animal while Muslims slaughter and eat it.
○ The Hindi-Urdu Controversy is proof that Muslims and Hindus cannot work and live
side by side.
Indian National Congress

➔ Sir Syed was invited to attend and join the Indian National Congress, but he refused
the invitation and warned the Muslims to do the same. He predicted that Congress
will soon become the party to speak for the Hindus only.
➔ Sir Syed Ahmed also considered the involvement of Muslims in politics very
important. However, he advised Muslims to not get involved in politics until they
acquire modern education and understand English.
➔ He organized the United Patriotic Alliance to counter the Congress.
➔ Sir Syed Ahmed believed that there should be reserved seats for Muslims.
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His Notes

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Edexcel IGCSE

Pakistan Studies History Section B Notes

Written by IGCSE II Girls (2020-21)

Edited by Khadeejah Syedah

- Name: Qutbuddin bin Abdul Rahim.

➔ Memorised the Quran by the age of 7.

•First to translate the Quran •Attributed the decline of •Wanted people to

Syed Ahmad Barelvi

- Name: Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi

➔ At 18, he went to Delhi college for further education.

- Name: Haji ShariatUllah.

Punjab and North West Frontier

Reasons for British Conquest of India:

British Administration and Reform

● Female infanitcide, prevalent in higher caste Rajputs was stopped.

Doctrine of Lapse 1848

Subsidiary Alliance 1798

1857 War of Independence

Social Replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language.

The supply of greased cartridge rifles was stopped.

British Attitude towards Muslims

Formation of Indian National Congress

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Scientific Society of Ghazipur

Essay on the Causes of Indian Revolt

Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College:

Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Educational Conference:

Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Defense Association:

Two Nation Theory

Indian National Congress

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