EEE 2019 WINTER

Q.1A) Enumerate the various systems and components used in steam power
plant. Explain feed water and ash handling circuit in these power plants.
ANS:- A steam power plant consists of a boiler, steam turbine and generator,
and other auxiliaries. The boiler generates steam at high pressure and high
temperature. The steam turbine converts the heat energy of steam into
mechanical energy. The generator then converts the mechanical energy into
electric power.
In the steam power plant the pulverised coal is fed into the boiler and it is
burnt in the furnace. The water present in the boiler drum changes to high
pressure steam. From the boiler the high pressure steam passed to the
superheater where it is again heated upto its dryness. This superheated steam
strikes the turbine blades with high speed and the turbine starts rotating at
high speed. A generator is attached to the rotor of the turbine and as the
turbine rotates it also rotates with the speed of the turbine. The generator
converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. After
striking on the turbine the steam leaves the turbine and enters into the
condenser. The steam gets condensed with the help of cold water from the
cooling tower. The condensed water with the feed water enters into the
economiser. In the economiser the feed water gets heated up before entering
into the boiler. This heating of water increases the efficiency of the boiler. The
exhaust gases from the furnace pass through the superheater, economiser and
air pre-heater. The heat of this exhaust gases is utilised in the heating of steam
in the superheater, feed water in the economiser and air in the air pre-heater.
After burning of the coal into the furnace, it is transported to ash handling
plant and finally to the ash storage
Q.1B) What is a nuclear chain reaction?Explain how electricity is
generatedFrom a nuclear reactor?
ANS:- A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released in fission
produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. This nucleus in
turn produces neutrons, and the process repeats. The process may be
controlled (nuclear power) or uncontrolled (nuclear weapons).
If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the number of fissions
doubles each generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024
fissions and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.
Nuclear reactors are the heart of a nuclear power plant.
They contain and control nuclear chain reactions that produce heat through a
physical process called fission. That heat is used to make steam that spins a
turbine to create electricity.
The main job of a reactor is to house and control nuclear fission—a process
where atoms split and release energy.
Reactors use uranium for nuclear fuel. The uranium is processed into small
ceramic pellets and stacked together into sealed metal tubes called fuel rods.
The water in the core is heated by nuclear fission and then pumped into tubes
inside a heat exchanger. Those tubes heat a separate water source to create
steam. The steam then turns an electric generator to produce electricity.
The core water cycles back to the reactor to be reheated and the process is
repeated.
Q.2 A) What is Bio-mass? Write the percentage composition of Bio-gas. What
are the environmental and health benefits of BioGas utilization?
ANS:- Biomass is organic, meaning it is made of material that comes from living
organisms, such as plants and animals. The most common biomass materials
used for energy are plants, wood, and waste. These are called biomass
feedstocks. Biomass energy can also be a non-renewable energy source.
Biomass contains energy first derived from the sun: Plants absorb the sun’s
energy through photosynthesis, and convert carbon dioxide and water into
nutrients (carbohydrates).
Raw biogas typically consists of methane (50–75%), carbon dioxide (25–50%),
and smaller amounts of nitrogen (2–8%). Trace levels of hydrogen sulfide,
ammonia, hydrogen, and various volatile organic compounds are also present
in biogas depending on the feedstock
Biogas also helps mitigate methane emissions that would have otherwise
escaped from landfills or manure lagoons. Using this methane as a fuel
dramatically reduces its climate impact by converting it into CO2, which is up
to 34 times less potent as a greenhouse gas.
In order to estimate the impacts on the health sector, benefits arise on the
individual level, as well as on the level of the society.
Biogas plants serve as methods of disposal for waste and sewage and in this
way directly contribute to a better hygienic situation for individual users. By
collecting centrally dung and by connecting latrines, open storage is avoided.
Apart from this, pathogenes are extensively eliminated during the digestion
process. All in all quite an improvement of sanitation and hygiene is achieved
and therefore a biogas plant can contribute to a higher life expectancy
Q.2 B) How the Wind mills are classified? Sketch the diagram of a HAWT, and
explain the function of its main Components.
ANS:- Wind mills are classified as

Tower (or Rotor Shaft)

The tower is a hollow vertical rotor shaft, which rotates freely about the
vertical axis between, the top and bottom bearings. It is installed above a
support structure. The upper part of the tower supported by guy ropes.

Blades

Horizontal Axis wind mill consists of

Tower (or Rotor Shaft): The tower is a hollow vertical rotor shaft, which rotates
freely about the vertical axis between, the top and bottom bearings. It is
installed above a support structure. The upper part of the tower supported by
guy ropes.
Blades:
It has two or three thin, curved blades shaped like an eggbeater, with blades
curved in a form that minimizes the bending stress caused by centrifugal
forces. The diameter of the rotor is slightly less than the tower height.
Support Structure The support structure is provided at the ground to support
the weight of the rotor. Gearbox, generator, brakes, electrical switchgear and
controls are housed within this structure.
The horizontal axis wind turbine: These are widely used turbines. The energy in
the wind turns two or three propeller like blades around the rotor. The rotor is
connected to the main shaft, which spins generator to create the electricity.
The given figure shows the detailed view of inside of wind turbine, its
components and their functionality.
The turbine has a main shaft as horizontal. Major Parts of Wind Turbine are
explained below in Diagram

Q.3 A) What is energy efficiency? How do you Conserve the energy in

industry? Write The suitable measures.
Ans:- Efficiency is a measure of how much work or energy is conserved in a
process. It is the energy output divided by the energy input and expressed as
percentage. It is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide
products and services.
Energy Policy:
Energy policy is a document or set of regulations that include strategies and steps
to be taken for energy saving.
Energy Audit:
A regular energy audit helps in finding out the power losses due to different
equipment, also the areas where most of the power is consumed and what
steps are required to be taken in order to reduce power consumption without
affecting the production.
Renewable Energy:
The use of renewable energy is becoming common nowadays as it is a free
source of energy and has almost negligible carbon emission. Renewable energy
includes the use of wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, and many
more.
Load Management:
Due to changes in shifts, variations in weather, and different production times,
demand never remains the same. Such variation in load causes an increase in
the number of generators which proportionally increases the maintenance and
control system requirement and thus cost increases.
Even with the many energy-saving methods, it is still not easy for industries to
properly follow these steps because it may affect their production.We need to
Promote saving in our society.

Q.3 B) What is the role of Energy manager in industry? Explain the concept of
star rating of appliances in connection with energy conservation.
ANS:- The role of an Energy Manager (EM) involves facilitating energy
conservation by identifying and implementing various options for saving
energy, leading awareness programs, and monitoring energy consumption
Energy star ratings indicate that a product meets federally mandated
guidelines regarding energy efficiency. Though not all appliances come with an
Energy Star Rating, many do, which contribute to sustainability.
The more stars on the Energy Rating Label, the more energy efficient the
appliance is.
Efficient appliances use less electricity to achieve the same level of
performance of similar models with the same size or capacity.
The more energy efficient a model, the less energy it will use and the less it will
cost you to run.
The labels on televisions, computer monitors, refrigerators, air conditioners,
dishwashers, washing machines and dryers, can show a maximum of ten stars.
That is, the least efficient models have one star while the most efficient models
can have up to ten stars.
Where a model has 6 stars or less, it will be displayed on the label out of six
stars, shown in half-star increments. Super-efficient models of 7 of 10 stars
have the additional stars shown in a band above the regular six star label.
There are no half star increments above 6 stars so products with 6-10 stars are
shown in single star increments.

Q.4 A) What are the major sources of outdoor Pollution? What effects does
air Pollution have on Health of animals and Plants and materials.
ANS:- Outdoor air is often referred to as ambient air. The common sources of
outdoor air pollution are emissions caused by combustion processes from
motor vehicles, solid fuel burning and industry. Other pollution sources include
smoke from bushfires, windblown dust, and biogenic emissions from
vegetation (pollen and mould spores).
The most common air pollutants of ambient air include:
Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
Ozone (O3)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Effect of air pollution on environment:
The increase in the concentration of Carbon Dioxide and other Greenhouse
Gases like methane, nitrogen oxide, chlorofluorocarbons and water vapour are
responsible for increasing temperature on the earth. These gases trap the
earth's heat and cause Global Warming, which will have different effects on
the environment.
Effects of air pollution on plants:
Air pollutants affect the growth of plants and metabolism by destroying
chlorophyll and disrupting photosynthesis. The effects of air pollution on plants
are:
(i) Sulphur dioxide bleaches the surface of the leaves, causes loss of chlorophyll
and results in yellowing of the leaves, especially in green leafy vegetable.
(ii) Nitrogen dioxide results in the premature falling of leaves and suppressed
growth of plants. This leads to reduced yield of crops.
(iii) Ozone damages the leaves of plants.

Q.4 B)What are the major indoor pollutants?Where do the following indoor
Pollutants come from? How can you prevent or control indoor
pollutants?(REPEATED QUESTION)
C.Indoor Pllutants
Asbestos,Biological Pollutants,Carbon Monoxide
(CO),Cookstoves,Formaldehyde/Pressed Wood Products,Lead (Pb),Nitrogen
Dioxide (NO2),Pesticides,Radon (Rn),Indoor Particulate Matter,Secondhand
Smoke/ Environmental Tobacco Smoke,Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs),Wood Smoke
Some sources, such as building materials, furnishings and products like air
fresheners, can release pollutants more or less continuously. Other sources,
related to activities like smoking, cleaning, redecorating or doing hobbies
release pollutants intermittently
Prevent:1. Use polishes and hair sprays in well-ventilated areas2. Make sure
your gas stove is well-ventilated5. Avoid smoking indoorsCleaning and dusting
should be thorough11. Remove carpeting if possible13. Remove shoes at the
door14. Minimize the use of air fresheners15. Keep trash covered16. Reduce
indoor chemical use19. Fix water leaks21. Open the windows26. Implement
the use of houseplants to naturally purify indoor air.
Q.5 A) Give broad classification of water a pollutants. What is the significance
of BOD and COD?
ANS:- The various types of water pollutants can be classified in to following
major categories: 1) Organic pollutants, • 2) Pathogens, • 3) Nutrients and
agriculture runoff, • 4) Suspended solids and sediments, • 5) Inorganic
pollutants (salts and metals), • 6) Thermal Pollution • 7) Radioactive pollutants.
Water pollutants can be divided into three major categories: (1) substances
that harm humans or animals by causing disease or physical damage; (2)
substances or situations that decrease the oxygen content of water, leading to
anaerobic decay and the death of aquatic life; and (3) substances that are
indirectly harmful, by making water unpleasant to use or destroying the
natural beauty and health of lakes, rivers, and oceans
BOD
It is a measure of how much organic pollution is in water.
It measures the amount of dissolved molecular oxygen in mg in water that is
needed b
aerobic biological organisms to breakdown of organic pollutants in water at
certain temperature in a certain number of days.
Microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic
waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings,
manure, sewage or food waste.
The BOD level is determined by comparing the dissolved oxygen levels of a
water sample
before and after 5 days of incubation in the dark. The difference between the
two DO levels
represents the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of any
organic material in
the sample.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of water and wastewater
quality. The COD test is often used to monitor water treatment plant
efficiency. This test is based on the fact that a strong oxidizing agent, under
acidic conditions, can fully oxidize almost any organic compound to carbon
dioxide. The COD is the amount of oxygen consumed to chemically oxidize
organic water contaminants to inorganic end products.
The COD is often measured using a strong oxidant (e.g. potassium dichromate,
potassium iodate, potassium permanganate) under acidic conditions. A known
excess amount of the oxidant is added to the sample. Once oxidation is
complete, the concentration of organics in the sample is calculated by
measuring the amount of oxidant remaining in the solution. This is usually
done by titration, using an indicator solution. COD is expressed in mg/L, which
indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution.

Q.5 B) What is noise pollution? How to control it? What are its effects?
ANS:- Types of Noise Pollution
Following are the three types of pollution:
Transport Noise
Neighbourhood Noise
Industrial Noise
There are many sources of noise pollution, but here are some of the main
ones:
Traffic noise: Traffic noise accounts for most polluting noise in cities. For
example, a car horn produces 90 dB and a bus produces 100 dB.
Air traffic noise: There are fewer aircraft flying over cities than there are cars
on the roads, but the impact is greater: a single aircraft produces 130 dB.
Construction sites
Building and car park construction and road and pavement resurfacing works
are very noisy. For example, a pneumatic drill produces 110 dB.
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION:
As well as damaging our hearing by causing — tinnitus or deafness —, constant
loud noise can damage human health in many ways, particularly in the very
young and the very old. Here are some of the main ones:
Physical: Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood pressure, headaches
and, in case of extremely loud, constant noise, gastritis, colitis and even heart
attacks.
Psychological: Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety
and hysteria in both humans and animals.
Sleep and behavioural disorders: Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling
asleep or sleeping properly. Remember that according to the World Health
Organization it should be no more than 30 dB. Loud noise can have latent
effects on our behaviour, causing aggressive behaviour and irritability.
Interestingly, our ears need more than 16 hours' rest to make up for two hours
of exposure to 100 dB.
To Control Noise Pollution:
Shut the Door when using noisy Machines: We can shut the door after we turn
on dishwashers or washing machines for rooms where it is kept or we can turn
them on before leaving the house so that overlapping of exposure to loud
noises can be reduced.
Lower the volume: We can listen to songs, radios, TVs in lower volume when
listening from headphones or speakers.
Stay away from Noisy area: Noise producing industries, airports, vehicles
should be far from residential areas as it is very dangerous for infants and
senior citizens.
Follow the Limits of Noise level: Community law should check the use of
loudspeakers, outdoor parties as well as political public announcements.
Notify Authorities about Disobedience of Noise Rules: We can notify
government agencies if someone is not following rules and regulation
regarding noise levels.

Q.6) Solve any Four of the following

A) Give classification of hydroelectric power plants and brief about the

concept Of mini and hydel power plants.
ANS:- IMPOUNDMENT
There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment, diversion, and
pumped storage. Some hydropower plants use dams and some do not.
IMPOUNDMENT
DIVERSION
PUMPED STORAGE
These also generate electricity from flow of water on a small scale These are
developed in mountainous areas where there are lot of streams Energy from
streams is used to turn small Turbines These generate small amt of electricity
which can be used electricity.
Benefits of Mini Hydel Plants
1. They are environment friendly
(They do not burn coal to generate electricity and hence do not cause
pollution).
2. No Need for Large Investments
They do not need large transmission towers and cable
Hence, they are budget friendly
3. Less Transmission Loss
Since electricity is to be used locally, there is less transmission loss from
transmitting from power stations to homes

B) List at least four positive and negative effects each for the OTEC
System.

ANS:- Positive Effect of OTEC system :

Power from OTEC is continuous, renewable, and pollution-free.
Unlike other forms of solar energy, the output of OTEC shows very little daily
or seasonal variation.
Drawing of warm and cold seawater and returning
the seawater, close to the thermocline, could be accomplished with minimal
environmental impact.
Negative Effect of an OTEC system
Capital investment is very high.
Conversion efficiency is very low about 3-4% due to the small temperature
difference between the surface water and deep water
The low efficiency of these plants coupled with high capital cost and
maintenance cost makes them uneconomical for small plants.

C) What is marble cancer? How is Taj Mahal turning yellow?

ANS:- Marble cancer is the phenomenon of the corrosion of

buildings/monuments due to the effect of acid rain.The acids in acid rain react
with the calcium carbonate present in marbles of monuments/buildings,
resulting in the formation of marble cancer.Various gases like sulfur dioxide
and oxides of nitrogen are released from factories resulting in the corrosion of
marbles.
The Taj Mahal is turning yellow mainly due to these reasons: air pollution,
discolouration of marble due to oxidation of its constituents, environmental
neglect and wear and tear caused by millions of tourists who visit it every year.
The acid rain destroys the outer layer of the Taj Mahal thus changing its colour
from White To Yellow.

D) How oil spills and sediments degrade the water quality? Explain.

ANS:- Oil spills are contaminating the world’s water sources because it makes
water unconsumable. It contaminates parts of the ocean and can seep into the
clean water supply that humans and other species need in order to survive. It
can seep into rivers, lakes and other bodies of water naturally connected to the
ocean.
Oil in sediments may be very harmful because sediment traps the oil and
affects the organisms that live in or feed off the sediments. In the open water,
oil can be toxic to the frogs, reptiles, fish, waterfowl, and other animals that
make the water their home.

E) Define solar energy. What are the Applications of solar energy?

ANS:- Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the sun. Solar energy is
defined as the transformation of energy that is present in the sun and is
one of the renewable energies. Once the sunlight passes through the
earth’s atmosphere, most of it is in the form of visible light and infrared
radiation. Plants use it to convert into sugar and starches; this
conversion process is known as photosynthesis. Solar cell panels are
used to convert this energy into electricity
Residential Application
Use of solar energy for homes has number of advantages. The solar energy
is used in residential homes for heating the water with the help of solar
heater.

Industrial Application
Sun’s thermal energy is used in office, warehouse and industry to supply
power. Solar energy is used to power radio and TV stations.

Remote Application
Solar energy can be used for power generation in remotely situated places
like schools, homes, clinics and buildings.

Transportation
Solar energy is also used for public transportation such as trolleys, buses
and light-rails.

Pool heating
Solar heating system can be used to heat up water in pool during cold
seasons.
 F) What is radioactive pollution? What are Its effects?

ANS:- The radioactive pollution is defined as the physical pollution of living

organisms and their environment as a result of release of radioactive
substances into the environment during nuclear explosions and testing of
nuclear weapons, nuclear weapon production and decommissioning,
mining of radioactive ores, handling and disposal of radioactive waste, and
accidents at nuclear power plants.

Effects of Radioactive Pollution:

DiseasesThe most dominant illness linked to radiation is cancer. Over the

years, it has grown and poses a great danger to global health. Others
include leukaemia, anaemia, haemorrhage, a decline in the lifespan.

Infertility of SoilRadiation exposure to the environment means that it is

present even in the soil.

appearance of burns, red lesions, and sores. This will result in skin cancer,
to make it worse.

Radioactive Pollution and Cell DamageWhen it comes to cell modification,

radioactive contamination has a variety of consequences.