Wetting & Dispersing Additives

Wetting & Dispersing Additives
Deflocculation & Stabilization of Pigments
Carsten Nagel, Global Head of EndUse Deco Coatings

Porto, May 2017
Table of Content
Basics
Wetting & dispersing process
Stabilization mechanisms
May 2017
Page 2
Selection criteria
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
Basics
Pigment particle size versus specific surface area
Surface area SN2 Particle size Strength of

Particle
[m2/g] [µm] cohesive forces
Filler <1 10 - 250
Iron oxide red 12 0.250
Phthalocyanine blue 70 0.084
Carbon black 460 0.013

May 2017
Page 3
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Wetting & Dispersing Additives The larger the specific surface area, the more difficult to disperse the pigment
”
Basics
Polarity of organic and inorganic pigments
N N
N Cu N
N N
Organic (i.e. Phthalocyanine blue) Inorganic (i.e. Titanium dioxide)

(Lower polar surface) (Higher polar surface)
May 2017
Page 4
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Basics
Separating pigment agglomerates
Dry solid
Grinding process Ideal dispersion
(agglomeration)
May 2017
Page 5
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Basics
Why deflocculating pigments?
 Viscosity reduction
o Improvement of viscosity
o Increase of pigment load
 Color / shade
May 2017
 Hiding power
Page 7
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Basics
Why deflocculating pigments?
 Transparency
 Prevention of Floating Surface
→ Horizontal particle separation

Cross section
Uniform color in surface
 Prevention of Flooding
→ Vertical particle separation
May 2017 Color change in deeper layers

Page 8
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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…are based on primary particles (achieved through deflocculation)
Basics
Separation and stabilization of pigment agglomerates
Dry solid
Grinding process Ideal dispersion
(agglomeration)
May 2017
Page 9
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Flocculation Stabilization
Wetting & Dispersing Process
1 2 3
Wetting Dispersing Stabilization
May 2017
Page 10
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Wetting
1
Wetting
Phthalocyanine blue in resin (solution):
No (very slow) wetting
With wetting & dispersing additive:
Spontaneous wetting
May 2017
Page 11
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Wetting
1 ∆ in surface tension between pigment and resin (solution)

Wetting
 The higher the differences, the slower the wetting process
 Wetting & dispering additives minimize the differences
Matrix compatible chain
Pigment
Low-polar surface
May 2017
Page 12
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Dispersing
2 Mechanical destruction of pigment/filler agglomerates

Dispersing
 Energy input leads to higher energy level
 System tries to achieve the lowest energy level possible
o Reflocculation of pigments
→ Stabilization is required to avoid reflocculation
May 2017
Page 13
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Stabilization
3
Stabilization
Flocculated Deflocculated
May 2017
Page 14
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Stabilization Mechanisms
Electrostatic Repulsion vs. Steric Stabilization
Electrostatic repulsion
 Mainly in water-borne systems
 Sensitive towards
• ion concentration
• changes in the pH-value
Steric stabilization
 For both, solvent-borne and water-borne systems
–
– Electrosteric stabilization
–
–  Combination of electrostatic repulsion & steric stabilization
May 2017
–
Page 15
Carsten Nagel –
BYK-Chemie GmbH –
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Acid-Base Interaction vs. Hydrophobic Interaction
Pigment-affinic group
+ R N R
NR 2 -
COOH COO H +
Acid-base interaction
Hydrophobic interaction
Hydrophobic
Surface (water-borne systems)
May 2017
Page 16
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Wetting & Dispersing Additives Hydrophobic pigment-affinic group
”
Controlled Flocculation
Controlled flocculation Focus on protection of substrate
Controlled
No additive Flocculating
Additive
Particles are separated  Pseudoplasticity, thixotropy

but associated with each other  Anti-settling, anti-sagging
May 2017
Page 18 by ADDITIVE molecules
Carsten Nagel  Gloss reduction possible
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Deflocculation
Deflocculation Focus on optical appearance
No additive Deflocculating
Additive
Particles are separated  High gloss, low haze

from each other  Low viscosity (Newtonian flow behaviour)
May 2017
Page 19 WITHOUT ASSOCIATION
Carsten Nagel  Enhanced flow/leveling
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Deflocculation Increases Settling Tendency
Viscosity
50
Controlled Flocculation Flocculation Deflocculation
45
40
35
30
25
20 Soft Hard
settlement settlement
15
10
5
0
0 200 400 600 800 Shear rate
1000
May 2017
Page 20
Carsten Nagel Deflocculation of inorganic pigments and fillers leads to hard settlement
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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The usage of an anti-settling agent is of utmost importance
How to Determine the Quality of a Pigment Dispersion
Test method: Hegman gauge
May 2017
Typical grind gauge: Pigment particle sizes:
Page 22
Carsten Nagel
0-25µm 0,013µm - 0,195µm
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Test method: White reduction
May 2017
Page 24
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Recommended test method: Color shift
May 2017
Page 27
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Basic Structures
Low molecular weight High molecular weight
Pigment-affinic group Resin-compatible side chains

 acidic (anionic)  Polyacrylate
 basic (cationic)  Polyurethane
 neutralized (salt-like)  Polyether
 neutral (non-ionic)  Polyester
 Alkyl
May 2017
Page 29
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Product Overview
Phosphoric Hyperbranched
Fatty Acid Polyurethanes Polyacrylates CPT-Acrylates Other
acid esters Polymers
ANTI-TERRA-202/-203 BYK-W 903 BYK-W 972 BYKJET-9133 BYK-151 BYKJET-9131 BYK-W 909
ANTI-TERRA-204 BYK-W 969 BYK-W 974 BYK-9076 BYK-152 BYKJET-9132 DISPERBYK-193
ANTI-TERRA-205 BYK-W 985 BYK-9077 DISPERBYK-140 BYK-153 BYKJET-9150 DISPERBYK-2061
ANTI-TERRA-250 BYK-W 995 DISPERBYK-115 DISPERBYK-142 BYK-154 BYKJET-9151 DISPERBYK-2062
ANTI-TERRA-P BYK-W 996 DISPERBYK-160 DISPERBYK-145 BYK-155 BYKJET-9152 DISPERBYK-2090
ANTI-TERRA-U (80/100) BYK-W 9010 DISPERBYK-161 DISPERBYK-2151 BYK-156 BYKJET-9170 DISPERBYK-2091
BYK-220S BYK-W 9011 DISPERBYK-162 DISPERBYK-2152 DISPERBYK-112 DISPERBYK-2000 DISPERBYK-2117
BYK-P 104 (S) BYK-W 9012 DISPERBYK-163 DISPERBYK-2158 DISPERBYK-116 DISPERBYK-2001 DISPERBYK-2118
BYK-P 105 DISPERBYK-102 DISPERBYK-164 DISPERBYK-2159 DISPERBYK-181 DISPERBYK-2008
BYKUMEN DISPERBYK-103 DISPERBYK-165 DISPERBYK-2200 DISPERBYK-187 DISPERBYK-2009
BYK-W 920 DISPERBYK-106 DISPERBYK-166 DISPERBYK-2205 DISPERBYK-190 DISPERBYK-2010
BYK-W 935 DISPERBYK-110 DISPERBYK-167 DISPERBYK-191 DISPERBYK-2012
BYK-W 940 DISPERBYK-111 DISPERBYK-168 DISPERBYK-194 N DISPERBYK-2013
BYK-W 961 DISPERBYK-118 DISPERBYK-169 DISPERBYK-199 DISPERBYK-2015
BYK-W 966 DISPERBYK-180 DISPERBYK-170 DISPERBYK-2050 DISPERBYK-2020 N
BYK-W 980 DISPERBYK-171 DISPERBYK-2055 DISPERBYK-2022
DISPERBYK DISPERBYK-174 DISPERBYK-2059 DISPERBYK-2025
DISPERBYK-101 DISPERBYK-182 DISPERBYK-2060 DISPERBYK-2026
DISPERBYK-107, -108 DISPERBYK-183 DISPERBYK-2080
DISPERBYK-109 DISPERBYK-184 DISPERBYK-2081
DISPERBYK-130 DISPERBYK-185
DISPERBYK-192 DISPERBYK-2150 Deflocculating

Controlled flocculating
May 2017
DISPERPLAST-1018, -1142 DISPERBYK-2164 Strongly controlled flocculating
Page 32
Carsten Nagel DISPERPLAST-1148, -1150
BYK-Chemie GmbH BLUE = water-borne systems
DISPERPLAST-I /-P
Wetting & Dispersing Additives GREEN = SB + WB systems
” LACTIMON (-WS)
Selection Criteria
In order to select the best possible product, the following has to be considered
 Application (Automotive, Decorative, Inkjet Printing, Ceramics, Plastics,…)

o What are the quality requirements
 Type of the coating (substrate protection, optical appearance)

o Should a controlled flocculating or deflocculation product be used?
 Polarity of the system (low, medium, or high)
May 2017
Page 33
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Selection Criteria: System Polarity
The additive has to be compatible with the liquid matrix

 Incompatibility leads to entanglement of polymeric chains
 Pigment-affinic groups are not accessible anymore
 Loss of effectiveness
May 2017
compatible incompatible
Page 34
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Selection Criteria: System Polarity

Wetting & dispersing additive (10:90) in
Toluene Xylene Solvent White Spirits Isopar H Isopropanol n-Butanol Butyl glycol
Naphtha
unverträglich
Water MIBK Ethyl acetate Butyl acetate Dowanol MPA DPGDA TPGDA
May 2017
Page 35
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Selection Criteria



 Pigment
o Organic or inorganic
o Surface chemistry (acidic or basic)
o Surface area
May 2017
Page 36
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Selection Criteria: Pigment
Fillers / Inorganic pigments Organic pigments / Carbon blacks

 Relatively polar surface (treatment)  Relatively non-polar surface (treatment)
 Coarser particles  Finer particles
 Smaller surface area  Larger surface area
 
 Lower molecular weight products  Higher molecular weight products
 Fewer pigment-affinic groups  Many pigment-affinic groups/blocks
 
May 2017
Solvent-borne: Mainly Acid-Base interaction
Page 37
Carsten Nagel
Water-borne: Mainly hydrophobic interaction
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Selection Criteria



 Pigment
o Organic or inorganic
o Surface chemistry (acidic or basic)
o Surface area
 Grinding concept
May 2017 o Co-grind (direct grind) or single grind
Page 38
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH  With resin or resin-free
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Selection Criteria: Single Grind
Specific pigment in one mill base
 Each pigment is ground separately

 Grinding conditions can be adapted to individual pigment type
Pigment type Optimal level (% solid on pigment/filler)
Fillers, Extenders <1%
Titanium dioxide 1-4 %
Inorganic colored pigments 5-8 %
Organic pigments 15-25 %

May 2017
Page 39
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Carbon black 30-80 %
”
Recommendations for UV-curable Systems
Carbon
Blacks
pigments
Organic

inorganic
pigments
Colored


TiO2

DISPERBYK-2008
Matting
agents
May 2017 DISPERBYK-2009
Page 45 DISPERBYK-2008 DISPERBYK-2015
Carsten Nagel DISPERBYK-2155
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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Solvent-borne UV 100% UV Water-borne UV
DISPERBYK-2013
Comb-like Co-polymer Based on CPT
Pigment-affinic groups
 Large selection of various chemistries
 Located exactly where they need to be for optimal performance
Very well defined backbone
 Monomers in desired order
System-compatible side chains

 Many different structures from hydrophobic to hydrophilic
May 2017  Defined distribution along the backbone
Page 46
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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DISPERBYK-2013
Efficient Viscosity Reduction for Pigment Concentrates
65% Kronos 2310 in DPGDA; 2% additive s.o.p. 20% Host. Yellow H4G in DPGDA; 30% additive s.o.p.
Viscosity [Pa∙s] Viscosity [Pa∙s]
Internal Standard Internal Standard
15 15
12 12
9 9
6 6
3 3
0 0
0,1 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
Shear rate [s-1] Shear rate [s-1]
20% Irgazin Red DPP BO in DPGDA; 45% additive s.o.p. 20% Heliogen Blue L7101F in DPGDA; 30% additive s.o.p.
Viscosity [Pa∙s] Viscosity [Pa∙s]
Internal Standard Internal Standard
15 15
12 12
9 9
6 6
3 3
May 2017
Page 47 0 0
Carsten Nagel 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
BYK-Chemie GmbH Shear rate [s-1] Shear rate [s-1]
”
DISPERBYK-2013
Your Benefits
Due to its
 Well-balanced product polarity and
 100% active substance
DISPERBYK-2013 is highly recommended for the usage in

 100% UV-systems
 Solvent-borne UV-systems
 Water-borne UV-systems
Its excellent stabilization of especially organic pigments & carbon blacks leads to
 Effective viscosity reduction with minimized thixotropic flow behavior,
 Enhanced storage stability of the formulated coating systems and
 Significantly improved optical properties, such as
May 2017
Page 49
 Higher color strength and transparency
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
 Increased gloss and minimized haze
”
Desired Properties of Wetting & Dispersing
Additives
 Excellent storage stability

o No viscosity increase (gelling)
o No re-flocculation
 Strong viscosity reduction for positive impact on
o Defoaming/dearation (important for high film build 1-3mm)
o Flow and leveling
 No negative impact on
o Water, solvent & chemical resistance
 High solids for solvent-free systems
May 2017
Page 50
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH Solvent-free pigment concentrates after 4 weeks at 50°C (122°F)
”
New Hyperbranched Wetting & Dispersing
Additive
• DISPERBYK-2152
Aminic pigment affinic block
o Can react with epoxy resin
“Camouflage structure”
o Hyperbranched structure encapsulates amine
o Very flexible
 Pigment block under shear (milling) accessible
Adjustment of polarity
o Additional sterical hindrance
May 2017
Page 51
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
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DISPERBYK-2151/ 2152: Working Mechanism
Strong adhesive forces between amine functional groups and pigment surface
May 2017  Polyester side chains are compressed while still encapsulating
Page 52
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH the aminic groups
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Results: Flooding & Floating
•Pigment concentrates based on Epikote 1001
Customer system DISPERBYK-2152 Customer system DISPERBYK-2152
May 2017
Page 53
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Wetting & Dispersing Additives Let-down system: Epikote 1001/Aradur 115 without extenders
”
Selection Criteria: Grinding Concept
Grinding Concept
Pigment dispersion with Pigment dispersion without

grinding resin (Resin grind) grinding resin („Slurry grind“)
Grinding resin (35%) 29.3

Amine 0.3
Water 17.8 Water 46.3

Preservative 0.1 Preservative 0.1
BYK-024 3.0 BYK-012 1.0
W/D Additive (40%) 17.5 W/D Additive (40%) 17.5

May 2017 Pigment Red 170 32.0 Pigment Red 170 35.0
Page 54
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH 100.0 100.0
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Deflocculating Wetting & Dispersing Additives
Selection Chart: Grinding Concept & Pigments
Grinding concept Pigments
With resin Resin-free Fillers, Organic pigments,
Inorganic pigments Carbon blacks
BYK-154 ■ ■
DISPERBYK-180 ■ ■
DISPERBYK-184 ■ ■ ■
DISPERBYK-187* ■
DISPERBYK-191 ■ ■ ■ ■
DISPERBYK-192 ■ ■**
DISPERBYK-194N ■ ■ ■
DISPERBYK-199 ■ ■ ■ ■
May 2017 DISPERBYK-2012 ■ ■ ■ ■

Page 55
Carsten Nagel DISPERBYK-2015 ■ ■ ■
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Wetting & Dispersing Additives ■ especially recommended □ recommended *to improve colorant accepatance **effect pigments (aluminum, pearlescent)
”
Deflocculating Wetting & Dispersing Additives
Selection Chart: Binder System
Binder
Emulsion paints Emulsions Hydrid Water- Baking 2-pack 2-pack
High PVC1 Low PVC2 Acrylate PUR Alkyd syst. soluble systems PU Epoxy
BYK-154 ■ □
DISPERBYK-180 □ □ ■ ■ ■
DISPERBYK-184 ■ ■ □ □
DISPERBYK-187* ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ □
DISPERBYK-190 □ □ ■ ■ ■ □ ■ □
DISPERBYK-191 □ ■ □ ■ □
DISPERBYK-192 □ ■ ■ ■ □ ■ ■
DISPERBYK-193 ■
DISPERBYK-194N □ □ ■ □
DISPERBYK-199 □ ■ ■ ■ ■ □ □ ■ □
DISPERBYK-2010 ■ ■ □ □ ■ ■
May 2017 DISPERBYK-2012 □ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ □ □

Page 56
Carsten Nagel DISPERBYK-2015 □ □ ■ ■ ■ □ ■ □
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Wetting & Dispersing Additives ■ especially recommended □ recommended 1High PVC = 35-80 (flat) 2Low PVC = 16-35 (glossy) *to improve colorant accepatance
”
DISPERBYK-199
Combination of Electrostatic Repulsion & Steric Hindrance
Commonly used dispersants for emulsion paints are

 ammonium polyacrylates
 sodium polyacrylates
 ammonium polycarboxylates
Limitations are
 insufficient wetting properties (require additional surfactant)
 sensitivity to
 counter ions (NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+,…)
 pH changes
Electrosteric stabilization
overcomes these shortcomings
May 2017
Page 57
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
DISPERBYK-199
Performance Profile
DISPERBYK-199
in water-borne emulsion lacquers in pigment concentrates

(mainly PVC 16-35%)
 stabilizes inorganic & organic
pigments
 increases gloss and improves leveling
 shows strong reduction of mill base

 leads to long-lasting storage stability
viscosity
 improves color acceptance

 allows high pigment loadings
 offers excellent compatibility in various

 provides perfect color development &
resin types like Alkyd emulsion,
acceptance
Polyurethane dispersions and Acrylics
May 2017
Page 58  can be used for all kind of TiO2 pigments,
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
independent on their pigment treatment
”
DISPERBYK-199
Excellent Stabilization of Titanium Dioxide in PUD System (1-2)
White base tinted with blue colorant
May 2017
Page 59
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
DISPERBYK-199 Polyacrylate Polyacrylate +
”
Additive dosage: 1% solid on pigment wetting agent
DISPERBYK-199
Excellent Stabilization of Titanium Dioxide in a
tinted Base Paint
May 2017
Page 61
Carsten Nagel
Polyacrylate + DISPERBYK-199
BYK-Chemie GmbH wetting agent
Wetting & Dispersing Additives Additive dosage: 1% solid on pigment
”
DISPERBYK-199
Your Benefits
DISPERBYK-199
 has broad compatibility and provides strong viscosity reduction
 increases gloss and improves leveling in aqueous top coat

systems
 offers excellent color acceptance
 can be used as stand-alone wetting & dispersing additive for

 water-borne paints and
 pigment concentrates
 is APEO-, amine- and VOC-free
May 2017
 combines cost effectiveness and good performance in aqueous
Page 62
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
systems
”
DISPERBYK-2012
Your Benefits
 First choice for resin-containing pigment grinds for both, water-reducibles and emulsions
 Good stabilization of a wide range of pigments, especially:

 transparent and opaque pigments
 carbon blacks
 Widest compatibility range of all water-borne BYK products in resin-containing grinds
 No negative impact on stability of pH-sensitive systems, for instance in

 water-borne blocking primers based upon cationic resins
 Excellent dispersion of silica-based matting agents in water-borne systems
 Slurry grind allows presence of

 amine
 thickener
 surfactant
 organic co-solvents
May 2017
Page 72
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
DISPERBYK-2012
Compatibility in Water-borne Cationic Resin
Conventional wetting & dispersing additives The specific structure of DISPERBYK-2012

 tend to increase viscosity  leads to long-lasting stable viscosity
 show incompatibilities  provides excellent compatibility
in water-borne cationic resins in water-borne cationic resins
May 2017
Page 73
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
DISPERBYK-2061 & DISPERBYK-2062:
Universal Colorants based on Water
Solvent-borne Universal colorants Water-borne

colorants (Water-borne & colorants
(resin-containing) resin-free) based on (resin-free)
DISPERBYK-2061
DISPERBYK-2062
Solvent-borne Water-borne
base paints base paints
Long Oil Alkyds Alkyd (emulsions)
Aromatic-free Alkyds Acrylic emulsions
High solids Alkyds Vinyl acetate emulsions
TPA / Acrylates VeoVa emulsions
May 2017
Page 74
Others Polyurethanes
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
DISPERBYK-2061
Chemical Composition
Pigment affinic groups

strong affinity to non-polar surfaces
Hydrophobic chain part

provides excellent compatibility in s/b systems
Hydrophilic chain part

provides excellent steric hindrance
May 2017
Page 75 gives excellent compatibility in w/b systems
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
DISPERBYK-2062
Chemical Composition
Pigment affinic groups

strong affinity to non-polar surfaces
Pigment affinic groups (polar)

strong affinity to polar surfaces
Counter Ion
Hydrophobic chain part

provides excellent compatibility in s/b systems
Hydrophilic chain part

provides excellent steric hindrance
May 2017
Page 76 gives excellent compatibility in w/b systems
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
DISPERBYK-2061 & DISPERBYK-2062
Benefits
• Broad compatibility of colorants in aqueous and solvent-borne coatings
• Cover the complete spectrum of inorganic and organic pigments,

carbon blacks
• VOC and APEO-free
• High color strength and excellent rub-out
• No influence on paint viscosity
• No influence on paint drying
May 2017
Page 77
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
Compatibility in Base Paints
Depends on Various Criteria
Undesired or negative results with universal colorants regarding

compatibility do not automatically result from the dispersing agent used.
Influence factors:
- the additive dosage
- other additives used especially thickeners
May 2017
Page 78
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
Compatibility in a Solvent-borne Base Paint
Depending on Additive Dosage
10% DISPERBYK-2061 20% DISPERBYK-2061 30% DISPERBYK-2061 40% DISPERBYK-2061
An overdose of additive will result in poorer compatibilities!

May 2017
Page 79
Carsten Nagel Heliogen Blue L 7101 F
BYK-Chemie GmbH
DISPERBYK-2061 dosage solid on pigment
” 0.5% OPTIGEL-WX
Influence of Thickener Choice on Compatibility
in a Solvent-borne Base Paint
Control 0.5% OPTIGEL-LX* 0.5% OPTIGEL-WX* 0.5% BYK-7420 ES*
Heliogen Blue L 7101 F

May 2017 25% s.o.p. DISPERBYK-2061
Page 80
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
* rheology additive
Wetting & Dispersing Additives added to the colorant
”
Influence of Thickener Choice on Compatibility
in a Solvent-borne Base Paint
0.5% Silica* 0.5% Xanthan Gum* 0.25% HEC*
Heliogen Blue L 7101 F

May 2017 25% s.o.p. DISPERBYK-2061
Page 81
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
* rheology additive
Wetting & Dispersing Additives added to the colorant
”
DISPERBYK-2062
Excellent Compatibility and Color Acceptance
Test Method
Test System
Long oil Alkyd
Dosage in Colorant
8.0% active substance on
Pigment (Bayferrox 130 M)
Incorporation of Colorant
Mixing Ratio by weight
97% White Base Paint
3% Pigment Concentrate
Comparison:
Incorporation by Hand and by
Skandex Shaker for 3 min
Incorporated by Hand Shaker Hand Shaker Hand Shaker
DISPERBYK-2060 DISPERBYK-2062 Competitor
May 2017
Page 82
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
DISPERBYK-2062
Excellent Rub Out
Test Method
Test System
Long oil Alkyd
Dosage in Colorant
8.0% active substance on
Pigment (Bayferrox 130 M)
Application
Draw down - 150µm wet film
onto contrast charts
Rub-Out Test is performed
DISPERBYK-2060 DISPERBYK-2062 Competitor
ΔE = 19.00 ΔE = 0.89 ΔE = 10.26
May 2017
Page 83
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
Starting Point Formulations in the Additive Guide
May 2017
Page 90
Carsten Nagel http://www.byk.com/en/additives/starting-point-
BYK-Chemie GmbH
Wetting & Dispersing Additives formulations/decorative-coatings.html
”
Summary
 Pigment dispersions require stabilization
 Wetting & dispersing additives provide different stabilization mechanism

o Electrostatic repulsion
o Steric hindrance
o Electrosteric stabilization
 Wetting & dispersing additives can be

o Deflocculating
o Controlled flocculating
 BYK offers tailor-made products for all kinds of situations

o Solvent-borne systems
o 100% UV-curing systems
o Water-borne systems (conventional and radiation curing)
o Organic and inorganic pigments
o Effect pigments
May 2017
Page 91
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
”
ANTI-TERRA®, BYK®, BYK®-DYNWET®, BYK®-SILCLEAN®, BYKANOL®,
BYKETOL®, BYKJET®, BYKOPLAST®, BYKUMEN®, CARBOBYK®, DISPERBYK®,
DISPERPLAST®, LACTIMON®, NANOBYK®, PAPERBYK®, SILBYK®,
VISCOBYK®, and Greenability® are registered trademarks of BYK-Chemie.
ACTAL®, ADJUST®, ADVITROL®, ASTRABEN®, BENTOLITE®, CLAYTONE®,
CLOISITE®, FULACOLOR®, FULCAT®, GARAMITE®, GELWHITE®, LAPONITE®,
MINERAL COLLOID®, OPTIBENT®, OPTIFLO®, OPTIGEL®, PURE THIX®,
RHEOCIN®, RHEOTIX®, RIC-SYN®, TIXOGEL®, and VISCOSEAL® are registered
trademarks of BYK Additives.
AQUACER®, AQUAMAT®, AQUATIX®, CERACOL®, CERAFAK®, CERAFLOUR®,
CERAMAT®, CERATIX®, HORDAMER®, and MINERPOL® are registered
trademarks of BYK-Cera.
SCONA® is a registered trademark of BYK Kometra.
The information herein is based on our present knowledge and experience. The information
merely describes the properties of our products but no guarantee of properties in the legal sense
shall be implied. We recommend testing our products as to their suitability for your envisaged
purpose prior to use. No warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, are made regarding any products mentioned
May 2017
herein and data or information set forth, or that such products, data or information may be used
Page 92 without infringing intellectual property rights of third parties. We reserve the right to make any
Carsten Nagel
BYK-Chemie GmbH
changes according to technological progress or further developments.
”

Wetting &amp; Dispersing Additives

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Wetting &amp; Dispersing Additives

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Wetting & Dispersing Additives

Deflocculation & Stabilization of Pigments

Carsten Nagel, Global Head of EndUse Deco Coatings

Wetting & dispersing process

Pigment particle size versus specific surface area

Surface area SN2 Particle size Strength of

Filler <1 10 - 250

Iron oxide red 12 0.250

Phthalocyanine blue 70 0.084

Carbon black 460 0.013

Polarity of organic and inorganic pigments

Organic (i.e. Phthalocyanine blue) Inorganic (i.e. Titanium dioxide)

Separating pigment agglomerates

Why deflocculating pigments?

Why deflocculating pigments?

 Prevention of Floating Surface

→ Horizontal particle separation

Uniform color in surface

May 2017 Color change in deeper layers

Separation and stabilization of pigment agglomerates

Phthalocyanine blue in resin (solution):

No (very slow) wetting

With wetting & dispersing additive:

1 ∆ in surface tension between pigment and resin (solution)

 Wetting & dispering additives minimize the differences

Matrix compatible chain

2 Mechanical destruction of pigment/filler agglomerates

 System tries to achieve the lowest energy level possible

→ Stabilization is required to avoid reflocculation

Controlled flocculation Focus on protection of substrate

Particles are separated  Pseudoplasticity, thixotropy

Deflocculation Focus on optical appearance

Particles are separated  High gloss, low haze

Test method: Hegman gauge

Test method: White reduction

Recommended test method: Color shift

Low molecular weight High molecular weight

Pigment-affinic group Resin-compatible side chains

ANTI-TERRA-204 BYK-W 969 BYK-W 974 BYK-9076 BYK-152 BYKJET-9132 DISPERBYK-193

ANTI-TERRA-205 BYK-W 985 BYK-9077 DISPERBYK-140 BYK-153 BYKJET-9150 DISPERBYK-2061

ANTI-TERRA-250 BYK-W 995 DISPERBYK-115 DISPERBYK-142 BYK-154 BYKJET-9151 DISPERBYK-2062

ANTI-TERRA-P BYK-W 996 DISPERBYK-160 DISPERBYK-145 BYK-155 BYKJET-9152 DISPERBYK-2090

ANTI-TERRA-U (80/100) BYK-W 9010 DISPERBYK-161 DISPERBYK-2151 BYK-156 BYKJET-9170 DISPERBYK-2091

BYK-220S BYK-W 9011 DISPERBYK-162 DISPERBYK-2152 DISPERBYK-112 DISPERBYK-2000 DISPERBYK-2117

BYK-P 105 DISPERBYK-102 DISPERBYK-164 DISPERBYK-2159 DISPERBYK-181 DISPERBYK-2008

BYKUMEN DISPERBYK-103 DISPERBYK-165 DISPERBYK-2200 DISPERBYK-187 DISPERBYK-2009

BYK-W 920 DISPERBYK-106 DISPERBYK-166 DISPERBYK-2205 DISPERBYK-190 DISPERBYK-2010

BYK-W 935 DISPERBYK-110 DISPERBYK-167 DISPERBYK-191 DISPERBYK-2012

BYK-W 940 DISPERBYK-111 DISPERBYK-168 DISPERBYK-194 N DISPERBYK-2013

BYK-W 961 DISPERBYK-118 DISPERBYK-169 DISPERBYK-199 DISPERBYK-2015

BYK-W 966 DISPERBYK-180 DISPERBYK-170 DISPERBYK-2050 DISPERBYK-2020 N

BYK-W 980 DISPERBYK-171 DISPERBYK-2055 DISPERBYK-2022

DISPERBYK DISPERBYK-174 DISPERBYK-2059 DISPERBYK-2025

DISPERBYK-101 DISPERBYK-182 DISPERBYK-2060 DISPERBYK-2026

DISPERBYK-107, -108 DISPERBYK-183 DISPERBYK-2080

DISPERBYK-109 DISPERBYK-184 DISPERBYK-2081

DISPERBYK-192 DISPERBYK-2150 Deflocculating

 Application (Automotive, Decorative, Inkjet Printing, Ceramics, Plastics,…)

 Type of the coating (substrate protection, optical appearance)

 Polarity of the system (low, medium, or high)

The additive has to be compatible with the liquid matrix

The additive has to be compatible with the liquid matrix

 Application (Automotive, Decorative, Inkjet Printing, Ceramics, Plastics,…)

Wetting & Dispersing Additives

Wetting & Dispersing Additives