1. Market revolution, origins: 2. Market revolution, implications: 3.

Erie canal: western trade did not start to flow eastward until the completion of the Erie canal in 1825, the first and most successful of the artificial waterways designed to link eastern seaboard cities with western markets. The Erie canal reduced the cost of sending freight from Buffalo to New York City by more than 90%, and by the 1840s, it was pulling in more western trade than was being sent to New Orleans on the Mississippi river. 4. Steam boats: first transportation breakthrough, had reduced the cost and the time of upriver shipments by 90%. 5. First factories: 6. War of 1812, economic impact: 7. limited liability: 8. Southern economy: 9. Waltham system: during the industrialization of the early 19th century, the recruitment of unmarried young women for employment in factories. 10. Federal tariff policies: 11. Second great awakening: 12. millennial beliefs: 13. Utopian reform movements: the most successful utopian communities were religious sects whose reordering of both sexual and economic relations departed sharply from middle-class norms. Shakers: at their height in the 1830s, attracted some 6000 followers. The shakers traced their origins to the teachings of Ann Lee. An illiterate factory laborer in mid-18th century England, lee had a revelation in 1770 that the Second Coming of Christ was to be fulfilled in her own womanly form, the embodiment of the female side of God. Fired by another vision in 1774, lee led 8 of her followers to America, where, after her death in 1784, her disciples established the first shaker community in New Lebanon, new york. Organized around doctrines of celibate communism, shaker communities held all property in common. The sexes worked and lived apart from each other. Dancing during religious worship brought men and women together and provided an emotional release from enforced sexual denial. In wordly as well as spiritual terms, women enjoyed an equality in shaker life that the outside world denied them. Twice as many women joined the shakers. Oneida community: john Humphrey noyes, a graduate of Dartmouth who studied for the ministry at yale, established this in upstate new york in 1847. He attracted over 200 followers with his perfectionist vision of plural marriage, community nurseries, group discipline, and common ownership of property. Charged with adultery, noyes fled to Canada in 1879, but the Oneida community survived into the 20th century. new harmony: 1st of the controversial socialist experiments in Indiana, the brainchild of the wealthy Scottish industrialist and philanthropist Robert own. A proponent of utopian socialism, owen promised to create a new order where the degrading and pernicious practices in which we are now wel trained, of buying cheap and selling dear, will be rendered unnecessary and union

and co-operation will supercede individual interest. But within 2 years of its founding in 1825, new harmony fell victim to inadequate financing and internal bickering. 14. Transcendentalists: Brook farm: west Roxbury, Massachusetts, established in 1841. A showcase for the transcendentalist philosophy of ralph waldo emerson. A former Unitarian minister in boston, emerson taught that intuition and emotion coul grasp a truer (transcendent) reality than could the sense alone. Although disbanded after 6 years as an economic failure, it inspired intellectuals such as Nathaniel hawthorne, who briefly lived there. His writings and those of other writers influenced by transcendentalism flowed into the great renaissance of American literature in mid19th century 15. Horace mann: begins campaign for school reform in Massachusetts. In 1837, Massachusetts legislature established the nations first state board of education. The head of the board for the next 12 years demanded that the state government assume centralized control over the Massachusetts schools. All schools should have the same standards of compulsory attendance, strict discipline, common textbooks, professionally trained teachers, and graded, competitive classes of age segregated students. 16. Impact of anti-slavery movement: 17. American anti-slavery society: gradualist type, accepts notions of black inferiority and attempts to end slavery gradually by purchasing the freedom of slaves and colonizing them in Africa. 1st national organization of abolitionists, founded in 1833. 18. Seneca falls convention: in 1848, Stanton and mott were finally able to call the 1st national convention ever devoted to womens rights at Seneca falls, in upstate new york. The Seneca falls convention issued the declaration of sentiments, a call for full female equality. It identified male patriarchy as the source of womens oppression and demanded the vote for women as a sacred and inalienable right of republican citizenship. 19. Universal male suffrage: 20. Mass participation democracy: 21. Worcester v. Georgia (1832): 22. Doctrine of nullification: 23. Jacksons bank war: 24. Trail of tears: the forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian territory in the west; thousands of Cherokees died along the way 25. Tariff of abominations: 26. Political spoils system: 27. Philosophy of Jacksonian democrats: 28. Philosophy of whigs: 29. Eli Whitneys cotton gin: 30. African-American Christianity: 31. Ideological defense of slavery: 32. Nat Turners Rebellion: as if in response to this call for revolutionary resistance by the enslaved, rebellion exploded in the summer of 1831. Both alarmed and inspired by the increased tempo of

33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

black militancy, a small group of antislavery white people abandoned all illusions about colonization and embarked on a radically new approach for eradicating slavery. Early 19th century immigration: African-Americans, coping with slavery: Effects of slavery on the South: Slave ownership in the south: Manifest destiny: doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by god. Label for the presumed providential right, and it provided a justification for the aggressively expansionist Democratic administration of James K. Polk, which came to power in 1845. Mexican-American war, origin: manifest destiny, most dramatic result of these policies was the Mexican war of 1846-1848, which made California and the present-day southwest part of the American continental empire. Wilmot proviso: in august 1846, david Wilmot, a Pennsylvania democrat, offered an amendment to an appropriations bill for the Mexican war. The language of the Wilmot proviso stipulated that as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from the republic of mexiconeither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory. The proviso did not apply to Texas, which had become a state before the war began. Compromise of 1850: not a compromise in the sense of each opposing side consenting to certain terms desired by the other. The north gained California but would have done so in any case. Southern leaders looked to the west and saw no slave territories awaiting statehood. They gained the fugitive slave act, which reinforced their right to seize and return to bondage slaves who had fled to free territory, but it was slight consolation. Dred Scott case: supreme court ruling, in a lawsuit brought by dred scott, a slave demanding his freedom based on his residence on a free state and a free territory with his master, that slaves could not be US citizens and that congress had no jurisdiction over slavery in the territories. American (know-nothing) party: anti-immigrant party formed from the wreckage of the whig party and some disaffected northern democrats in 1854. Anti-immigrant, anti-catholic sentiment gave rise to this party, which began as a secret organization in july 1854. They shared a fear that the slavery issue could destroy the union. Candidates fared well in local and congressional elections during the fall of 1854, carrying 63% of the statewide vote in Massachusetts and making strong showings in new york and Pennsylvania. Republican party ideology: advocate strong state and federal governments to promote economic and social reforms. The new party did not espouse the know-nothings anto catholic and anti-immigrant positions. The overriding bond among republicans was their opposition to the extension of slavery in the territories. An anti-southern sectional party. Kansas-Nebraska act: law passed in 1854 creating the Kansas and Nebraska territories but leaving the question of slavery open to residents, thereby repealing the Missouri compromise. Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska a free state. Bleeding Kansas: violence between pro and antislavery forces in Kansas territory after the passage of the Kansas-nebraska act in 1854. A group of proslavery officials attacked the freestate stronghold of Lawrence, subjecting it to a heavy artillery barrage. No one was killed, but

46.

47. 48. 49. 50.

51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

the town suffered substantial damage. Eastern newspapers, exaggerating the incident , called it the sack of Lawrence. 3 days later, antislavery agitator john brown, originally from Connecticut, went with several sympathizers to Pottawatomie Creek south of Lawrence in search of proslavery settlers. Armed with razor sharp broadswords, they split the skulls and hacked the bodies of 5 men. Attack on Senator Sumner: 5 days before the sack of Lawrence, Massachusetts senator Charles sumner delivered a longwinded diatribe, the crime against Kansas, full of personal insults against several southerners, especially elderly south Carolina senator Andrew p. butler. 2 days later, butlers cousin, south Carolina congressman preston brooks, entered the mostly vacant senate chamber, where sumner sat working on a speech. Seeking to defend his cousins honor, brooks raised his walking cane and beat sumner over the head. Sumner recovered but did not return to the senate for over 3 years. His empty chair offered northerners mute confirmation of their growing conviction that southerners were despotic. Southerners showered brooks with new walking canes. Douglas Freeport doctrine: Raid on Harpers Ferry: Lincoln, inaugural address: Fort Sumter: one day after lincolns inauguration, major Robert Anderson, the commander of fort sumter in Charleston harbor, informed the administration that he had only 4-6 weeks worth or provisions left. Sumter was one of 3 southern forts still under federal control. Confederate batteries had ringed the fort, and Anderson estimated that only a force of at least 20, 000 troops could provision and defend the fort. Anderson assumed that Lincoln would understand the hopeless arithmetic and order him to evacuate ft. sumter Secession, upper south: king cotton: Confederate economy: Confederacy, problems of mobilizing the south: Second confiscation act: Emancipation proclamation: decree announced by president Abraham Lincoln in September 1862 and formally issued on jan 1, 1863, freeing slaves in all confederate states still in rebellion Lincoln, suspension of civil rights: Battle of Vicksburg: Battle of Antietam: Republican domestic wartime policies: Northern and southern draft laws: Northern economy during the war: Effects of the civil war: Presidential vs. congressional reconstruction: Wade-Davis bill: Lincolns reconstruction plan: Election of 1864:

68. Southern redeemers: in a religious metaphor that matched their view of the civil war as a lost crusade, southern democrats called their victory redemption and depicted themselves as redeemers, holy warrirs who had saved the south from the hellof black republican rule. Generations of American boys and girls would learn this interpretation of the reconstruction era, and it would affect race relations for nearly a century. 69. Fourteenth amendment: to keep the freedmens rights safe from presidential vetoes, state legislatures, and federal courts, the republican-dominated congress moved to incorporate some of the provisions of the 1866 civil rights act into the constitution . congress passed in june 1866, addressed the issues of civil and voting rights. It guaranteed every citizen equality before the law. The 2 key sections of the amendment prohibited states from violating the civil rights of their citizens, thus outlawing the black codes. 70. Fifteenth amendment: the republicans retained a strong majority in both houses of congress and managed to pass another piece of reconstruction legislation in feb 1869. The amendment guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race. It allowed states to keep the franchise a male prerogative, angering many in the woman suffrage movement more than had the 14th amendment. The resulting controversy severed the ties between the movement and republican politics. Susan b Anthony broke with her abolitionist colleagues and opposed the amendment. 71. black codes: laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the civil war. Also, during the reconstruction era, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility and employment. 72. Scalawags: southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters, who supported the southern republican party during reconstruction for diverse reasons; a disparaging term 73. Sharecropping: labor system that evolved during and after reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers crop 74. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: 75. Compromise of 1877: installed hayes in the white house and gave democrats control of every state government in the south. The compromise signaled the revocation of civil rights and voting rights for black southerners.