King abdulaziz university

Biochemistry Department

Pesticides

Muhannad alsulimani

1935086
:Pesticides
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests. This
includes herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, b
actericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, microbicide, fungicide, and lampricide. The
most common of these are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of all
pesticide use. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products (also
known as crop protection products), which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi,
or insects. As an example, the fungus Alternaria solani is used to combat the aquatic
weed Salvinia.
In general, a pesticide is a chemical (such as carbamate) or biological agent (such as
a virus, bacterium, or fungus) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages
pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens,
weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that
destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Along with
these benefits, pesticides also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and
other species.
any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or
controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of
plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production,
processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and
wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to animals
for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies. The term
includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, or
agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit. Also used as substances
applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration
during storage and transport.

The major advantage of pesticides is that they can save farmers. By protecting crops
from insects and other pests. However, below are some other primary benefits of it:

 Controlling pests and plant disease vectors.

 Controlling human/livestock disease vectors and nuisance organisms.
 Controlling organisms that harm other human activities and structures.

Effect of pesticides:

 The toxic chemicals in these are designed to deliberately released into the
environment. Though each pesticide is meant to kill a certain pest, a very large
percentage of pesticides reach a destination other than their target. Instead, they
enter the air, water, sediments, and even end up in our food.
 Pesticides have been linked with human health hazards, from short-term impacts
such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer, reproductive
harm.
 The use of these also decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. If there are
no chemicals in the soil there is higher soil quality, and this allows for higher
water retention, which is necessary for plants to grow.
:pesticides analysis by chromatography gc
In pesticide residue analysis using gas chromatography (GC), the quantitation of certain
important pesticides is adversely affected by a phenomenon commonly known as the
“matrix-induced chromatographic response enhancement effect,” This effect is noted by
improved chromatographic peak intensity and shape of affected compounds when they are
injected in the presence of a complex matrix. When no matrix is present, poor peaks with
low response result for the susceptible analytes. The accepted explanation is that matrix
components mask active sites in the GC system, which leads to fewer of these sites being
available to interact with analytes, thus leading to fewer losses and better peak shapes. The
matrix-induced enhancement effect had been apparent for many years, particularly in the
GC analysis of certain types of pesticides, but it was not until 1993 that Erney et al. gave the
effect its name and proposed an explanation for its cause. The chromatographic conditions
were: DB-35ms capillary column of 30 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25m film thickness, He constant
flow of 1 ml/min, inlet temperature 250 ◦C, injection volume 1l (splitless), MS transfer line
temperature 290 ◦C, temperature program of 95 ◦C for 1.5 min, then 20 ◦C/min ramp to 190
◦C followed by a 5 ◦C/min ramp to 230 ◦C and a 25 ◦C ramp to 290 (held for 20 min). Total
run time was 36.65 min. Full scan analysis (40–450 m/z) was used in experiments to
determine the chromatographic and MS traits of the different compounds and selected ion
monitoring (SIM) mode was used to measure the effect of the potential analyte protectants
on the intensity and quality of the pesticide peaks.the same GC method was also used with a
30 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 m film thickness Rtx-5ms column , and the SIM program was
modified slightly to account for the small retention time differences. It should be noted that
the GC inlet and columns were poorly maintained on purpose to better ascertain and show
the effects of the analyte protectants.
QuEChERS protocols:

1-bring any kind of vegetables(cucumber)

2-cut the cucumber to small pieces and take 15 g and put it in a tube
3-add acetonitrile 15ml
4-put ceramic homogrnizers
5-vortex 1 min
6-after vortex put extraction salt
7-shake for 1 min
8- put it in centerfuge for 5 min and 4000rpm
9-take the sample from the top 8ml
10- add it in solid phase extraction tube
11-vortex 1 min
12-centerfuge for 5 min and 4000rpm
13-take the sample 2ml and put it in tube
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

/https://byjus.com/chemistry/pesticides

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/download/403/pdf