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FDM Hyperbolic Eq
FDM Hyperbolic Eq
FDM Hyperbolic Eq
'JOJUF %JGGFSFODF .FUIPET GPS )ZQFSCPMJD 1%&T
VU + BVY = , <Y<,
V(Y, ) = η(Y) , *$ ,
V(, U) = HM (U) JG B≥, PS V(, U) = HS (U) JG B≤.
)FSF HM BOE HS BSF QSFTDSJCFE CPVOEBSZ DPOEJUJPOT GSPN UIF MFGU BOE SJHIU
SFTQFDUJWFMZ
• 4FDPOEPSEFS MJOFBS XBWF FRVBUJPO
XIFSF V BOE G BSF UXP WFDUPST BOE " JT B NBUSJY 5IF TZTUFN JT DBMMFE IZQFS
CPMJD JG " JT EJBHPOBMJ[BCMF JF JG UIFSF JT B OPOTJOHVMBS NBUSJY 5 TVDI UIBU
" = 5%5 − BOE BMM FJHFOWBMVFT PG " BSF SFBM OVNCFST
iDu QBHF
XIFSF µ = B∆U/(I) 5IF TDIFNF IBT 0 ∆U + I ) MPDBM USVODBUJPO FSSPS CVU UIF
NFUIPE JT VODPOEJUJPOBMMZ VOTUBCMF GSPN UIF WPO /FVNBOO TUBCJMJUZ BOBMZTJT
5IF HSPXUI GBDUPS GPS UIF '8$5 àOJUF EJGGFSFODF TDIFNF JT
& '
H(θ) = − µ FJIξ − F−JIξ
= − µ J TJO(Iξ),
XIFSF θ = Iξ TP
|H(θ)| = + µ TJO (Iξ) ≥ .
*O UIF -BYm'SJFESJDIT TDIFNF XF BWFSBHF 6KL VTJOH 6K−
L BOE 6 L UP HFU
K+
XIJDI JT àSTUPSEFS BDDVSBUF JO UJNF BOE JO TQBDF 5P àOE UIF $'- DPOTUSBJOU
XF DPOEVDU UIF WPO /FVNBOO TUBCJMJUZ BOBMZTJT 5IF HSPXUI GBDUPS GPS UIF DBTF
XIFO B ≥ JT
& '
H(θ) = − µ − F−JIξ
0.4 −50
0.2 −100
−150
0
−200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x x
'JH 1MPU PG UIF JOJUJBM BOE DPOTFDVUJWF BQQSPYJNBUJPO PG UIF VQXJOEJOH
NFUIPE GPS BO BEWFDUJPO FRVBUJPO B 5IF UJNF TUFQ JT ∆U = I BOE UIF TDIFNF
JT TUBCMF C 5IF UJNF TUFQ JT ∆U = .I BOE UIF TDIFNF JT VOTUBCMF XIJDI MFBET
UP B CMPXJOHVQ RVBOUJUZ
*O 'JHVSF XF TIPX UIF JOJUJBM EBUB BOE TFWFSBM DPOTFDVUJWF àOJUF EJG
GFSFODF BQQSPYJNBUJPOT PG UIF VQXJOEJOH TDIFNF BQQMJFE UP UIF BEWFDUJPO
FRVBUJPO VU + VY = JO UIF EPNBJO < Y < 5IF JOJUJBM DPOEJUJPO JT
)
JG < Y < /
V(Y, ) = V (Y) =
JG / ≤ Y < .
)
V (Y − U) JG < U < Y <
V(Y, U) =
TJO(U − Y) JG < Y < U < .
*G XF UBLF ∆U ≤ I UIF TDIFNF XPSLT XFMM BOE XF PCUBJOFE UIF FYBDU TPMVUJPO
GPS UIJT FYBNQMF TFF 'JHVSF B )PXFWFS JG XF UBLF ∆U > I TBZ ∆U = .I
BT JO UIF QMPU PG 'JHVSF C UIF TPMVUJPO CMPXTVQ RVJDLMZ TJODF UIF TDIFNF JT
VOTUBCMF 0ODF BHBJO JU TIPXT UIF JNQPSUBODF PG UIF UJNF TUFQ DPOTUSBJOU
iDu QBHF
H + µ(FJIξ − F−JIξ )H − = ,
PS H + µJ TJO(Iξ) H − = ,
XJUI TPMVUJPO
*
H± = −Jµ TJO(Iξ) ± − µ TJO (Iξ) .
*G |µ| > UIFO UIFSF BSF ξ TVDI UIBU BU MFBTU POF PG |H− | > PS |H+ | > IPMET
TP UIF TDIFNF JT VOTUBCMF
*G |µ| < UIFO − µ TJO (Iξ) ≥ TVDI UIBU
6 L = $ H−L
+ $ H+L
& '
|6 L | ≤ NBY{$ , $ } |H−
L L
| + |H+ |
≤ NBY{$ , $ } ,
*G |µ| = XF TUJMM IBWF |H± | = CVU XF DBO àOE ξ TVDI UIBU µ TJO(Iξ) = BOE
H+ = H− = −J JF −J JT B EPVCMF SPPU PG UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJD QPMZOPNJBM 5IF
TPMVUJPO PG UIF àOJUF EJGGFSFODF FRVBUJPO UIFSFGPSF IBT UIF GPSN
XIFSF UIF QPTTJCMZ DPNQMFY OVNCFST $ BOE $ BSF EFUFSNJOFE GSPN UIF
JOJUJBM DPOEJUJPOT 5IVT UIFSF BSF TPMVUJPOT TVDI UIBU ∥6 L ∥ ≃ L XIJDI BSF
VOTUBCMF TMPX HSPXJOH
I
*O DPODMVTJPO UIF MFBQGSPH TDIFNF JT TUBCMF JG ∆U < |B| /PUF UIBU XF DBO VTF
UIF VQXJOE PS PUIFS TDIFNF FWFO VOTUBCMF POFT UP JOJUJBMJ[F UIF MFBQGSPH
TDIFNF UP HFU 6K 8F DBMM B OVNFSJDBM TDIFNF TVDI BT UIF -BYm'SJFESJDIT BOE
VQXJOE TDIFNFT EJTTJQBUJWF JG |H(ξ)| < BOE PUIFSXJTF TVDI BT UIF MFBQGSPH
TDIFNF JU JT OPOEJTTJQBUJWF
&YQBOEJOH UIF UFSNT JO 5BZMPS TFSJFT BCPVU (Y, U) BOE TJNQMJGZJOH ZJFMET
! "
WU + ∆U WUU + · · · + B WY − IWYY + I WYYY + · · · = ,
& '
WU + BWY = (BIWYY − ∆UWUU ) − BI WYYY + (∆U) WUU + · · · ,
iDu QBHF
8F DBO BEE UIF OVNFSJDBM WJTDPTJUZ B ∆U VYY UFSN UP JNQSPWF UIF BDDVSBDZ JO
UJNF UP HFU UIF -BYm8FOESPGG TDIFNF
6KL+ − 6KL L − 6L
6K+ K− B ∆U & L L L
'
+B = 6K− − 6K + 6K+ ,
∆U I I
∂
TJODF VU = −BVY BOE VUU = −BVYU = −B ∂Y VU = B VYY
5P HFU UIF $'- DPOEJUJPO GPS UIF -BYm8FOESPGG TDIFNF XF DBSSZ PVU UIF WPO
/FVNBOO TUBCJMJUZ BOBMZTJT 5IF HSPXUI GBDUPS PG UIF -BYm8FOESPGG TDIFNF JT
XIFSF BHBJO θ = Iξ TP
! "
θ
|H(θ)| = − µ TJO + µ TJO θ
! "
θ θ θ θ
= − µ TJO + µ TJO + µ TJO − TJO
& ' θ
= − µ − µ TJO
& '
≤ − µ − µ .
*O UIJT DBTF UIF HSPVQ WFMPDJUZ JT HSFBUFS UIBO B GPS BMM XBWF OVNCFST XIFO
≤ B∆U/I ≤ TP JOJUJBM PTDJMMBUJPOT XPVME NPWF BIFBE PG UIF NBJO IVNQ
0O UIF PUIFS IBOE JG ≤ B∆U/I ≤ UIF HSPVQ WFMPDJUZ JT MFTT UIBO B TP UIF
PTDJMMBUJPOT GBMM CFIJOE
'JOJUF %JGGFSFODF .FUIPET GPS 4FDPOE0SEFS -JOFBS )ZQFSCPMJD 1%&T
XIFSF B > JT UIF XBWF TQFFE 8F DBO àOE UIF HFOFSBM TPMVUJPO CZ DIBOHJOH
WBSJBCMFT BT GPMMPXT
⎧
) ⎪ ξ+η
ξ = Y − BU ⎨Y=
PS
η = Y + BU ⎪
⎩U= η − ξ
B
BOE VTJOH UIF DIBJOSVMF XF IBWF
VU = −BVξ + BVη ,
VY = Vξ + Vη ,
XIJDI TJNQMJàFT UP
B Vξη = ,
XIFSF '(ξ) BOE ((η) BSF UXP EJGGFSFOUJBM GVODUJPOT PG POF WBSJBCMFT 5IF UXP
GVODUJPOT BSF EFUFSNJOFE CZ JOJUJBM BOE CPVOEBSZ DPOEJUJPOT
8JUI UIF HFOFSBM TPMVUJPO BCPWF XF DBO HFU UIF BOBMZUJD TPMVUJPO UP UIF
$BVDIZ QSPCMFN CFMPX
(a) (b)
(x0, t0)
x − at = x0
x + at = x0
x
(x0 − at, 0) (x0 + at, 0) (x0, 0) x
BT
. Y+BU
V(Y, U) = (V (Y − BU) + V (Y + BU)) + H(T)ET.
B Y−BU
& '
V(Y, U) = V(Y − BU, ) + V(Y + BU, ) ,
'JOJUF %JGGFSFODF .FUIPET GPS 4FDPOE0SEFS -JOFBS )ZQFSCPMJD 1%&T
8F DBO VTF UIF DFOUSBM àOJUF EJGGFSFODF EJTDSFUJ[BUJPO CPUI JO UJNF BOE TQBDF
UP HFU
6KL+ − 6KL + 6KL−
L − 6 L + 6 L
6K− K K+
=B ,
(∆U) I
XIJDI JT TFDPOEPSEFS BDDVSBUF CPUI JO UJNF BOE TQBDF ((∆U) + I ) 5IF
I
$'- DPOTUSBJOU GPS UIJT NFUIPE JT ∆U ≤ |B| BT WFSJàFE UISPVHI UIF GPMMPXJOH
EJTDVTTJPO
5IF TDIFNF BCPWF DBOOPU CF VTFE UP PCUBJO UIF WBMVFT PG 6K TJODF 6K− ∼
V(YK , −∆U) JT OPU FYQMJDJUMZ EFàOFE 5IFSF BSF TFWFSBM XBZT UP KVNQTUBSU UIF
QSPDFTT 8F MJTU UXP DPNNPOMZ VTFE POFT CFMPX
• "QQMZ UIF GPSXBSE &VMFST NFUIPE UP UIF CPVOEBSZ DPOEJUJPO VU (Y, ) = V (Y)
UP HFU 6K = 6K + ∆U V (YK ) 5IF àOJUF EJGGFSFODF TPMVUJPO JO B àOJUF UJNF U = 5
XJMM TUJMM CF TFDPOEPSEFS BDDVSBUF
• "QQMZ UIF HIPTU QPJOU NFUIPE VTJOH 6K− = 6K − ∆U V (YK ) UP HFU
! " & '
B
6K = 6K + ∆U V (YK ) +
6K− − 6K + 6K+
.
I
/PUF UIBU − µ TJO θ ≤ *G XF BMTP IBWF − µ TJO θ < − UIFO POF PG
SPPUT JT
*
H = − µ TJO θ − ( − µ TJO θ) − < −
GPS BOZ O UIBU TBUJTàFT ≤ O∆U ≤ 5 XJUI (∆U, I) ∈ Λ 5IF EFàOJUJPO BMMPXT MJO
FBS HSPXUI JO UJNF 0ODF BHBJO B àOJUF EJGGFSFODF TDIFNF DPOWFSHFT JG JU JT
DPOTJTUFOU BOE TUBCMF
VU = ("V)Y = "VY ,
VU + (G(V))Y = .
'JOJUF %JGGFSFODF .FUIPET GPS 4FDPOE0SEFS -JOFBS )ZQFSCPMJD 1%&T
PS JO NBUSJYWFDUPS GPSN
1 2 1 21 2
Q Q
= ,
R U
R Y
BOE UIF FJHFOWBMVFT PG " BSF − BOE
⎪ ∂
⎩ Z = ∂ Z ,
⎪
∂U ∂Y
JF UXP TFQBSBUF POFXBZ XBWF FRVBUJPOT GPS XIJDI XF DBO VTF WBSJPVT OVNFS
JDBM NFUIPET
8F BMSFBEZ LOPX UIF JOJUJBM DPOEJUJPOT CVU OFFE UP EFUFSNJOF B CPVOEBSZ
DPOEJUJPO GPS Z BU Y = BOE B CPVOEBSZ DPOEJUJPO GPS Z BU Y = /PUF UIBU
Z (, U) = √ Q(, U) − √ R(, U),
Z (, U) = √ Q(, U) + √ R(, U),
iDu QBHF
XIFSF
& '
L L L
HK+ = H VK−Q+ , VK−Q+ , . . . , VK+R+
XIJDI JT UIF DFMM BWFSBHF PG V(Y, U) PWFS UIF DFMM (YK− , YK+ ) BU UIF UJNF MFWFM L
5IF FYQSFTTJPO UIBU XF EFSJWFE FBSMJFS DBO UIFSFGPSF CF SFXSJUUFO BT
,. L+ . U L+ -
U
V̄KL+ = V̄KL − G(V(YK+ , U))EU − G(V(YK− , U))EU
I UL
UL
, . U L+ . U L+ -
L ∆U
= V̄K − G(V(YK+ , U))EU − G(V(YK− , U))EU
I ∆U U L ∆U U L
∆U & '
= V̄KL − HK+ − HK+ ,
I
XIFSF
. U L+
HK+ = G(V(YK+ , U))EU .
∆U UL
• -BYm'SJFESJDIT TDIFNF
& L ' ∆U & '
6KL+ = L
6K+ + 6K− − L
G(6K+ L
) − G(6K− ) ;
I
• -BYm8FOESPGG TDIFNF
∆U & '
6KL+ = 6KL − L
G(6K+ ) − G(6K−L
)
I
(∆U) = &
L L
' &
L L
'>
+ "
K+ G(6 K+ ) − G(6 K ) − "
K− G(6K ) − G(6K− ) ,
I
XIFSF "K+ = %G(V(YK+ , U)) JT UIF +BDPCJBO NBUSJY PG G(V) BU V(YK+ , U)
iDu QBHF
&YFSDJTFT
&YFSDJTFT
4IPX UIBU UIF GPMMPXJOH TDIFNF JT DPOTJTUFOU XJUI UIF 1%& VU + DVUY + BVY = G
VU + VY = .
"TTVNF UIF EPNBJO JT − ≤ Y ≤ BOE UGJOBM = 5FTU ZPVS DPEF GPS UIF GPMMPXJOH QBSBNFUFST
B V(U, −) = BOE V(, Y) = (Y + )F−Y/
⎧
⎪
⎪ JG Y < −/
⎨
C V(U, −) = BOE V(, Y) = JG − ≤ Y ≤ /
⎪
⎪
⎩
JG Y > /
%P UIF HSJE SFàOFNFOU BOBMZTJT BU UGJOBM = GPS DBTF B XIFSF UIF FYBDU TPMVUJPO JT BWBJMBCMF
UBLF N = , , BOE 'PS QSPCMFN C VTF N = 1MPU UIF TPMVUJPO BU UGJOBM = GPS
CPUI DBTFT
6TF UIF VQXJOE BOE -BYm8FOESPGG TDIFNFT GPS #VSHFST FRVBUJPO
% &
V
VU + =
Y
∂V ∂V
= D + G (Y, U), < Y < ,
∂U ∂Y
'
Y/ JG ≤ Y < /
V(, U) = V(, U) = , V(Y, ) =
( − Y)/ JG / ≤ Y ≤ .
B 5FTU ZPVS DPEF BOE DPOWFSHFODF PSEFS VTJOH B QSPCMFN UIBU IBT UIF FYBDU TPMVUJPO
C 5FTU ZPVS DPEF BHBJO CZ TFUUJOH G (Y, U) =
iDu QBHF
D .PEJGZ BOE WBMJEBUF ZPVS DPEF UP UIF 1%& XJUI B EBNQJOH UFSN
∂V ∂V ∂V
−β = D + G (Y, U).
∂U ∂U ∂Y
E .PEJGZ BOE WBMJEBUF ZPVS DPEF UP UIF 1%& XJUI BO BEWFDUJPO UFSN
∂V ∂V ∂V
= D + β + G (Y, U),
∂U ∂Y ∂Y
XIFSF D BOE β BSF QPTJUJWF DPOTUBOUT
%PXOMPBE UIF $MBXQBDL GPS DPOTFSWBUJPO MBXT GSPN UIF *OUFSOFU 3VO B UFTU QSPCMFN JO %
8SJUF UP QBHFT UP EFUBJM UIF QBDLBHF BOE UIF OVNFSJDBM SFTVMUT