Self- an individual’s character or behaviour

Self concept- Is generally thought of as our individual perceptions of our behaviour, abilities, and
unique characteristics

2 types of self

1.Personal identity- different traits and characteristics that make you unique

2.Social identity- refers to your involvement and position in your community, religion or other social
groups

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF

Socrates- “Know yourself “

Plato- “the ideal self, the perfect self”

Immanuel Kant- “Respect for self”

Rene Descartes- “ i think, therefore i am”

John Locke- “ personal identity “

David Hume- “The self is the bundle of theory of mind”

BIBLICAL VIEW OF SELF

St. Augustine- “A virtuous life is dynamism of love”. Love and justice is the foundation of the
individual self.

THE CHRISTIAN OR BIBLICAL VIEW OF SELF

Genesis 1;24,28

THE PSYCHOLOGY VIEW OF SELF

Sigmund Freud: The psychoanalysis theory of self

3 parts of Human Psyche (Personality):

 Id (internal desire)- concerned only with immediate pleasure and self-satisfaction

 Ego (reality)- gives own sense of identity
 Supergo (conscience)- critical faculty of personality

Sigmund Freudian stages of Psychosexual Development

 Oral- gratification through the mouth

 Anal (expulsive phase)- 2-3 y/o; toilet-training period
 Phallic- 3-6 y/o; attached to the parent of opposite sex
 Latency- 10-12 y/o; developing skills and other activities
 Genital- deepest feeling of pleasure presumably come from heterosexual relations

Erik Erickson: The Psychological Stages of Self-Development

 Infancy (0 to 18 mos) children develop sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability,
care and affection.
  Early Childhood (2 to 3) children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical
skills and a sense of independence
 Preschool (3 to 5) children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment
 School age (6 to 11) children need to cope with new social and academic demands
 Adolescence (12 to18) teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.
 Young adult (19 to 40) young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other
people
 Middle adulthood (40 to 65) adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them,
often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people
 Maturity (65 to death) older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fufillment.

EMOTIONAL SELF

Robert Plutchik 8 basics emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger and disgust.

Plutchik’s wheel of emotions provides a great framework for understanding an emotion and its
purpose

 Joy is opposite of the sadness

 Fear is the opposite of the anger
 Anticipation is the opposite of surprise
 Disgust is the opposite of trust

10 Emotion management strategies

 Smile to make yourself good.

 Smile to make others feel good.
 Get up and move.
 Check in with your body.
 Physically remove the tension.
 Breathe.
 Talk to someone.
 Disengage and re-engage emotions.
 Label your emotion.
 Label emotions for others.

INTELLIGENT BEHAVIORS

 The ability to comprehend or understand

 The East India Company which was founded in 1600, actually used competitive examinations
to recruit alpha minds. The company’s employees included James and John Stuart Mill, two
of greatest minds.

14 intelligent behaviors by Arthur Costa

1. Persistence
2. Overcoming impulsiveness
3. Listening to others
4. Flexible in thinking
5. Metacognition
6. Checking for accuracy and precision
7. Questioning and problem posing
8. Applying past knowledge to new situations
9. Precision of language and thought
10. Using all senses
11. Creativity
12. Living with a sense of wonderment
13. Cooperation
14. Sense of humor