Lecture # 3

IND 315:
Statistical Quality
Control (SQC)
Lecture No. 3:
Quality Improvement Tools
(Descriptive Statistics)
Fayoum University - Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
2023/2024
 Hagag Maher Abdelhameed
Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering
Mechanical/Industrial Engineering Department
Fayoum University
Mail : Hagagmaher@Fayoum.edu.eg.
Mobile : 01229801023 & 01008249063
Facebook: Hagag Maher
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 Statistical Quality Control (SQC) -1920-

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 Quality Improvement tools

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 Descriptive Statistics
Statistics is a collection of techniques useful for making
decisions about a process or population based on an
analysis of the information contained in a sample from that
population.
Statistical methods play a vital role in quality control and
improvement.
They provide the principal means by which a product is
sampled, tested, and evaluated, and the information in
those data is used to control and improve the process and
the product.
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 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics, showing how simple graphical and
numerical techniques can be used to summarize the
information in sample data. The use of probability
distributions to model the behavior of product parameters
in a process or lot is then discussed.

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 Descriptive Statistics
• Statistics is the science of data.
• An important aspect of dealing with data is organizing and
summarizing the data in ways that facilitate its interpretation and
subsequent analysis.
• There are both numerical methods and graphical techniques for
summarizing data.
• This aspect of statistics is called descriptive statistics.
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 Descriptive Statistics

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 Descriptive Statistics
Data in raw form are usually not easy to use for decision
making
• Some type of organization is needed
• Table
• Graph
• Techniques reviewed here:
• Bar charts and pie charts (Categorical Data)
• Stem-and-leaf display (Numerical Data)
• Frequency distributions and histograms (Numerical Data)
• Scatter diagrams (Numerical Data)
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 Descriptive Statistics
Tables and Charts for Categorical Data

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 Descriptive Statistics

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 Descriptive Statistics
Bar and Pie Chart
• Bar charts and Pie charts are often used for qualitative
data (categorical data)
• Height of bar or size of pie slice shows the frequency or
percentage for each category

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 Descriptive Statistics

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 Descriptive Statistics

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 Descriptive Statistics

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 Describing Variation
The Stem-and-Leaf Plot
No two units of product produced by a process are identical. Some
variation is inevitable. As examples, the net content of a can of soft
drink varies slightly from can to can, and the output voltage of a
power supply is not exactly the same from one unit to the next.
Similarly, no two service activities are ever identical. There will be
differences in performance from customer to customer, and
variability in important characteristics that are important to the
customer over time. Statistics is the science of analyzing data and
drawing conclusions, taking variation in the data into account
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 Dot diagrams (Dot plots)
Dot diagrams (Dot plots) are useful for small data sets.

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 Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
Stem & leaf diagrams are better for large sets.
Steps to construct a stem-and-leaf diagram:
1) Divide each number (xi) into two parts: a stem,
consisting of the leading digits, and a leaf, consisting of the
remaining digit.
2) List the stem values in a vertical column.
3) Record the leaf for each observation beside its stem.
4) Write the units for the stems and leaves on the display.

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 Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams

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 Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams
The stem-and-leaf diagram
enables us to determine quickly
some important features of the
data that were not immediately
obvious in the original display in
Table 1.
• most of the compressive
strengths lie between 110 and
200 psi
• a central value is somewhere
between 150 and 160 psi.
• the strengths are distributed
approximately symmetrically
about the central value
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 Frequency Distributions
• A frequency distribution is a compact summary of data,
expressed as a table, graph, or function.
• The data is gathered into bins or cells, defined by class
intervals.
• The number of classes, multiplied by the class interval,
should exceed the range of the data.
• The square root of the sample size is a guide.
• The boundaries of the class intervals should be
convenient values, as should the class width.
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In the preparation of a grouped frequency distribution and the
corresponding histogram, it is advisable to:
1 Make the cell intervals of equal width.
2 Choose the cell boundaries so that they lie between possible
observations.
3 If a central target is known in advance, place it in the middle of a
cell interval.
4 Determine the approximate number of cells from Sturgess rule,
which can be represented as the mathematical equation:

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which is much simpler if use is made of the Table .

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 Histograms
A histogram is a visual display of a frequency distribution, similar
to a bar chart or a stem-and-leaf diagram.
Steps to construct a histogram with equal bin widths:
1) Label the bin boundaries on the horizontal scale.
2) Mark & label the vertical scale with the frequencies or relative
frequencies.
3) Above each bin, draw a rectangle whose height is equal to the
frequency corresponding to that bin.

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 Cumulative Frequency Plot

Hint: Easy to see cumulative probabilities, hard to see distribution shape.

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 Shape of a Frequency Distribution

Figure : Histograms of symmetric and skewed distributions.

(b) Symmetric distribution has identical mean, median and mode measures. The shape of
the distribution is said to be symmetric if the observations are balanced, or evenly
distributed, about the center.
(a & c) The shape of the distribution is said to be skewed if the observations are not
symmetrically distributed around the center.
• (c) A positively skewed distribution (skewed to the right) has a tail that extends to the
right in the direction of positive values.
• (a) A negatively skewed distribution (skewed to the left) has a tail that extends to the
left in the direction of negative values.
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 Numerical Summary of Data
• Data are the numeric observations of a phenomenon of interest.
• The totality of all observations is a population.
• A portion used for analysis is a random sample.
• We gain an understanding of this collection, possibly massive, by
describing it numerically and graphically, usually with the sample
data.
• The center is measured by the mean.
• The spread is measured by the variance.

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 Sample Mean

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 Sample Mean

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 Sample Variance

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 Standard Deviation
• The standard deviation is the square root of the
variance ()‫التباين‬
•σ is the population standard deviation symbol.
• s is the sample standard deviation symbol.

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 Sample Variance

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 What is this “n–1”?

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 Sample Range

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 Relation between a population and a sample

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 Minitab Software

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 Minitab Software

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 Discussion Summary:
&Questions!

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 T H A N K S F O R L I S T E N I NG
Hagagmaher@fayoum.edu.eg Hagag Maher

01008249063
Hagag Maher
01229801023

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