‭ he ballad‬

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‭The ballad is a traditional narrative song, often dramatic in character.‬
‭The works of Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1375) contain around 80‬
‭ballades and "chansons balladées". Originally, they were dance songs,‬
‭very simple, widespread since the time of the troubadours and characterised‬
‭characterised by the presence of a refrain, probably sung by a choir. Schubert‬
‭composed ballads based on texts by Goethe.‬
‭The rondeau‬
‭The rondeau, a piece of music in which the first phrase, or "refrain", is repeated at regular‬
‭intervals, will always be remembered by the composer.‬
‭phrase or "refrain" is repeated at regular intervals.‬
‭th century, when it‬
‭merged with the rondo.‬
‭Sonata‬
‭Sonata (from the Italian sonare, "to perform by an instrument") is a monothematic‬
‭instrumental work.‬
‭monothematic instrumental work: a single theme is developed in the dominant‬
‭dominant. In the 16th and 17th centuries, more and more instrumental‬
‭instrumental compositions (da sonare) were entitled sonatas, as opposed to vocal works (da‬
‭cantata).‬
‭vocal works (da cantare).‬
‭Opera‬
‭The precursors of opera (from the Latin neuter opus, "work") were the comedians‬
‭the madrigals of the Italian Renaissance. Driven by the desire to renew‬
‭ancient drama, a group of composers and scholars gathered in the house of Count‬
‭house of Count Bardi, a patron of the arts, where they discuss their art.‬

‭ hapter 5: A little sweetness in a rough world: music and dance Chapter 5: A little‬
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‭sweetness in a rough world: music and dance 193‬
‭The Italian and French currents are sometimes contrasted: the former works on bel canto‬
‭bel canto, opera seria ('serious'), on mythological subjects; the latter prefers‬
‭preferred opera buffa ("bouffe"), better integrated into the king's court and the origin of the‬
‭comedy ballet and court ballet. The following period saw the birth of the German singspiel‬
‭based on popular fiction.‬
‭Operetta p‬
‭Émile Littré, in his Dictionnaire de la langue française (1863-1873), gives the following‬
‭definition‬
‭gives the following definition: "small, unimportant operas". Light opera‬
‭style, deliberately putting gaiety and spectacle on its side, operetta,‬
‭from vaudeville, began on the pavement of Paris. This was the origin of opera comique‬
‭spoken dialogue interspersed with original songs. The name of Jacques‬
‭Offenbach (1819-1880) is associated with La Belle Hélène (1864), La Vie‬
‭parisienne (1866) and Les Contes d'Hoffmann (1881, posthumous).‬