POLITICAL SCIENCE

 Pol scientists of old defines polsci as the study of the state in all its elements, aspects and relationships

 Modern pol scien - systematic study of pol

Students of politics/pol scientist - serve as adviser to pol practitioner

Dahl (2 examples of pol scientist/scholar of politics)

1. Niccolo Machiavelli (Renaissance)

 "The Prince and "The Discourses"

 loathed despotism and believed devoutly im the virtues of republican institution
 ruthless egoism (Renaissance)

2. Woodrow Wilson (Pres of US)

 historian/pol scientist then politician

 "Congressional Government" and "International Ideals"

Historical:

Politics - polis or city state

rule, authority or power - pol relationship

"man as a political animal" - Aristotle believed that man is a "political animal" because he is naturally inclined to live
in a community with others. He believed that this inclination stems from the fact that man is a rational being, and that
living in a community allows individuals to exercise and develop their rational abilities. Additionally, Aristotle believed
that living in a community allows individuals to meet their basic needs and to achieve a sense of fulfillment and
happiness. In other words, Aristotle believed that living in a community is essential for the full realization of man's
potential as a rational being.

Aristotle "The Politics"

 1st page - authority

 Political interaction - highest development of social life
 Pol parties, Interest groups , Gov - center of politics and polsci
 Pol parties - most important of the orgs
 Interest groups - pressure and influence gov to kame policies fav to their members
 Boundaries of pol - other orgs in an enormous range of human activity involving conflicts
- anywhere where groups of individuals assemble
 Pol as distribution of adv and dis among people through interaction with each other to satisfy their
different wants and needs by "Froman"

Politics - essence of democracy

(reco by Bradenas) In Defense of Politics "Bernard Crick" -

To denounce pol sci is to destroy what gives order to the pluralism of civilized society, without suffering from anarchy or
tyranny....
Pol sci (a scientific study) - a corpus of systematic knowledge about a particular area of inquiry, hence a science.
- a mass of systematically researched and organized knowledge about the states and insti, inc closely related orgs and
associations acquired through long years of obser and exp.

Aristotle - father of polsci and scientific method

Pol sci - history, philo, law, econ (separated only in US in 1st and 2nd decades of 20th cen)

15th cen (beginning of modern period of history) - pol scientists influences by discoveries and theories in other
developing fields of human knowledge. Emprical method.

18th cen latter part - Montesquieu - separation of powers (exe, legis, jud)

Pol sci (not perfect science - knowledge of law goes on continually and rapidly growing.)

"neglected tradition of pol sci - direct observation

FIELD OF POL SCI

Before WW1 - pol theory, gov, comgov, elements of law

Today:

 Pol theory - pol thought, ideas and beliefs, pol philo (concerned with normative impli - methods and ways)
expresses moral or ethical standards that gov may adapt, pol ideology (official doctrine that people of a state
adhere to, belief system e.g., Fil nationalism)

- branch of polsci deals with the study of the state through a systematic body of principles relation to the origin, form,
behavior..

- 3 components (facts and descriptions, generalization based on empirical data, (pol philo stresses) moral components
or value judgments )

 Pub Law - constitutional and legal principles/rules

- subdivided (int'l law, consti law, admi law). Also include jurisprudence (science of law in gen dealing with study of legal
systems, foundatioksnof law)

Jean Bodin - first coined pol sci, theory of sovereignty

Leges impirilib- peculiar class of law

 Int relations, Int law (body of generally accepted principles) and Int orgs- inquired into foreign pol of
nation-states...

Gov - distinct branch of study

David Easton's behavioral concept "autjoritative allocation of values"

 ComGov - sim and diff of states (analytical framework)

 Pub Admi - fountain of knowledge on the techniques and methods of managing and admi gov,

 Pol dynamics (pol parties - most important and visible -, pub opinion & propaganda, pressure and interest grps)
- new term, interplay of diff societal forces
  Gov and business - governmental exercise of corporate.

"Modern political economy"

 Legislature and legislation - making laws

The executive process - chief executive (symbol of the state)

RELATIONSHIP WITH POLSCI WITH OTHER STUDIES

 History - depend on knowing state's origin, growth and dev. Helps analyze and describe pol phenomena.

 Economics - polsci receives energy from econ. Gov shapes and determines econ pol on the use of resources
in order to achieve the beet of nat'l goals (econ welfare of the people).

 budget, income, welfare state, labor, unemployment, capital, monetary system, growth, taxes, finance and balance
of payments. Econ determines polities

Dev nations (how to become econ progressive)

 Sociology - enriches polsci by its contributions to the study of social problems (crime, marital relations
problem, juvenile deliquency, housing problems, etc.)

- clear understanding how state exercises its power and authority to its citizens.

- legitimate (tacit acceptance of majority) "Pennock Smith"

 Psychology - foundation of polsci (ex. study of pol behavior, study of pol dynamics, study of pub opinion:
propaganda and pressure groups)

 Jeremy Bentham, father of utilitarianism (men act always in pursuit of their self-interest).

 Man desires ("instinctive"preserve himself, self-expansion: freedom, new experience, creativity and power)

 Anthropology (anthropological theory of state) - state evolved from family, and from the clan into bigger or more
extensive groupings (i.e the tribe) and finally the nation, bound by common ties and goals.

Aristotle's nature of political animal is understood by anthropologists that man is a rational, civilized and cultured
being.

 Geography - useful especially aspects related to external political problems, frontiers or boundaries, nat'l power
and trade relations, that lead to galvanization of regional arrangements or associations (ex. ASEAN).

- very fundamental, polsci is enriched by a course called "Geopolitics”

"Geopolitics" - science which emphasizes that the domestic and foreign policies of state are dependent upon its
physical envi. Study that considers location of a state as a very important factor on its growth, development and survival.

 Philosophy - not so close but also related (ex. Theories about the Origin of state, individualism, democracy,
communism, the separation of governmental powers and others...)

Pol philosophy has presented to man alternative visions of the state. The study of polsci lacks substance without pol
philo infusing certain values in pol theories.
METHODOLOGY OF POLSCI

 Observational or Empirical method - observing actual pol institutions and their processes. Pol insti are
"laboratories"

- (Ex. New system of gov in Phil which combined elements of both pres and parlia after 9 yrs of martial law)

- (Ex. Integrated commission of local gov in Metro Man -originally 4 cities and 13 towns had to be tried first)

- Commision systems is MMDA (Metro Manila Development Authority)

- Best employed in determining voting behavior

 Historical Method - enlightens on the origin and evolution of the state and its insti, by seeking to explain what they
are what they will be. This approach is not merely expository but interpretative.

- Studies Origin of state, gov and practices, forces and factors that influence its growth and dev

- Ex. (Brgy democracy can be traced to the primitive brgy gov during pre-Spanish, which in turn brings
participatory democracy or "people empowerment")

 Comparative - focus on contemporary pol insti and practices of various countries at diff periods of history.

- Sim and diff if structures and systems of gov, laws and consti, judi systems, LGU, electoral processes, pol
parties, even culture and customs of their peoples.

- Helpful in prescribing solutions to certain pol problems by presenting diff processes of pol insti and their various
aspects, and gives them the opportunity to select the best that can be adopted and suited to present conditions.

 Analytical - aimed at discovering the significant or essential elements of pol insti in an attempt to analyze and
examine their worth and value and how they work.

- Make a detailed study of these pol insti, evaluating their interrelations in the exercise of their powers and performance
of their functions, and their relations with other functional groups in society.

- large part (analytical study of insti) is devoted to understanding the mechanics and operation of insti system to bring
about an efficient and effective gov.

IMPORTANCE OF POLSCI

 Makes us informed about pol concepts, insti, and practices but also leads towards development for civic
efficiency.

 Polsci part of liberal edu that contributes towards making us a whole man.

 Primary objective of offering pol sci courses in college is to educate students for citizenship. Polsci equips us
with knowledge about our rights, duties, and obligations in a democratic milieu.

 Good citizen - fully understands the complexities of modern gov. Must know how gov operates, whether good
or bad. Must know how politics are formulated and determined and what are the factors instrumental for their
creation, and what good these policies serve as a whole.

 Study of polsci gives students the civic skills and humane ideals requisite for responsible parti...
  Polsci prepares students for career in law, foreign service, pub admi, politics, teaching, econ, etc.

STUDY OF COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

What is government?
A government is a system of order for a nation, state, or another political unit. A government is responsible for creating
and enforcing the rules of a society, defense, foreign affairs, the economy, and public services.

What is politics?
Politics is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by certain individuals or groups.

Comparative Government and Politics is a subfield of political science that involves the study of political systems,
governments, and political behavior across different countries. This discipline seeks to understand and analyze the
similarities and differences in political structures, processes, and outcomes in various nations.

Wide range of topics in Comparative Government and Politics:

 Political Systems
 Political Institution
 Political Behavior
 Public Policy
 Economic Culture
 International Relations

MEANING OF STATE, NATION AND SOVEREIGNTY STATE

State
A state is an independent, sovereign government exercising control over a certain spatially defined and bounded area,
whose borders are usually clearly defined and internationally recognized by other states.

Nation
A nation is a group of people who see themselves as a cohesive and coherent unit based on shared cultural or historical
criteria. Nations are socially constructed units, not given by nature.

“Not all nation are state and not all states are nations. “

Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the term used to mean the right of a government to rule and govern itself. In other words, it is the concept
that a government has a right to govern its own territory, without interference from other bodies.

Importance of Sovereignty
Sovereignty is important because it ensures a nation’s independence, self- governance, and control over its own affairs.
It underpins a country’s identity, rights, and ability to make decisions without external interference.

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

The State has four elements- population, territory, government, and sovereignty. In the absence of even one element, a
State cannot be really a State. A state is always characterized by all these four elements.
 Population
State is a community of persons. It is a human political institution. Without a population there can be no State.
Population can be more or less but it has to be there. The people living in the State are the citizens of the State.
They enjoy rights and freedom as citizens as well as perform several duties towards the State.
 Territory
Territory is the second essential element of the State. A State cannot exist in the air or at the sea. It is essentially
a territorial State. The whole territory of the state is under the sovereignty or supreme power of the State. All
persons, organizations, associations, institutions, and places located within its territory are under the sovereign
jurisdiction of the State.
 Government
Government is the organization, machinery, or agency of the State which makes, implements, enforces and
adjudicates the laws of the state. It is the third essential element of the State. Each government has three
organs: legislature, executive, and judiciary.
 Sovereignty
 Sovereignty is the most exclusive element of State. State alone posses sovereignty. Sovereignty is the basis
on which the State regulates all aspects of the life of the people living in its territory.

INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

“Inherent powers of the state” refers to the powers and authority that naturally belong to a sovereign state as a result of
its existence and role in governing a territory and its population.

 Police Powers:
The authority to maintain law and order within its borders, including the power to enforce laws, regulate behavior,
and ensure the safety and well-being of its citizens.

 Power of Taxation:
The ability to collect taxes from its citizens and entities within its jurisdiction to finance government operations,
public services, and infrastructure development.

 Power of Eminent Domain:

The authority to expropriate or take private property for public use, provided that fair compensation is provided
to the owner.

Eminent Domain
The right of a government to take privately owned property for public purposes under condemnation proceedings
upon payment of its reasonable value

 Power to Regulate Commerce:

The capacity to regulate and control economic activities, trade. And commerce within its territory, including the
ability to establish trade and economic policies.

 Defensive Powers:
The inherent authority to protect the state from external threats and the use of military force in defense of its
sovereignty.

 Power of Foreign Relations:

The right to engage in foreign relations, enter into international agreements, establish diplomatic relations, and
represent the state’s interests on the global stage.

 Power to Govern:
The fundamental power to create and enforce laws establish and regulate government institutions, and provide
for the welfare and security of its citizens.

Note: Only the first three apply to the Philippines and shall be the focus of your studies.

SCOPE OF COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS (ppt version)

What is Government?
A government is a system of organization that has control over a country, state, municipality, city, or other political entity.
When we say a political party or ruler is in control of the government of a country, we simply mean, that that political
party or person is in control of the institutions of power.

Political Parties. Comparative government explores the role and organization of political parties, their ideologies,
electoral strategies, and their impact on the political process.

Political Systems. Comparative government studies the different forms of government, including democracies,
authoritarian regimes, monarchies, and hybrid systems.

Institutions. This includes the analysis of political institutions like legislatures, executives, judiciaries, and
electoral systems. Comparative government assesses the structure, powers, and functions of these institutions
in different countries.

Public Policy. Comparative government studies the formulation and implementation of public policies in various
countries. This includes social, economic, and environmental policies, among others.
POLITICS

All Political Structures. The scope of comparative politics includes the study of all structures formal and informal,
governmental and extra-governmental, which directly or indirectly involved in the struggle for power taking place
in all states.
Public Policy. Comparative politics analyzes how different countries develop and implement policies to address
challenges in areas such as economics, healthcare, education, and social welfare.

Study of Political Behavior. Another important part of the scope of comparative politics is the study of the scope
of the actual behavior of the people in the process of politics.

Study of All Political Systems. Comparative Politics seeks to analyze the actual behavior and performance of
political systems-Western as well as non-Western. Political Systems are analyzed and compared in terms of their
structures, functions, capabilities and performances. Here again, the objective is not to decide which political
system is the best.

SCOPE OF COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS (drive docx version)

The study of comparative Politics has the following scopes;

● All Political Structures: A complete knowledge of political structure is essential for comparative politics. This
study includes the study of all the formal and informal, governmental, and extra-governmental institutions and
their structure.

● Functional Studies: The knowledge of how all the formal and informal institutes work within the country
includes comparative politics.

● Study of Political Behaviour: Another important part of the scope of Comparative Politics is the study of
voting behavior, political participation, leadership recruitment, elite behavior, mass politics, etc.

● Study of Similarities and Differences: The main topic of study on comparative politics is how two countries
are similar and how they are different from each other.

● Study of all Political Systems: Any country’s political system defines its nature and voting culture. There is
a huge difference in thinking between a democratic country’s citizens and a nondemocratic country’s citizens.
The scopes mentioned above are just a few. In comparative politics, everything includes some relevance with
the country or countries.

● Political Systems: Comparative politics investigates various types of political systems, including
democracies, authoritarian regimes, totalitarian states, monarchies, and hybrid systems. Researchers explore
how these systems operate, evolve, and impact the lives of citizens.

● Political Institutions: Comparative government and politics explores political institutions, including
legislatures, executives, judiciaries, and electoral systems.

● Comparative Public Policy: Scholars in this area compare public policies and their implementation in
different countries. This includes studying the formulation of policies, their impact on society, and how policies
are adapted to specific political, economic, and cultural contexts.

Comparative government is a subfield of political science that focuses on the systematic study and analysis of different
political systems, governments, and their components. Its specific scope involves comparing and contrasting various
aspects of governments, political institutions, and policies across different countries or regions to better understand
political dynamics. Here are some specific areas within the scope of comparative government:

 Political Systems: Comparative government studies the different forms of government, including democracies,
authoritarian regimes, monarchies, and hybrid systems. It examines how these systems function, evolve, and
impact society.
  Institutions: This includes the analysis of political institutions like legislatures, executives, judiciaries, and
electoral systems. Comparative government assesses the structure, powers, and functions of these institutions
in different countries.

 Political Behavior: Researchers in this field examine citizen participation, voting behavior, and political
attitudes across nations. They analyze the factors that influence political engagement and public opinion.

 Public Policy: Comparative government studies the formulation and implementation of public policies in various
countries. This includes social, economic, and environmental policies, among others.

 Political Parties: Comparative government explores the role and organization of political parties, their
ideologies, electoral strategies, and their impact on the political process.

 Civil Society: The study of civil society organizations, including NGOs, interest groups, and social movements,
is an important aspect of comparative government. It examines how these groups interact with governments
and influence policy.

 Constitutions and Rule of Law: Researchers in this field analyze constitutional design, the rule of law, and
the protection of individual rights in different countries. They examine how these factors contribute to the stability
and effectiveness of governments.

 Political Culture and Identity: Comparative government investigates the cultural and identity factors that
influence political behavior and decision-making, including nationalism, ethnicity, religion, and other social
cleavages.

 Regime Change and Transitions: The study of regime change, transitions from authoritarianism to democracy,
and democratic backsliding is an important area of comparative government. Researchers analyze the causes
and consequences of these transitions.

 Globalization and International Relations: Comparative government also considers the impact of
globalization on national politics and the interactions between countries in areas such as trade, security, and
diplomacy.

 Case Studies: Scholars often conduct in-depth case studies of specific countries or regions to gain a deeper
understanding of their political systems, policies, and historical developments.

 Quantitative and Qualitative Methods: Comparative government employs a range of research methods,
including statistical analysis, surveys, fieldwork, content analysis, and interviews to gather data and draw
meaningful comparisons.

The goal of comparative government is to identify patterns, make generalizations, and develop theories that help us
better understand political phenomena and predict political behavior by comparing various economies.

PRINCIPLES OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

The Philippine government is founded on the principle that all government authority emanates from the people, and
government officials are their representatives.

Democratic Republic
The Philippines is a democratic republic, which means that the people have the right to elect their leaders through
regular, free, and fair elections.

Separation of Powers
The government is structured with three separate branches- executive, legislative, and judicial-to prevent the
concentration of power and ensure checks and balances.

Rule of Law
The government operates under the rule of law, meaning that everyone, including government officials, is subject
to and accountable under the law.

Social Justice
 The Philippine government is committed to promoting social justice by addressing economic and social
inequalities and providing for the welfare of all citizens.

Local Autonomy
The Constitution provides for local government units to have a certain degree of autonomy in managing their
affairs.

Equality
The government promotes the equality of all citizens, regardless of sex, religion, or social status.

Separation of Church and State

The government is prohibited from favoring any religion and guarantees the free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship. (Article II Section 6 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution - The separation of
Church and State shall be inviolable.)

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

1. Monarchy
- Monarchy is a form of government where a single individual, known as a monarch, holds supreme authority as the
head of state.
- Monarchs often inherit their position through hereditary succession, but there are variations in how monarchies
operate.
Types of Monarchies:
1. Absolute Monarchy:
- Monarch has unchecked and absolute power.
- Decisions made without the need for a constitution or elected representatives.
2. Constitutional Monarchy:
- Monarch’s powers are limited by a constitution.
- Often coexists with a democratic system, with elected representatives handling governance.
3. Elective Monarchy:
- Monarch is elected, not determined by hereditary succession.
- Less common form of monarchy.
4. Hereditary Monarchy:
- Throne is passed down through a specific bloodline.
- Common form, with successors usually close family members.

Historical Significance:
- Monarchy has played a prominent role throughout history.
- Found in ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China.
- Developed into medieval European monarchies and continues in contemporary constitutional forms.

Role of the Monarch:

- Varies based on the type of monarchy.
- Symbolic and ceremonial in constitutional monarchies, with elected officials governing.
- More authoritative and directly involved in governance in absolute monarchies.

Pros and Cons of Monarchy:

Pros:
- Stability and continuity.
- Cultural and historical preservation.
- Symbolic unification.
- Efficient decision-making in some cases.
Cons:
- Lack of accountability in absolute monarchies.
- Potential for authoritarian rule.
- Succession challenges.
- Limited democratic representation in some cases.

Challenges and Controversies:

- Succession disputes.
- Calls for greater democracy in constitutional monarchies.
- Public perception of monarchs’ role.
- Controversies related to royal families’ personal lives.

The Future of Monarchies:

- Monarchies have adapted to changing times, often becoming constitutional and symbolic.
- The future may see continued reform and a shift toward greater democracy and transparency in how monarchies
function.

Monarchies have played diverse roles in history, from absolute rule to symbolic representation. Their significance
varies among nations, adapting to contemporary governance and democratic values.

2. Aristocracy

 The term derives from the Greek aristokrasia, meaning "rule of the best"

 A form of government in which a few elite citizens rule.

 Power to rule is inherited or passed down from parents to their children.

 In earlier times it was usually rich land owners that ruled, however in more modern times the rulers are

usually from the highest social class.

Ancient Greece -The highest social class in some countries: the people who have special titles (such

as duke and duchness), who typically own land, and who traditionally have more money and power than the

other people in society.

ARISTOTLE
 Who Governs Legitimate forms: rule in Corrupt forms: rule in the

the interest of all interest of selves

One Monarchy Tyranny

Few Aristocracy Oligarchy

Many Polity Democracy

Ancient Rome - In Roman society, the aristocrats were known as patricians. The highest position in the

government were held by two consuls, or leaders who ruled the Roman Republic.

Middle Age and Modern Era - The upper class of medieval European society consisted of royals, nobles, knights,

and clergy. Although these groups collectively held power in the middleages, they also fought with each other for

greater control within their own class structure.

Aristocracy in India - India has a complex social structure with a historical caste system and a tradition of princely

states and nobility

3. Democracy

 The word democracy comes from the Greek words "demos", meaning people, and "kratos" meaning

power; so democracy can be thought of as "power of the people": a way of governing which depends on

the will of the people.

 The ancient Greeks are credited with creating the very first democracy

The idea of democracy derives its moral strength – and popular appeal – from two key principles:

1. Individual autonomy: The idea that no-one should be subject to rules which have been imposed by others.

People should be able to control their own lives (within reason).

2. Equality: The idea that everyone should have the same opportunity to influence the decisions that affect people

in society.

Key elements of Democracy

 Human Rights

 Separation of power

 Freedom of opinion

 Religious liberty

 General and equal right to vote

 Good governance