migo transes

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

PRELIM TOPICS
BS AeE 1-1 | 1ST SEM | ENGR. M. JAVIER-TALA
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AND NOTE: q is POSITIVE (+) when ADDED TO a

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY system; NEGATIVE (-) when REMOVED FROM or
RELEASED BY a system. w is POSITIVE (+) when
DONE TO a system; NEGATIVE (-) when DONE BY
a system.
HEAT QUANTITY UNITS

• Calories
o Refers to the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1 C°
• British Thermal Units or BTU
• A system is that part of the universe that is
o is defined as the amount of heat to raise
being considered for the studying of energy
the temperature of 1 pound of water to
flows. Outside of the system is its
1 F°
surroundings. Beyond the surroundings is the
universe. The system and the surroundings is CONVERSION OF UNITS FOR HEAT
separated by a boundary.
• LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 1 Cal = 4.186 J
o Energy can neither be created nor 1 Kcal = 1000cal = 4 186J = 4.186 KJ
destroyed, only transformed, i.e., the 1 BTU = 778 ft.lb = 252cal = 1055J
energy of the universe is constant.
CALORIMETRY: HEAT TRANSFER, QUANTITY OF
HEAT (SENSIBLE HEAT), SPECIFIC HEAT
∆𝐸 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 + ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 0
• THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
SOME FORMS OF ENERGY o TheSPECIFIC
state where two bodies have the
HEAT
same temperature
• Potential Energy - energy at rest
o Also called as equilibrium
• Kinetic Energy – energy in motion
temperature Te or mixing
• Electrical Energy – energy from the
temperature Tm
movement of charges
• TEMPERATURE
• Heat Energy /Thermal Energy – energy
o A physical property that depends on the
transferred through differences in temperature
physical state of a material and is a
(sensible heat) or is released or absorbed due to
quantitative description of its hotness
a change in phase (latent heat)
or coldness
FLOW OF ENERGY: HEAT & WORK • HEAT
o Refers to energy in transit from one
body to another because of a
temperature gradient (temperature
difference).
• Sir James Prescott Joules
o Studied how water is warmed by
stirring the water with a paddle wheel
o Temperature rise is directly
proportional to amount of work done in
∆𝑬 = 𝒒 + 𝒘 water
o The unit Joule is named after him
Where: ∆𝑬 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝒒 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 (𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚)𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 QUANTITY OF HEAT AS SENSIBLE HEAT, Q
𝒘 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 (𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜)𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 • Heat Transfer or Heat Flow

o Takes solely because of a temperature
difference.
𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄𝜟𝑻
Q = quantity of heat transferred or absorbed
m = mass of substance
c = specific heat
∆T = temperature difference or temperature gradient
+Q = add heat
-Q = release or remove heat
𝜟𝑻 = 𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒊 𝜟𝑻 = 𝑻𝑯 − 𝑻𝑳
• Specific Heat (c)
o the amount of heat required to raise a
unit mass of a substance by one degree
of temperature. It is dependent on the
nature of material.
o Specific Heat of water = 4190 J/kg K
= 1 cal/g C° = 1BTU/lb F°
METHOD OF MIXTURES
𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 𝑸𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅
𝒎𝒄𝜟𝑻𝑯 = 𝒎𝒄𝜟𝑻𝑳
CALORIMETRY: PHASE CHANGES
• Latent Heat of Fusion
o Heat required per unit mass to melt or
freeze a given material
o 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓
o 𝐿𝑓 of water =3.34 x 105 J/kg = 334,000
J/kg = 80 cal/g = 143 BTU/lb
• Latent Heat of Vaporization
o The heat required per unit mass to
evaporate (or condense) a given
material.
o 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑣
migo transes
o 𝐿𝑣 of water = 2.256 x 106 J/kg =
2,256,000 J/kg = 540 cal/g = 970
BTU/lb
QUANTITY OF HEAT WITH PHASE CHANGES
AND TEMPERATURE CHANGES, Q
Q gained + Q change of phase = Q lost + Q change of phase
mcΔTL + mLf (or Lv) = mcΔTH+ mLv(or Lf)
SUMMARY OF FORMULAS: MODULE 1
1. ∆𝐸 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 = ∆𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 + ∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 0
2. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇
3. 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 or 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
4. 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇𝐿
5. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓
6. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑣
7. 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇𝐻 + 𝑚𝐿𝑓 (𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑣 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇𝐻 + 𝑚𝐿𝑣 (𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑣 )
HEAT AND ENERGY: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
• Oxidation-reduction reactions
o also known as redox reactions
• Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a
chemical specie.
• Reduction is the gain of electrons of a chemical
specie
• Electrons lost by an oxidized must be gained
simultaneously by a reduced material.
• LEORA – Loss of Electrons, Oxidized,
Reducing Agent
• GEROA – Gain of Electrons, Reduced,
Oxidizing agent
ELECTROCHEMISTRY: BATTERIES
• Battery - a cell or a series of cells that generates
an electric current through electrochemical
reactions.
o Batteries are classified as either
primary cells (primary batteries) or
secondary cells (secondary batteries)
PRIMARY BATTERY
o Primary cells primary batteries are
single-use batteries, those that cannot
be recharged. Examples of primary
 migo transes
cells are alkaline batteries, mercury SECONDARY BATTERY
batteries and fuel cells.
o Secondary cells or secondary batteries are
• Alkaline Battery
rechargeable batteries, those that are used
o used in flashlights, handheld video
in consumer products such as cellular
games or MP3 players. It consists of a
phones, laptops and digital cameras.
zinc anode, and a manganese (IV)
o Examples of secondary cells are nickel-
oxide cathode. It is also called an
cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride
alkaline dry cell.
batteries and lead acid storage batteries.
▪ Anode – the electrode where
• Nickle – Cadmium Battery
oxidation occurs
o Commonly called Ni-Cad Battery
▪ Cathod – the electrode where
o Labeled as Ni-Cd in consumer products
reduction occurs
o The Ni-Cad battery consists of a cadmium
o An alkaline battery is also called an alkaline dry
anode, and a nickel (III) oxide-hydroxide
cell because instead of dissolving the potassium
cathode.
hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte in liquid water, it
is in the form of a paste, hence, the term dry
cell.

• Nickle-metal-hydride Battery
o Labled as NiMH
o Has the same uses as Ni-Cad Battery
• Mercury Battery o Larger versions of NiMH are used in
o For small devices that require long lasting hybrid cars
use, such as a heart pacemaker or watches, o The NiMH battery consists of a
o It consists of a zinc anode, and a mercury cadmium anode, and a nickel (III)
(II) oxide cathode. It is also called zinc- oxide-hydroxide cathode.
mercuric oxide cell.

• Lead Storage Battery

o holds the distinction as the most
widely used secondary cell, and has
• Fuel Cells been using the same technology in
o voltaic cells that operate continuously, i.e. automobiles for roughly 100 years.
the reactants are supplied continuously and
the products are continuously removed. LIMITATIONS OF BATTERIES
o It consists of porous carbon compartments
• most common loss of performance of batteries
with platinum, one for the anode
is corrosion.
compartment and the other for the cathode
• Manufacturers attempt to inhibit corrosion by
compartment.
putting a protective plating layer on the
o Most commonly, fuel cells use hydrogen
materials used in batteries through
gas for the anode compartment, and oxygen
electrolysis.
gas for the cathode compartment.