ARCHITECTURE

by: grp4
DEFINITION
Architecture is the art and
science of designing and
constructing building, bridges and
other structures to satisfy
individual and communal needs.
It is a complex art inasmuch as
the task of the architect is not
only to create and design of the
exterior of the building or similar
structure, but also to do the
design of its interior.
 KINDS OF
ARCHITECHTURAL
STRUCTURE
Primitive men used to live in caves primarily because they did not
have the tools for building houses and were not equipped with the
knowledge of construction. When they began making implements,
they started constructing tree houses and similar dwelling places.
Through the years, the structures that house men have continously
improved. With the Industrial Revolution and the introduction of
steel and other construction materials, the mushrooming of high-
rise buildings is inevitable. Architects see to it that the basic kinds of
architectural construction form part of these sky-reaching
buildings. These are the POST AND LINTEL, the CANTILEVER, the
ARCH, the TRUSS, the VAULT and the DOME.
 POST AND LINTEL
The post and lintel consists of a
horizontal beam called lintel and
two vertical posts to support it.
It is usually found in doors and
entrances. The prehistoric
"STONEHENGE" illustrates this
type of architectural
construction.
Cantilever
SIMILAR TO THE POST AND LINTEL,
THE CANTILEVER HAS TWO
VERTICAL POSTS FOR SUPPORT
AND A HORIZONTAL BEAM WITH
ONE END MORE EXTENDED THAN
THE OTHER. OFTENTIMES, STEEL IS
USED FOR THIS TYPE OF
ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION
BECAUSE OF ITS TENSILE
STRENGTH. AT TIMES, WOOD IS
ALSO USED LESS FREQUENTLY
BECAUSE OF ITS TENDENCY TO
WRAP, SAG AND ROT.
Arch

The arch consists of

several wedge-shaped
blocks of stones called
voussoirs held together
by a key stone. It serves
to support other
structures such as roofs
and to be a symbolic
01 — Roxborough House, 1997

getaway.
 Dome

A large hemispherical
roof or ceiling that
looks like an inverted
cup. It is an extension
of the principle of the
arc capable of
enclosing a wide area.
 VAULT
The vault is an arched structure of masonry usually forming
a roof or ceiling. Similar to the dome, it is an extension of
the principle of the arc capable of enclosing a vast expance
of space. It has several types, namely; barrel vault, groined
vault, Welsh vault, and cloister vault.
 Truss
THE TRUSS CONSISTS OF A BRACED

FRAMEWORK OF BEAMS OR BARS FORMING

ONE OR MORE TRIANGLES. AN ASSEMBLAGE

OF BEAMS FORMING A RIGID FRAMEWORK,

IT IS USUALLY USED TO SUPPORT THE

ROOF.
 Medium
The architectural mediums are classified into
light and heavy materials. Light materials
include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light
wood. All except paper, form part of nipa huts
and similar dwellings in tropical countries. The
advantage of these materials is that they allow
for good ventilation, but their disadvantage is
that they are not resistant to fire and other
natural elements. The trend now is toward the
use of heavy materials which are not only fire-
resistant but also durable and able to
withstand natural forces such as earthquake,
landslide, storms, and floods. These materials
are hardwood, stone, concrete, brick, steel,
and cast iron.
 HISTORY
PREHISTORIC PERIOD
The caves used to be the first dwellings of
the Stone Age men. After they had created
their tools, they began constructing their
tree houses with the use of materials
indigenous in their surroundings. The
Egyptians were an ancient civilization who
came up with enormous architectural
works. Their pyramids built to entomb their
leaders, the pharaohs. The Babylonians also
constructed their own structures, the
famous of which are the Hanging Garden of
Babylon and the Tower of Babel, a ziggurat.
 GREEK PERIOD

The Parthenon typifies the

architecture of this period.
Adorned with relief sculpture by
Phidias and his assistants, it
exemplifies the post-and-lintel
system of architecture.
 ROMAN PERIOD

The greatest contribution of the

Romans to Western civilization are in
the field of architecture. While they
adopted the three classical orders of
Greek architecture, they added the
Tuscan order and the composite
order. They also introduce the dome,
a structure exemplified by the
Colosseum.
 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Middle Ages architecture is divided into four artistic
styles: Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and
Gothic.

Early Christian architecture is typified by the old Basilica

of St. Peter in Rome, dedicated by Emperor Constantine
and known to be first Christian church.
Byzantine architecture is exemplified by the 6th century
Hagia Sophia built in Constantinople and design to
conform to the Greek cross with four aquilateral arms, as
opposed to the Latin cross with only three equilateral
arms.

Romanesque church has a massive, horizontal emphasis,

an east-west orientation of the basilica, and a cruciform
shape, with a long central aisle, the nave, traversed by the
transept at right angles.
Gothic cathedral contrasted to the Romanesque church,
has a vertical emphasis, with its high, pointed spires.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD

Renaissance architecture involved the

construction of aristocratic residence
called palazzos and churchs.
 MANNERIST PERIOD
Mannerism, as a period style, is exemplified by
the works of Giorgio Vesari (Palazzo degli
Uffizi), Bartolommeo Ammarati (courtyard at
the Palazzo Pitti).
 BAROQUE PERIOD
Exemplified by the Church of San Carlo alle Quatro. Fontane designed by
Francesco Borromini, Baroque architecture is characterized by a highly
ornamented façade, giant and twisted columns, broken pediments, and
common decorative motifs (Ortiz et al., 1976).
 CLASSIC PERIOD
"The classical style found its full expression in 17
century architecture in the Palace of Versailles, built
for the court of King Louis XIV by Mansart and Le Vau
(Ortiz et al., 1976)."
MODERN PERIOD
The Bauhaus, a school of design founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar,
Germany in 1919, was responsible for the development of an
International Style of architecture and design, which gradually spread
throughout the industrial world. In the Bauhuas Building, many
architectural and industrial flourished; however, central to Bauhaus
teaching were Louis Sullivan's principle that form follows function and
William Morris belief that utility and aesthetic could be integrated.
Frank Lloyd Wright, an American pioneer in early 20th century
architecture affected the International Style, but he developed his own
style that never fit in any category. Most of the skycrapers during 20th
century and the early years of the 21th century are applications for of
the modern style.
 NOTABLE ARTISTS
AND
LOCAL ARCHITECHS
CARLOS SANTOS-VIOLA
PABLO ANTONIO
JUAN NAKPIL
FRANCISCO MAÑOSA
ILDEFONSO SANTOS
 CARLOS
SANTOS-VIOLA
Carlos Santos-Viola, a gifted architect and devout
Catholic, designed churches for the Iglesia Ni
Cristo, a Filipino religious group. He incorporated
Gothic and Baroque elements into his modern
churches, such as the Central Temple for the
group. Santos-Viola's passion for geometric shapes
and functionality informed his work, ensuring
structures were not only visually appealing but also
well-made.

IGLESIA NI KRISTO
PABLO
ANTONIO
Pablo Antonio, a pioneer in modernist architecture
in the Philippines, revolutionized the industry by
embracing art deco style. Born orphaned at 12, he
completed a five-year program at the University of
London in just three years. His buildings, like the
Galaxy Theatre and Far Eastern University,
showcase practical innovations like natural
ventilation systems and sunscreens.

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

 JUAN
NAKPIL
Juan Nakpil, a Filipino architect, believed that
architecture should reflect the country's culture
and people. After studying in the US and France, he
returned to Manila in the mid-1920s and applied
his knowledge to Filipino structures. Nakpil worked
on various buildings, including the home of
national hero Jose Rizal, Quiapo Church and the
Mabini Shrine. Despite some controversial designs,
Nakpil remained a popular and revered architect in
the Philippines until his death in 1976.
QUIAPO CHURCH
 LEANDRO
LOCSIN
Leandro Locsin, a Renaissance man, was a renowned
architect, interior designer, artist, and pianist. He
designed numerous buildings in the Philippines,
including airport terminals, memorial chapels, arts
centers, and stock exchange structures. His most
significant contribution is the Cultural Center of the
Philippines, featuring five modernist buildings,
including the National Theatre, a "floating volume" of
travertine marble. Locsin's ability to combine
Western brutalism with vernacular elements made
him the "poet of space."
UPLB PUBLIC LIBRARY
FRANCISCO
MAÑOSA
Francisco Mañosa, a Filipino architect, has been
challenging architectural conventions for five
decades. His distinctive style, Contemporary Tropical
Filipino Architecture, blends indigenous elements
with modern materials. His Coconut Palace at the
Cultural Center of the Philippines exemplifies this
style, featuring a coconut gourd roof, coconut shell
chandelier, and pineapple fiber bedcovers.

COCONUT PALACE
ILDEFONSO
SANTOS
Ildefonso Paez Santos, known as the father of
Philippine landscape architecture, revolutionized
urban planning by creating popular urban spaces.
His pioneering work, including the Makati
Commercial Center and revitalizing Manila's Paco
Park, transformed the park from a former Spanish
cemetery and Japanese ammunition store into a
popular urban recreation space. Santos became
National Artist for Architecture in 2006.

PACO PARK
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING

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