Welcome to CHEM 1005 Lecture Presentation

Prof. Tamer Shoeib Chapter 1

Email: T.Shoeib@aucegypt.edu
Introduction:
T.A. Gehane Ghaly Matter and
Measurement
Email: Gehanel@aucegypt.edu

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Units of Measurement

Many properties are

quantitative and are thus

1.4 Units of represented by numbers.

The units of such quantities are

Measurement important and must be specified.

The units used for scientific

measurements are those of the
metric system.

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Measurement Measurement
 SI Units (A particular choice of the metric units) SI Units (A particular choice of the metric units)

• Système International d’Unités • Système International d’Unités

• A different base unit is used for each quantity. • A different base unit is used for each quantity.
Matter Matter
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Measurement © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement

Mass The Metric System

Prefixes are used to indicate decimal fractions or
Mass is the quantity of multiples of units to be more appropriate for the item
matter in an object (this being measured.
is a fixed value for a
specific object)

Weight is the force of

gravity on an object (this
value changes according
to the specific gravity
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Measurement
Sample Exercise 1.2 Using SI Prefixes
What is the name of the unit that equals (a) 10–9 gram, (b) 10–6 second, (c) 10–3 meter?
Temperature
Solution
We can find the prefix related to each
power of ten in Table 1.5: (a)
nanogram, ng, (b) microsecond, μs, By definition temperature is
(c) millimeter, mm.
a measure of the average
Practice exercise kinetic energy of the
(a) How many picometers are there particles in a sample.
in one meter? (b) Express 6.0 × 103
m using a prefix to replace the power
of ten. (c) Use exponential notation
to express 4.22 mg in grams. (d) Use
decimal notation to express 4.22 mg
in grams.

Answers: (a) 1012 pm, (b) 6.0 km,

(c) 4.22 × 10–3 g, (d) 0.00422 g

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Temperature Temperature
• In scientific measurements,
• The kelvin is the SI
the Celsius and Kelvin
unit of temperature.
scales are most often used.

• It is based on the
• The Celsius scale is based
properties of gases.
on the properties of water.

– 0 C is the freezing point • There are no negative

of water. Kelvin temperatures.
– 100 C is the boiling point
of water. • K = C + 273.15
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 Sample Exercise 1.3 Converting Units of Temperature
Temperature A weather forecaster predicts the temperature will reach 31 °C. What is this temperature (a) in K, (b) in °F?

Solution
(a) Using Equation 1.1, we have K = 31 + 273 = 304 K.

• The Fahrenheit scale is

not used in scientific
(b) Using Equation 1.2, we have
measurements.

• F = 9/5(C) + 32 Practice Exercise

Ethylene glycol, the major ingredient in antifreeze, freezes at -11.5 °C. What is the freezing point in (a) K,
(b) °F?

• C = 5/9(F − 32) Answers: (a) 261.7 K, (b) 11.3 °F

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Derived SI Units
Volume

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 Volume Derived Units
• However, the most commonly • Density is a physical property of a substance.
used metric units (but not SI
unit) for volume are the liter
(L) and the milliliter (mL).
• It has units (g/mL, for example) that are derived from
– A liter is a cube the units for mass and volume.
1 decimeter (dm) long on each
side. • Most substances change volume when heated or
cooled, therefore densities are temperature
– A milliliter is a cube dependent.
1 centimeter (cm) long on
each side. Matter
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• Temperature at which density is quoted shouldMatter
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be
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement
mentioned © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement

Sample Exercise 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to Sample Exercise 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to
Determine Volume or Mass Determine Volume or Mass
(a) Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 × 102 g occupies a volume of 7.36 cm3. Continued
(b) Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of liquid methanol (wood alcohol) if its density is 0.791 g/mL.
(c) What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold (density = 19.32 g/cm3) if the length of the cube is 2.00 cm? Practice Exercise

Solution (a) Calculate the density of a 374.5-g sample of copper if it has a volume of 41.8 cm3. (b) A student needs
15.0 g of ethanol for an experiment. If the density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL, how many milliliters of ethanol
(a) We are given mass and volume, so Equation are needed? (c) What is the mass, in grams, of 25.0 mL of mercury (density = 13.6 g/mL)?
1.3 yields
Answers: (a) 8.96 g/cm3, (b) 19.0 mL, (c) 340 g

(b) Solving Equation 1.3 for volume and then

using the given mass and density gives

(c) We can calculate the mass from the volume of Volume = (2.00 cm)3 = (2.00)3 cm3 = 8.00 cm3
the cube and its density. The volume of a cube
is given by its length cubed:
Mass = volume × density = (8.00 cm3)(19.32 g/cm3) = 155 g
Solving Equation 1.3 for mass and
substituting the volume and density of the
cube, we have

Matter
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Measurement Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Uncertainty in Measurements

Different measuring devices have different uses and

different degrees of accuracy.

Uncertainty in
Measurement
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement

Significant Figures Significant Figures

1. All nonzero digits are significant.
• The term significant figures refers to digits 2. Zeroes between two significant figures are
that were measured. themselves significant.

• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay
attention to significant figures so we do not
overstate the accuracy of our answers.
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant
if a decimal point is written in the number.
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement
 Significant Figures Significant Figures

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Significant Figures Significant Figures

• When addition or subtraction is performed, • When multiplication or division is performed,

answers are rounded to the least significant answers are rounded to the number of digits
decimal place. that corresponds to the least number of
significant figures in any of the numbers used
Addition example
in the calculation.
Multiplication example

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement
 Significant Figures Significant Figures in numerical calculations
The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precision Which of the following expresses the result of the following
number (N) in a calculation 14.79 × 12.11 × N calculation with the correct number of significant figures and
appropriate units?
N= 5.04 5.05 5.06
86.31246762 g cm-3 x 10.5 cm3 =
1. 906.3 g
2. 906.28091 g cm3
3. 906.2 g cm-6
4. 906.28 g

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Significant Figures in numerical calculations Significant Figures in numerical calculations

Which of the following expresses the result of the following Which of the following expresses the result of the following
calculation with the correct number of significant figures and calculation with the correct number of significant figures?
appropriate units?
31.621 cm x 10.22 cm x 2.793292 cm =
86.31246762 g cm-3 x 10.5 cm3 =
1. 906.3 g 1) 9.027 x 102 cm
2. 906.28091 g cm3 2) 9.0269 x 102 cm3
3. 906.2 g cm-6 3) 9.027 x 102 cm3
4. 906.28 g 4) 9.026 x 102 cm3
5. 906 g 5) 9.0 x 102 cm3
 Significant Figures in numerical calculations
Significant Figures in numerical calculations
Which of the following expresses the result of the following How many significant figures should the answer to
calculation with the correct number of significant figures? the following calculation have?

31.621 cm x 10.22 cm x 2.793292 cm = (1.4312 - 1.1 x 10-2) ÷ (1.0712 x 10-4)

1) 9.027 x 102 cm
A) 4
2) 9.0269 x 102 cm3 B) 5
C) 2
3) 9.027 x 102 cm3
D) 3
4) 9.026 x 102 cm3
5) 9.0 x 102 cm3
Chapter 1/34 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Significant Figures in numerical calculations Significant Figures in numerical calculations

How many significant figures should the answer to A 16.0 g sample of iron has a volume of 2.035 cm3.
the following calculation have? What is its density expressed to the correct number
of significant figures?
(1.4312 - 1.1 x 10-2) ÷ (1.0712 x 10-4)
A) 0.127 g/cm3
A) 4 B) 32.6 g/cm3
B) 5 C) 7.86 g/cm3
C) 2 D) 7.862 g/cm3
D) 3 E) 7.9 g/cm3

Chapter 1/35 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1/36 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Significant Figures in numerical calculations Significant Figures in numerical calculations
A 16.0 g sample of iron has a volume of 2.035 cm3. What is the answer to the correct number of significant
What is its density expressed to the correct number figures of the following calculation?
of significant figures?

A) 0.127 g/cm3
B) 32.6 g/cm3 A) 7.6
C) 7.86 g/cm3 B) 7.57
D) 7.862 g/cm3 C) 7.58
E) 7.9 g/cm3 D) 7.578
E) 7.582

Chapter 1/37 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1/38 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sample Exercise 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to

Significant Figures in numerical calculations Determine Volume or Mass
(a) Calculate the density of mercury if 1.00 × 102 g occupies a volume of 7.36 cm3.
(b) Calculate the volume of 65.0 g of liquid methanol (wood alcohol) if its density is 0.791 g/mL.
What is the answer to the correct number of significant (c) What is the mass in grams of a cube of gold (density = 19.32 g/cm3) if the length of the cube is 2.00 cm?

figures of the following calculation? Solution

(a) We are given mass and volume, so Equation
1.3 yields

(b) Solving Equation 1.3 for volume and then

A) 7.6 using the given mass and density gives

B) 7.57 (c) We can calculate the mass from the volume of

the cube and its density. The volume of a cube
Volume = (2.00 cm)3 = (2.00)3 cm3 = 8.00 cm3

C) 7.58 is given by its length cubed:

D) 7.578 Solving Equation 1.3 for mass and

substituting the volume and density of the
Mass = volume × density = (8.00 cm3)(19.32 g/cm3) = 155 g

E) 7.582 cube, we have

Chapter 1/39 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 1.4 Determining Density and Using Density to Sample Exercise 1.5 Relating Significant Figures to the Uncertainty
Determine Volume or Mass of a Measurement
Continued What difference exists between the measured values 4.0 g and 4.00 g?

Practice Exercise Solution

(a) Calculate the density of a 374.5-g sample of copper if it has a volume of 41.8 cm3. (b) A student needs
15.0 g of ethanol for an experiment. If the density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL, how many milliliters of ethanol
are needed? (c) What is the mass, in grams, of 25.0 mL of mercury (density = 13.6 g/mL)?
Answers: (a) 8.96 g/cm3, (b) 19.0 mL, (c) 340 g
The value 4.0 has two significant figures, whereas 4.00 has three. This difference implies that the 4.0 has
more uncertainty. A mass reported as 4.0 g indicates that the uncertainty is in the first decimal place. Thus,
the mass might be anything between 3.9 and 4.1 g, which we can represent as 4.0 ± 0.1 g. A mass reported
as 4.00 g indicates that the uncertainty is in the second decimal place. Thus, the mass might be anything
between 3.99 and 4.01 g, which we can represent as 4.00 ± 0.01 g. (Without further information, we cannot
be sure whether the difference in uncertainties of the two measurements reflects the precision or the
accuracy of the measurement.)

Practice Exercise
A sample that has a mass of about 25 g is placed on a balance that has a precision of ± 0.001 g. How many
significant figures should be reported for this measurement?

Answer: five, as in the measurement 24.995 g, the uncertainty being in the third decimal place

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward

Sample Exercise 1.6 Determining the Number of Significant Figures
in a Measurement
How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume that each number is a measured
quantity): (a) 4.003, (b) 6.023 × 1023, (c) 5000?
Solution
(a) Four; the zeros are significant figures. (b) Four; the exponential term does not add to the number of
significant figures. (c) One; we assume that the zeros are not significant when there is no decimal point
shown. If the number has more significant figures, a decimal point should be employed or the number
written in exponential notation. Thus, 5000. has four significant figures, whereas 5.00×103 has three.
Practice Exercise
How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements: (a) 3.549 g, (b) 2.3 × 104 cm,
(c) 0.00134 m3?
Sample Exercise 1.7 Determining the Number of Significant Figures
in a Calculated Quantity
The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5 cm, 27.3 cm, and 5.4 cm, respectively. Calculate the volume
of the box, using the correct number of significant figures in your answer.
Solution
In reporting the volume, we can show only as many significant figures as given in the dimension with the
fewest significant figures, that for the height (two significant figures):
A calculator used for this calculation shows 2285.01, which we must round off to two significant figures.
Because the resulting number is 2300, it is best reported in exponential notation, 2.3 × 103, to clearly
indicate two significant figures.

Answers: (a) four, (b) two, (c) three Practice Exercise

It takes 10.5 s for a sprinter to run 100.00 m. Calculate her average speed in meters per second, and express
the result to the correct number of significant figures.

Answer: 9.52 m/s (three significant figures)

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 1.8 Determining the Number of Significant Figures Sample Exercise 1.8 Determining the Number of Significant Figures
in a Calculated Quantity in a Calculated Quantity
A gas at 25 °C fills a container whose volume is 1.05 × 103 cm3. The container plus gas has a mass of 837.6 g. Continued
The container, when emptied of all gas, has a mass of 836.2 g. What is the density of the gas at 25 °C?
Practice Exercise
Solution
To how many significant figures should the mass of the container be measured (with and without the gas) in
To calculate the density, we must know both the mass and the volume of the gas. The mass of the gas is just Sample Exercise 1.8 for the density to be calculated to three significant figures?
the difference in the masses of the full and empty container:
(837.6 – 836.2) g = 1.4 g Answer: five (For the difference in the two masses to have three significant figures, there must be two
In subtracting numbers, we determine the number of significant figures in our result by counting decimal decimal places in the masses of the filled and empty containers. Therefore, each mass must be measured to
places in each quantity. In this case each quantity has one decimal place. Thus, the mass of the gas, 1.4 g, five significant figures.)
has one decimal place.

Using the volume given in the question, 1.05 × 103 cm3, and the definition of density, we have

In dividing numbers, we determine the number of significant figures in our result by counting the number of
significant figures in each quantity. There are two significant figures in our answer, corresponding to the
smaller number of significant figures in the two numbers that form the ratio. Notice that in this example,
following the rules for determining significant figures gives an answer containing only two significant
figures, even though each of the measured quantities contained at least three significant figures.

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward

Accuracy versus Precision

Accuracy versus Precision

• Accuracy refers to the proximity of a

measurement to the true value of a
quantity.

• Precision refers to the proximity of

several measurements to each other.

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement
 Accuracy versus Precision Accuracy versus Precision

Reproducibility ∼ 0.1 g ∼ 0.0001 g

Precision low high

Dimensional Analysis Dimensional Analysis

• We use dimensional analysis to convert one
quantity to another. Use the form of the conversion factor that
• Most commonly, dimensional analysis utilizes puts the sought-for unit in the numerator:
conversion factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)
1 in. 2.54 cm
or
2.54 cm 1 in.
desired unit
Given unit   desired unit
given unit

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement
 Dimensional Analysis

• For example, to convert 8.00 m to inches,

– convert m to cm
– convert cm to in.

100 cm 1 in.
8.00 m    315 in.
1m 2.54 cm

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Measurement