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Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6th Edition Nelson Solutions Manual
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6th Edition Nelson Solutions Manual
5. Calculation of the pH of a Strong Acid or Base (a) Write out the acid dissociation reaction for
hydrochloric acid. (b) Calculate the pH of a solution of 5.0 10 4 M HCl. (c) Write out the acid
dissociation reaction for sodium hydroxide. (d) Calculate the pH of a solution of 7.0 10 5 M NaOH.
S-14
c02Water.qxd 12/6/12 4:12 PM Page S-16
Answer
(a) HCl yz H Cl
(b) HCl is a strong acid and fully dissociates into H and Cl . Thus, [H ] [Cl ] [HCl].
pH log [H ] log (5.0 10 4 M) 3.3 (two significant figures)
(c) NaOH y z Na OH
(d) NaOH is a strong base; dissociation in aqueous solution is essentially complete, so
[Na ] [OH ] [NaOH].
pH pOH 14 pOH
log [OH ] pH 14
log [OH ]
14 log (7.0 10 5) 9.8 (two significant figures)
O CH3 CH3
H2O
CH3 CH3 O
Acetylcholine Choline Acetate
Answer Given that pH log [H ], we can calculate [H ] at the beginning and at the end of
the reaction:
7.65 8
At pH 7.65, log [H ] 7.65 [H ] 10 2.24 10 M
6.87 7
At pH 6.87, log [H ] 6.87 [H ] 10 1.35 10 M
The difference in [H ] is
7 7
(1.35 0.22) 10 M 1.13 10 M
8. Physical Meaning of pKa Which of the following aqueous solutions has the lowest pH: 0.1 M HCl; 0.1 M
acetic acid (pKa 4.86); 0.1 M formic acid (pKa 3.75)?
Answer A 0.1 M HCl solution has the lowest pH because HCl is a strong acid and
dissociates completely to H Cl , yielding the highest [H ].
9. Meanings of Ka and pKa (a) Does a strong acid have a greater or lesser tendency to lose its proton
than a weak acid? (b) Does the strong acid have a higher or lower Ka than the weak acid? (c) Does
the strong acid have a higher or lower pKa than the weak acid?
c02Water.qxd 12/6/12 4:12 PM Page S-17
Answer (a) greater; by definition, the stronger acid has the greater tendency to dissociate a
proton; (b) higher; as Ka [H ] [A ]/[HA], whichever acid yields the larger concentration of
[H ] has the larger Ka; (c) lower; pKa log Ka, so if Ka is larger, log Ka will be smaller.
10. Simulated Vinegar One way to make vinegar (not the preferred way) is to prepare a solution of
acetic acid, the sole acid component of vinegar, at the proper pH (see Fig. 2–15) and add appropriate
flavoring agents. Acetic acid (Mr 60) is a liquid at 25 C, with a density of 1.049 g/mL. Calculate the
volume that must be added to distilled water to make 1 L of simulated vinegar (see Fig. 2–16).
Answer From Figure 2–16, the pKa of acetic acid is 4.76. From Figure 2–15, the pH of vinegar
is ~3; we will calculate for a solution of pH 3.0. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
[A ]
pH pKa log
[HA]
and the fact that dissociation of HA gives equimolar [H ] and [A ] (where HA is CH3COOH,
and A is CH3COO ), we can write
3.0 4.76 log ([A ]/[HA])
1.76 log ([A ]/[HA]) log ([HA]/[A ])
1.76
[HA]/[A ] 10 58
3
Thus, [HA] 58[A ]. At pH 3.0, [H ] [A ] 10 , so
3
[HA] 58 10 M 0.058 mol/L
Dividing density (g/mL) by molecular weight (g/mol) for acetic acid gives
1.049 g/mL
60 g/mol 0.017 mol/mL
Dividing this answer into 0.058 mol/L gives the volume of acetic acid needed to prepare 1.0 L
of a 0.058 M solution:
0.058 mol/L
0.017 mol/mL 3.3 mL/L
11. Identifying the Conjugate Base Which is the conjugate base in each of the pairs below?
(a) RCOOH, RCOO
(b) RNH2, RNH 3
(c) H2PO4 , H3 PO4
(d) H2CO3, HCO 3
Answer In each pair, the acid is the species that gives up a proton; the conjugate base is the
deprotonated species. By inspection, the conjugate base is the species with fewer hydrogen
atoms. (a) RCOO (b) RNH2 (c) H2PO 4 (d) HCO 3
12. Calculation of the pH of a Mixture of a Weak Acid and Its Conjugate Base Calculate the pH
of a dilute solution that contains a molar ratio of potassium acetate to acetic acid (pKa 4.76) of
(a) 2:1; (b) 1:3; (c) 5:1; (d) 1:1; (e) 1:10.
Answer Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
[A ]
pH apK log
[HA]
pH 4.76 log ([acetate]/[acetic acid]), where [acetate]/[acetic acid] is the ratio given for
each part of the question.
(a) log (2/1) 0.30; pH 4.76 0.30 5.06
(b) log (1/3) 0.48; pH 4.76 ( 0.48) 4.28
c02Water.qxd 12/6/12 4:12 PM Page S-18
13. Effect of pH on Solubility The strongly polar hydrogen-bonding properties of water make it an
excellent solvent for ionic (charged) species. By contrast, nonionized, nonpolar organic molecules, such
as benzene, are relatively insoluble in water. In principle, the aqueous solubility of any organic acid or
base can be increased by converting the molecules to charged species. For example, the solubility of
benzoic acid in water is low. The addition of sodium bicarbonate to a mixture of water and benzoic acid
raises the pH and deprotonates the benzoic acid to form benzoate ion, which is quite soluble in water.
O O
C OH C O
Are the following compounds more soluble in an aqueous solution of 0.1 M NaOH or 0.1 M HCl? (The dis-
sociable proton are shown in bold.)
O
C H
OH CH3 N C CH2 OH
N H C
H O O CH3
Pyridine ion -Naphthol N-Acetyltyrosine methyl ester
pKa ≈ 5 pKa ≈ 10 pKa ≈ 10
Answer
(a) Pyridine is ionic in its protonated form and therefore more soluble at the lower pH, in
0.1 M HCl.
(b) b-Naphthol is ionic when deprotonated and thus more soluble at the higher pH, in
0.1 M NaOH.
(c) N-Acetyltyrosine methyl ester is ionic when deprotonated and thus more soluble in
0.1 M NaOH.
14. Treatment of Poison Ivy Rash The components of poison ivy and poison oak that produce the
characteristic itchy rash are catechols substituted with long-chain alkyl groups.
OH
OH
(CH2)n CH3
pKa ≈ 8
If you were exposed to poison ivy, which of the treatments below would you apply to the affected area?
Justify your choice.
(a) Wash the area with cold water.
(b) Wash the area with dilute vinegar or lemon juice.
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virtues of the “Elixir,” systematically purging the system of those
dormant and inactive particles, which frustrate the action of the
generative functions, and thus dislodging the cause of unfruitfulness.
It may take some time ere this is accomplished; but, by a proper
perseverance in the course marked out, success, sooner or later, is
inevitable. Thousands who had imagined themselves irretrievably
doomed to descend to the grave unpitied and unmourned by
interesting and affectionate children have, by the use of “Morand’s
Elixir,” been blessed with offspring to love and adore in infancy and
youth, and to look to for comfort and solace in old age.
In all cases of incontinence of urine, fluor albus, gleet, painful and
difficult menstruation, incipient stages of consumption, languor,
debility, night sweats and wakefulness, it is surprisingly efficient and
certain. Its chief and great celebrity, however, in eradicating every
symptom of that state of the functions superinducing barrenness or
sterility, is too well established to require comment. Indeed, such has
been its success, as to make it doubtful that what is usually termed
barrenness in fact exists, since by the use of this wonderful remedy,
properly persevered in, a cure has in all cases been effected, and
what had been supposed incurable natural defects proved to be only
some deranged state of the functions.
As there are many who pine and grieve for children—who feel
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children around the domestic hearth, the author does not deem it
inappropriate or out of place to present this celebrated specific for
the consideration of those to whom it might prove a great blessing.
He has taken its Agency for the United States, at his Office, 129
Liberty street. Letters must be postpaid and addressed to Box “1224,”
New York City.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
1. The following table exhibits the ages of three hundred and twenty-six
females, at which they began to menstruate. It is furnished me by Mr. Robertson,
in the North of England Medical and Surgical Journal.
To this list may be added the case related by Madame Boivin, in her account of
a new case of abortion. The subject of this case commenced to menstruate at seven
years of age, and did so regularly after her tenth year.
2. We could record a number of instances where the menses were continued
much beyond their ordinary period, and where, after ceasing some time, they were
resumed with their accustomed regularity; but we shall limit our observations to
one case, and that because it is recent and well authenticated. This case is recorded
in the Ann. Univ. de Med. A female aged ninety-four continued to menstruate from
the fifty-third to the ninety-fourth year. Her relatives were remarkable for their
longevity; she is at present in perfect health.—American Journal of the Medical
Sciences for Feb. 1831.
3. Diaphoretic Powder.
38. Some German poet, whose name has escaped me, says,
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