Title: Mathematical Modeling in Transportation Systems: A Review of Applications and Challenges

Abstract:

Mathematical modeling is becoming an increasingly popular tool for analyzing and optimizing
transportation systems. This article provides a review of the current state of the art in mathematical
modeling of transportation systems, including both theoretical and applied research. It examines the use
of mathematical models in various transportation modes such as road, air, and sea, and in various
contexts such as traffic flow, fleet management, and logistics planning. It also discusses some of the
challenges and limitations of mathematical modeling in transportation systems, such as data availability
and complexity.

Introduction:

Transportation systems are essential for the movement of people and goods across different regions.
The efficient functioning of transportation systems is crucial for the development of a country's
economy. Mathematical modeling has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing transportation systems
and optimizing their performance. Mathematical models help in predicting traffic flow patterns,
optimizing routing and scheduling, and minimizing fuel consumption. The aim of this article is to provide
a comprehensive review of the application of mathematical modeling in transportation systems.

Literature Review:

Mathematical modeling has been widely used in the transportation sector for several decades. In the
early stages, modeling was used to predict the flow of traffic on a single road or network of roads. Over
time, the scope of mathematical modeling has expanded to include a range of transportation modes,
including air and sea transport. Some of the common applications of mathematical modeling in
transportation systems include traffic flow analysis, fleet management, and logistics planning. For
example, mathematical models can help in optimizing the routing of trucks to minimize fuel
consumption and delivery time. In air transport, mathematical models can help in optimizing flight
schedules to minimize waiting times for passengers and reduce fuel consumption.

Challenges and Limitations:

Despite the benefits of mathematical modeling in transportation systems, there are several challenges
and limitations. One of the primary challenges is data availability. Obtaining accurate and reliable data
can be difficult, particularly for developing countries. Additionally, transportation systems are inherently
complex, with multiple variables and factors affecting their performance. This complexity can make it
difficult to develop accurate mathematical models that can capture all of the relevant variables.

https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/articles/eolss.pdf
Conclusion:

Mathematical modeling has proven to be a powerful tool for analyzing and optimizing transportation
systems. By predicting traffic flow patterns, optimizing routing and scheduling, and minimizing fuel
consumption, mathematical models can help in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of
transportation systems. However, there are still challenges and limitations associated with the use of
mathematical modeling in transportation systems, particularly with respect to data availability and
complexity. Nonetheless, the continued development of mathematical models is likely to have a
significant impact on the transportation sector in the coming years.

References:

Ngoduy, D., Sumalee, A., & Lam, W. H. K. (2011). Mathematical modeling in transportation engineering:
a review. Transport Reviews, 31(2), 173-194.

Murray-Tuite, P. (2006). Application of mathematical modeling to transportation systems analysis.

Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 132(1), 1-8.

https://supernet.isenberg.umass.edu/articles/eolss.pdf
Title: Mathematical Modeling in Transportation Infrastructure

Introduction:

Transportation infrastructure plays a vital role in our everyday lives, and its planning and management
are crucial for ensuring efficient, safe, and sustainable movement of people and goods. Mathematical
modeling has become an essential tool for transportation planners and engineers, helping them make
informed decisions about the design, operation, and management of transportation infrastructure. In
this paper, we provide an overview of mathematical modeling in transportation infrastructure,
highlighting its applications, advantages, and challenges.

Applications of Mathematical Modeling in Transportation Infrastructure:

Mathematical modeling has many applications in transportation infrastructure, including traffic flow
analysis, network optimization, mode choice analysis, and transit scheduling. Traffic flow analysis
involves developing models that can predict traffic patterns and congestion levels, which can be used to
identify bottlenecks and optimize traffic signal timings. Network optimization involves developing
models that can minimize travel time, distance, and cost by identifying the most efficient routes and
modes of transportation. Mode choice analysis involves developing models that can predict the travel
behavior of individuals, which can be used to design transportation infrastructure that meets their
needs. Transit scheduling involves developing models that can optimize the frequency, timing, and
routing of public transit services, which can improve the overall efficiency of the transit system.

Advantages of Mathematical Modeling in Transportation Infrastructure:

Mathematical modeling provides several advantages in transportation infrastructure, including

improved accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and speed. Mathematical models can simulate different
scenarios and predict the outcomes of various transportation infrastructure designs and management
strategies, allowing transportation planners and engineers to identify the best solution without having
to build and test multiple prototypes. This saves time and money and reduces the environmental impact
of transportation infrastructure development. Additionally, mathematical modeling can help improve
the accuracy of predictions by taking into account multiple variables, such as weather, vehicle types, and
driver behavior, which can be challenging to do using traditional methods.

Challenges of Mathematical Modeling in Transportation Infrastructure:

Mathematical modeling also faces some challenges in transportation infrastructure, including data
availability, model complexity, and uncertainty. Mathematical models require accurate and reliable data
to provide meaningful insights, but data collection and management can be challenging, particularly in
developing countries or remote areas. Model complexity is another challenge, as transportation
infrastructure is a complex system that involves multiple agents and variables. As a result, developing a
comprehensive mathematical model that can capture all the relevant factors is challenging, and
simplifying the model can result in inaccurate predictions. Finally, uncertainty is a significant challenge in
mathematical modeling, as predictions are based on assumptions and may not always reflect reality.
This is particularly true in rapidly changing environments, such as the introduction of new transportation
technologies or changes in consumer behavior.

Conclusion:

Mathematical modeling has become an essential tool for transportation planners and engineers,
offering many advantages in terms of accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and speed. Its applications are
diverse, including traffic flow analysis, network optimization, mode choice analysis, and transit
scheduling. However, it also faces several challenges, including data availability, model complexity, and
uncertainty. Addressing these challenges will require collaboration among transportation professionals,
data scientists, and policy-makers, and the development of more sophisticated modeling techniques
that can account for the dynamic and complex nature of transportation infrastructure.

Abdullah, M., Ehsan, U., Alghamdi, A., & Alaboudi, A. (2022). A Survey of Blockchain-Based
Applications: Concepts, Use Cases, and Future Directions. Future Internet, 14(10), 294.
https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14100294

References:

Cascetta, E. (2013). Transportation systems analysis: Models and applications. Springer.

Daganzo, C. F. (2007). Fundamentals of transportation and traffic operations (Vol. 1). Pergamon.

Mahmassani, H. S., & Herman, R. (Eds.). (2011). The past, present and future of transportation
modelling. Emerald Group Publishing.

Papageorgiou, M., & Blosseville, J. M

Next page ay
basehan lamang
hindi pa naka
paraphrase
https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=tl&lr=&id=AbU69bKmVScC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Title:
+Mathematical+Modeling+in+Transportation+Systems:
+A+Review+of+Applications+and+Challenges&ots=wTwarZoAPe&sig=IqrJ15dNQteSslkRYJc1n7p3A1E&re
dir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

This paper is all about transportation analysis, it contains model and application

NOT PARAPHRASEE!!! FOR BASE PURPOSES

ONLY
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
abs/pii/S0925527320302279
Abstract
The volume and availability of data in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) result
in the need for data-driven approaches. Big Data algorithms are applied to further
enhance the intelligence of the applications in the transportation field. Applying Big
Data algorithms has increasingly received attention in both the academic and industrial
fields of ITS. Big Data algorithms in ITS have a wide range of applications including but
not limited to signal recognition, object detection, traffic flow prediction, travel time
planning, travel route planning and safety of vehicle and road. This survey aims to
provide a bibliography, a comprehensive review of the application of ITS and a review of
most recognized models with Big Data used in the context of ITS. 586 papers are
reviewed over the period 1997–2019. This study provides a deep insight into
applications of Big Data algorithms in ITS, revealing different areas of those
applications and integrates models and applications. The result of the study identifies
research gaps and direction for the future.

ig Data production in ITS is evident due to the massive deployment of smart cards,
Global Positioning System (GPS), sensors (road site sensor, floating car sensors, wide-
area sensors) and connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and other sources.
Monitoring equipment such as cameras and roadside sensors are installed in cities to
collect data. Connected vehicles exchange information with other devices and the road
infrastructure. Individuals use social networks and navigation systems. All these and
many other transportation tools generate a huge volume of data. The data generated will
continue to grow in size and in complexity, and the increase in automation will further
increase data production.
In order to operate, control and manage this huge volume of data, data driven models
are needed. Big Data algorithms are developed to improve the ITS operation efficiency,
provide information for traffic management decisions, plan better public transportation
service, track trucks, airplanes or ships using real-time data, and help users reach their
destination in the most suitable route and with the shortest possible time (Zhu et al.
(2018). This leads to a revolution in ITS improvement, and its application and the
development of more sophisticated models dealing with Big Data.

Recently, a series of literature reviews and surveys that focus on Big Data algorithms in
ITS have been published, but most of them tend to discuss a particular function of Big
Data, conduct a survey on a special aspect of Big Data in ITS, or concentrate only on
bibliometric analysis. For instance, Amin et al. (2019) explore the role of Big Data in
shaping the intelligent transportation system with a focus on road safety. Yang and Pun-
Cheng (2018) provide a review of the literature in vehicle detection under varying
environments. Vlahogianni (2014) reviews the short-term traffic forecasting. Neilson et
al. (2019) review only 28 articles to explore the research and applications of Big Data in
the transportation domain for the period of 2012–2017. Zhu et al. (2018) discuss the
sources and collection of ITS Big Data and summarize data analytics methods and
platforms in ITS.

An et al. (2011) conduct a survey that focuses on the comparison and analysis of
international ITS research and key underlying technologies. Qureshi and Abdullah
(2013) provide scholars with information on ITS areas. Zhang et al. (2011) review the
development of data-driven ITS and the functionality of its key components. However,
none of these studies, except Neilson et al. (2019), indicate the number of reviewed
papers or the criteria for selecting the reviewed works. There is one ITS bibliometric
analysis study in the literature conducted by Cobo et al. (2013) which highlights the
conceptual structure of ITS for the period 1992–2011.

A literature review that takes a broad perspective of Big Data algorithms in ITS is yet
scarce. This paper examines Big Data algorithms in ITS through an extensive literature
review and a bibliometric analysis. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first
literature review in the field covering the largest number of papers and conference
proceedings (586) and the longest period of study (1997–November 2019).

The goals of this review are to 1) use science mapping analysis to highlight and visualize
the development trend of the role and applications of Big Data algorithms in ITS, 2)
review extensively the most relevant applications of ITS using Big Data algorithms, 3)
explore the most widely used models with Big Data, 4) develop a classification table
which connects ITS applications to the most recognized Big Data algorithms, and 5)
identify most promising research lines for future work.

Our literature review attempts to address the following research questions:

1
How have the applications of Big Data algorithms in ITS been evolving?

2
 What applications of ITS are addressed by Big Data algorithms?

3
Which Big Data algorithms are employed the most for various applications?

4
What is the current state of scientific research?

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the research
methodology and statistics. Section 3 provides a bibliometric analysis of 586 papers and
conference proceedings. Conceptual, intellectual and social structures, turning points,
map analysis of sources, authors, keywords, and dynamics of Big Data algorithms in ITS
are visualized, identified and discussed in this section. Section 4 describes the most
relevant applications of ITS in which Big Data algorithms are performed, including
signal recognition, object detection, traffic flow prediction, and finding optimal route
and safety of vehicle and road. Section 5 explores the Big Data algorithms being
employed in the top 50 cited papers. A table connecting the recognized Big Data
algorithms to ITS applications is presented in this section. Section 6 discusses the
findings of the literature review. Section 7 indicates the directions for future studies.

Measuring the Performance of Transportation Infrastructure

Systems in Disasters: A Comprehensive Review

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000212

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on transportation
infrastructure system performance in disasters. Specifically, it reviews those articles
appearing in refereed journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports since the
late 1990s that provide insights and tools for the assessment of anticipated
transportation system performance, along with its management, given the possibility
of physical damage resulting from a future hazard event. In the considered literature,
performance may be gauged under characteristics of risk, vulnerability, reliability,
robustness, flexibility, survivability, and resilience, the most common concepts or
measures in the literature. In addition to providing an archive and synthesis of recent
literature on this topic, the approximately 200 articles are classified based on a host of
criteria, including applied measure

e (qualitative or quantitative), conceptual approach, and methodology.

Math models in Economics

https://books.google.com.ph/books?
hl=tl&lr=&id=Ak26CwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA346&dq=math+modeling+transportati
on+network&ots=QZc_ZmSWBL&sig=0CBb3ySZn5mggyhWnYPVc5WKAYE&redir_es
c=y#v=onepage&q=math%20modeling%20transportation%20network&f=false

Modeling epidemic spread in transportation networks: A review

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095756420301616

Highlights
•

Reviewed epidemic spread models and their applications in transportation networks.

Analyzed the advantages and limitations of epidemic spread model applications in

transportation systems.

Summarized the emerging modeling requirements brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.

•
 Proposed research trends and prospects for epidemic spread modeling in transportation
networks.

Abstract
The emergence of novel infectious diseases has become a serious global problem. Convenient
transportation networks lead to rapid mobilization in the context of globalization, which is an
important factor underlying the rapid spread of infectious diseases. Transportation systems can
cause the transmission of viruses during the epidemic period, but they also support the reopening
of economies after the epidemic. Understanding the mechanism of the impact of mobility on the
spread of infectious diseases is thus important, as is establishing the risk model of the spread of
infectious diseases in transportation networks. In this study, the basic structure and application of
various epidemic spread models are reviewed, including mathematical models, statistical models,
network-based models, and simulation models. The advantages and limitations of model
applications within transportation systems are analyzed, including dynamic characteristics of
epidemic transmission and decision supports for management and control. Lastly, research trends
and prospects are discussed. It is suggested that there is a need for more in-depth research to
examine the mutual feedback mechanism of epidemics and individual behavior, as well as the
proposal and evaluation of intervention measures. The findings in this study can help evaluate
disease intervention strategies, provide decision supports for transport policy during the epidemic
period, and ameliorate the deficiencies of the existing system.

1. Introduction
Over the past decade, the emergence of novel infectious diseases worldwide has become a
serious problem requiring attention. The prediction and control of epidemics are major
challenges for the global public health system. Following SARS, H1N1 influenza, Ebola virus,
and Zika virus, the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide. Until
October 14, 2020, the pandemic has spread to 216 countries and regions in the world, with a total
of 38.36 million diagnosed cases and 1,090,811 deaths (Worldometer, 2020). Consequently, the
major threat posed by infectious diseases has once again captured public attention. Monitoring,
analyzing, and predicting the impact of epidemics on society is important for developing
effective methods for the prevention, control, and management of the spread of epidemics. The
use of models has become increasingly important in analyzing the spread of epidemics,
designing interventions to control and prevent further outbreaks, and limiting their impacts on
the population to control the spread of infectious diseases (Day et al., 2006; McKenzie, 2004).
An epidemic is a disease caused by various pathogens, which can be characterized by human-to-
human, human-to-animal, or animal-to-animal transmission. Most of the pathogens are
microorganisms, and a few are parasites. Usually, the disease can be transmitted via air, water,
food, contact, and soil; humoral, fecal, and oral transmission are also possible by direct contact
with infected individuals, body fluids, and the excreta of infected persons.
Modern epidemiological analysis and modeling theory began in the late 19th century and the
early 20th century. Snow (1855) plotted the specific locations of cholera cases on a map, and
assumed that contaminated water sources were the main reason for the spread of cholera in
London in 1849. Arthur Ransome, who first described the cyclic behavior of measles, developed
a discrete-time epidemic model for cholera transmission in 1906 (Roberts and Heesterbeek,
2003). Early studies combining spatial data and epidemiology, along with advances in biological
research, have contributed important discoveries on the spread of epidemics. In addition to
developing vaccines and drugs to combat epidemics, research on epidemics can provide decision
support for the measures needed to manage and control the spread of epidemics; for example,
elucidating the dynamic spatiotemporal characteristics of a disease can help mitigate the harm
that it causes to society.
Initially, most disease models were mathematically modeled at the population level and assumed
that populations are homogeneous. Classical mathematical models divided the host population
into different units, and each individual interacted with his/her neighbors. The simplest of these
models is the susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model, originally proposed by Kermack and
Mckendrick (1927) to describe a closed population. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics
of spread and the effect of a disease outbreak in different communities often play more important
roles in public health interventions (Auchincloss et al., 2012). Traditional mathematical models
assume population homogeneity and simulate the spread of epidemics on the premise of non-
space. Although these models are useful in estimating the population size affected by the
epidemic, they do not consider the factors affecting the spread of the epidemic.
Different modeling methods have been proposed to capture the behaviors of a large number of
individuals with the development of computer technology and the increase in disease-related
spatiotemporal data (Moore and Carpenter, 1999). The emergence of statistical models, network-
based models, and individual-based statistical and simulation models has led to the increased
consideration of various causal factors in models, such as individual behavior, interactions
between individuals, and modes of interaction. Individual-based models are flexible for
modeling the heterogeneity observed in disease transmission. At the same time, these models can
take into account the impact of more spatial factors on the spread of epidemics, such as the effect
of transportation systems.
Different types of epidemic spread models have been developed and used for modeling epidemic
transmission characteristics (Duan et al., 2015; Grassly and Fraser, 2008). The shortcomings of
the original model system are illustrated by the COVID-19 outbreak as well as the role of
transportation in response and recovery periods. Peeri et al. (2020) showed that COVID-19 has
spread more rapidly because of increased globalization. Wu et al. (2020) argued that the timing
of the outbreak, which was near Chinese New Year, and the increased rail accessibility enabled
the virus to spread rapidly. The emergence of modern transportation systems has intensified
human contact, as the close proximity between travelers provides an opportunity for the virus to
spread. To control the spread of COVID-19, governments worldwide decided to suspend
transportation networks. However, the mechanism underlying the spread of the virus during the
COVID-19 response and recovery period remains unclear.
This study conducted a comprehensive review of epidemic spread models and their applications
in transportation networks. The emerging modeling requirements by the prevention and control
of the COVID-19 pandemic are considered. The goal is to analyze and solve three problems: 1)
how does the epidemic affect urban mobility? 2) how does urban mobility behavior affect the
spread of the epidemic? and 3) how should the interventions of travel restriction strategies be
evaluated? In this study, the basic structure and application of various epidemic spread models
are reviewed; the emerging modeling requirements of the COVID-19 pandemic are summarized,
and the advantages and limitations of model applications within transportation systems are
analyzed, including the dynamic characteristics of epidemic transmission and decision supports
for management and control. Finally, research trends are discussed and suggestion for future
directions is given.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section 2 reviews epidemic spread models,
including mathematical models, statistical models, network-based models, and simulation
models; section 3 summarizes the integration of epidemic models within transportation systems;
section 4 summarizes the new modeling challenges posed by COVID-19; and section 5 discusses
research trends, prospects, and conclusions.

2. Epidemic spread models

2.1. Mathematical models
Mathematical models have been used to understand the dynamics of epidemic transmission and
quantitatively represent and predict spread risk for over 100 years. Because of the increased
sufficiency of epidemic-related spatiotemporal data and the increase in the demand for analysis,
mathematical models have evolved from extremely simple models, such as the SIR model, to
complex partition models.

2.1.1. Classic mathematical models

The classic population segmentation models use a population-based classification method to
represent the spread of infectious diseases. The simplest form of the population-based
mathematical models is the SIR model, originally proposed by Kermack and Mckendrick
(1927) to explain the rapid change of the number of patients infected in epidemics, such as
plague and cholera.
This model is based on an intuitive understanding of how infectious diseases affect the host in
the real world. The SIR model includes three types of individuals: individuals who are
susceptible (because of a lack of immunity) to infection after contacting infected persons (S),
individuals who are infectious and can transmit the virus to susceptible individuals (I), and
individuals who no longer participate in the infection process because of healing (with
immunity) or death (R). Differential equations are used to describe the dynamic changes in the
number of each subpopulation in the spread of epidemics. Within an analysis period, some
people from susceptible individuals are infected, and some infected individuals recover,
assuming that these changes are continuous. These processes can be described by
Eqs. (1), (2), (3).(1)d�/d�=���/�(2)d�/d�=���/�−��(3)d�/d�=��where S, I,
and R represent the numbers of the susceptible individuals, infectious individuals, and recovered
individuals, respectively, N is the total population (S + I + R), � is the infection coefficient, g is
the recovery rate of the infected person to health, and dS/dt represents the rate of change of S at
time t.
The SIR model is the most basic model for indicating the spread of infectious diseases. When
considering an exposed (or latent) compartment (explicitly containing those infected but not yet
infectious), the model is called a susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR)
model. Kucharski et al. (2020) used an SEIR model to analyze the early dynamics of the
transmission and control of COVID-19. Prem et al. (2020) used an SEIR model to analyze the
effect of control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of the COVID-19 epidemic in
Wuhan. In the cases where susceptibility returns after recovery, the model is called a susceptible-
infected-susceptible (SIS) model (Lajmanovich and Yorke, 1976). Other related models include
susceptible-infected (SI), susceptible-exposed-infected (SEI), susceptible-exposed-infected-
susceptible (SEIS), susceptible-infected-removed-susceptible (SIRS), susceptible-exposed-
infected-removed (SEIR), and susceptible-exposed-infected-removed-susceptible (SEIRS)
(structure is shown in Fig. 1). By considering additional variables, such as birth, death, and
migration, or monitoring the spread of multiple epidemics simultaneously, these initial models
have led to the development of more complex mathematical models (Brauer, 2008).

Review of Urban Transportation Network

Design Problems Based on CiteSpace
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2019/5735702/

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of urban transportation network design problems
according to CiteSpace, including main problem classifications, mathematical models, and
solution methods obtained from CiteSpace clusters. The review attempts to present the
systematic picture of urban transportation network design and show the future directions of it.

1. Introduction
The urban transportation network system is composed of four categories: facility network, route
network, organization network, and demand network. The intertwined networks form the
essential base for the human interaction in social and economic activities and even the urban
architecture. In the context of urban transportation network, the traffic nodes constitute a facility
network, the traffic lines make up a route network, and the combination of nodes and lines forms
organization network, including urban road network, urban public transportation network, urban
external transportation network, and passenger and cargo transportation hubs. Urban
transportation network is an important issue both for human activities and civil logistics. In
particular, under the background of sustainable development, the network design plays a
significant role in highly efficient activities and can contribute to less environment-related
problems.

Urban transportation network design problem (UTNDP) is so complicated and practically

important that it has been studied since the last five decades. As a result, more researchers have
published increasingly growing works over time. Some reviews among these researches have
been conducted by Migdalas [1], Yang and H. Bell [2], Kepaptsoglou and Karlaftis [3], Farahani
and Miandoabchi et al. [4], and recently by Xu and Chen et al. [5]. General network design or
part of urban transportation network design has been reviewed and summarized. And the latest
review considered the transit and road network interplay, making a comparison of formulation
approached as well as solution algorithm. However, as the problems are complicated and new
research technology and challenges emerged, it is necessary to trace further research methods
and results.

This paper attempts to present a systematic review of UTNDP according to the statistics data
obtained from CiteSpace. To the best of our knowledge, few reviews of UTNDP have conducted
reference analysis by the tool of CiteSpace to present the knowledge span map and to abstract the
research clusters as the analysis focus. It is valuable for the following research directions. In
particular, city logistics considerations, complex network research perspectives, and
sustainability concerns are involved in the new trends.

Apart from reviewing UTNDP, we also summarize and compare the solution techniques, which
provide the horizontal comparison for different types of problems, and demonstrate the efficient
optimization directions.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces data source and the analysis
tool advantage. Section 3 explains analysis results as regards research focus and research font
clusters based on CiteSpace. Highly cited references, author, and journal are also shown in this
section. Section 4 mainly presents classifications of UTNDP problems and solutions.
Section 5 focuses on different varieties of urban transportation network problem descriptions.
Section 6 depicts mathematical model for UENDP. Section 7 demonstrates solution methods to
the problems. Ultimately, the possible following research concerns are demonstrated in
Section 8 and conclusions are given in Section 9.

2. Data Source and Method

This article used CiteSpace [48] Visual analysis tools to draw various knowledge maps and
Spectrum, showing research trends and hot trends in the field through elements such as node
size, network connectivity, and key word co-occurrence. The visual tools used in this article are
CiteSpace V Software, version is 5.3.R4 SE (64-bit). One of the core functions of this software is
detection and analysis of the research frontier and knowledge relationship.

In order to ensure that the original data is comprehensive, accurate, and highly credible, this
article chosen Web of Science as the data source, which is the largest global academic journal
network. Dataset searched is about “urban transportation network design,” with the year period
ranges from 1969 to 2018. Moreover, the category set as journal type and the nonacademic
papers such as reports and proceedings have been deleted. As a result, 487 articles are selected
for the research.
3. Knowledge Span Analysis

3.1. Key Words Map

Time zone segmentation is an important feature of CiteSpace software. It requires users to

perform time zone segmentation (Time Slicing) to determine the length of a single time slice in
order to perform timing capture on a knowledge domain and then connect these time-sharing
pictures together to complete the subject knowledge mapping task from the perspective of
diachronic research.

Currently, CiteSpace allows users to customize the size of the time interval to enhance the
flexibility of the software application, but the appropriate and reasonable time interval has no
criteria. In general, the smaller the time interval, the greater the time sensitivity of the mapping is
to reveal the evolution of knowledge in the field. But too small interval setting will result in a
series of items difficult to be detected due to the small change range between the neighboring
zones. As a result, the critical node would not be recognized.

Observation projects are not easy to be discovered because of the small variation in adjacent time
zones, which in turn affect the identification of key nodes.

Firstly, a new project is set up and parameters are set as shown in Figure 1; preliminary
operational results show that no data is found before 1998, so time range is reduced to achieve
more accurate result.