Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring Biography of Jean Watson Jean Watson is an American nurse theorist and nursing professor Known for her "Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring." She has also written numerous texts, including Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Watson's study on caring has been integrated into education and patient eare to various nursing schools and healthcare facilities worldwide. Education Jean Watson ardently and quickly progressed through her nursing education, earning her bachelor’s degree in nursing in 1964, a master of science in psychiatric and mental health nursing in 1966, and 2 Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973, all from the University of Colorado at Boulder. (Career and Appointments After Jean Watson concluded her doctoral degree, she has served in both faculty and administrative positions in the School of Nursing faculty, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver. In 1981 and 1982, she pursued international sabbatical studies in New Zealand, Australia, India, Thailand, and Taiwan, In the 1980s, Watson and colleagues established the Center for Human Caring at the University of Colorado, the nation’s first interdisciplinary center ‘committed (o using human caring knowledge for clinical practice, scholarship, administration, and leadership. At the center, Watson and others sponsor clinical, educational, and community scholarship activities and human caring projects, These activities involve national and international scholars in residence and international connections with colleagues around the world, such as Australia Brazil, Canada, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Thailand, and Venezuela, among others. Activities such as these continue at the University of Colorado's International, Certificate Program in Caring Healing, where Watson offers her theory courses for doctoral students. Watson served as chairperson and assistant dean of the undergraduate program at the University of Colorado School of Nursing. She was involved in the planning and implementing of the nursing Ph.D. program and served as ‘coordinator and director of the Ph.D. program between 1978 and 1981. Frora 1983 t0 1990, she was Dean of University of Colorado ‘Schoo! of Nursing and Associate Director of Nursing Practice at University Hospital. During her deanship, she was instrumental in ‘developing a post-bacealaureate nursing curriculum in human caring, health, and healing that led to a Nursing Doctorate (ND), professional clinical doctoral degree that in 2005 became the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree. Between 1993 and 1996, ‘Watson served as & member of the Executive Committee and the Governing Board and as an officer for the NLN, and she was elected president from 1995 (0 1996, In 2005, she took a sabbatical for a walking pilgrimage in the Spanish El Camino, And in 2008, Watson created a non-profit foundation; Watson Caring Science Institute, to further the work of Caring Science in the world, Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring ‘Watson's Philosophy and Scicnc: of Caring is concerned with how nurses express eare to their patents, Her theory stresses the Ihumanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with sefentiic knowledge and nursing practice, The nursing model states that “nursing ts concerned with promoting health, preventing ile, earimg for the sick. and restormg health.” Vt focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases. According to Watson, ntral (o nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple medical eure. Sie believes that a holistic approach to health care is central tothe practice of earing in nursing According to her theory, earing can be demonstrated and practiced by nurses. Caring for patients promotes growth: a caring ‘environment aecepts a person as they are and looks to what they may become. Metaparadigm + Person - She referred to the human beings as a valued person in and of themselves to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted; in general, a person's philosophical view asa fully funetional integrated self. Human is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts. + Health - Defined as a high level of overall physical, mental, and social functioning, a general adaptive-maintenance level of daily finctioning, the absence of illness, or the presence of efforts leading to the absence of illness. + Nursing - A science of persons and health-illness experience mediated by professional, personal, scientific, and ethical care interactions. + Environment - no definition given ‘Nursing Process outlined in Watson's theory: + Assessment - Assessment, in this content, involves gathering information about the patient's physical, emotional, and psychosocial well-being, as well as their unique needs, preferences, and values. + Plan - This care plan is based on the information gathered during the assessment phase. The planning process emphasizes the importance of individualized, holistic, and humanistic care. It takes into account the patient's physical, emotional, and psychosocial well-being, as well as their interconnectedness with their environment. The care plan is designed to facilitate the promotion of health and healing while integrating the aurse's ccaring presence and focusing on the nurse-patient relationship as a central element in the delivery of care. + Intervention - These interventions are rooted in the concept "caring science" and focus on providing compassionate and holistic care that addresses the physical, emotional, and psychosocial neads of the patient, The nurse's role in this phase is to deliver care with a deep sense of caring, a therapeutic presence, and a commitment to promoting the patient's well-being and healing. Interventions in Watson's theory go beyond mere echnical tasks and aim to establish a profound nurse-patient relationship that fosters trust and emotional support, which is believed to be crucial for the patient's healing and overall health. + Evaluation - Evaluation in this context involves reflecting on the outcomes of care and the patient's response to interventions. It also considers the quality of the nurse-patient relationship and the extent to which caring values were integrated into the eare process, ‘The goal is to ensure that the care provided aligns with the patient’s unique needs and values and promotes their overall well- being and healing. IF necessary, adjustments are made to the care plan to better meet the patient's needs, Works: + Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring (1979) + Human Science and Human Care A Theory of Nur + Postmodern Nursing and Beyond (1999) + Instruments for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences (2002) + Instruments for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences (2002) + Caring Science as Sacred Science (2005) = (1985)Theory of Human Caring of Jean Watson Jean Watson's “Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring anainly concerns how nurses cate for tier patisn's and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health, In today’s world, nursing seems to be responding to the various demands of the machinery with less consideration of the needs ofthe person attached to the machine In Watson's view, the disease might be cured, but illness woul remain bescuse, without earing, health is not attained. Caring is the essence of nursing and eonnotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse eo-participates with the person, Watson contends that caring can help the person gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote healthy changes. ‘What is Watson's Theory of Transpersonal Caring? + According to Watson's theory, "Nursing concerned with promoting health, preventing illaess, cating for the sick, and restoring health.” It focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of discases. According to Watson, caring is central to nursing practice and promotes health better than a simple snedical cure + The nursing model also states that caring can be demonstrated ‘and practiced by nutses, Caring for patients promotes growth; 2 caring environment accepts a person as they are and looks to what they may become. Assumptions 1.Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally, 2. Caring consists of earative factors that result in the satisfaction ofeertain human needs, 3. Effective earing promotes health and individual or family growth. 4.Caring responses accept the patient as he or she is now, as well as what he or she may become. 5.A caring environment offers the development of potential while allowing the patient to choose the best action for themselves at a given point in time, 6.The science of caring is complementary to the science of curing. 7.The practice of caring is central to musing. Major Concepts ‘Society. - The society provides the values that determine how one should behave and what goals one should strive toward. Watson states: “Caring (and nursing) has existed in every society. Every society has had some people who have cared for others. A caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation by genes, ‘The culture of the profession transmits it as a unique way of coping with its environment ‘Human being - Human being isa valued person to be cared for, respeeted, nurtured, understood, and assisted: in general, 2 philosophical view ofa person as a fully functional integrated self, ‘A human is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts, ‘Health - Health is the unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul; health is associated with the degree of congruence between the self and the self'as experienced. It is defined as a high level of overall physical, mental, and social functioning; a general adaptive-maintenance level of daly functioning: and the absence of illness, or the presence of efforts leading to the absence of illness. “Nursing - Nursing is @ human seience of persons and human health illness experiences mediated by professional, personal, scientific, ‘esthetic, and ethical hurnan care transactions. Actual Caring Occasion - The actual caring ovcasion involves actions and choices by the nurse and the individual. The moment of coming together on a caring occasion presents the two persons, ‘with the opportunity to decide how to be in the relationship - what 10 do with the moment. ‘Transpersonal - ‘The transpersonal concept is an intersubjective human-to-human relationship in whieh the nurse affects and is affected by the other person. Both are fully present in the moment and feel union with the other; they share a phenomenal field tht becomes part of botl's a life story, Subeoncepts + Phonomenal field - The totality of human experience of one's in the world. This refers to the individual's frame of reference that can only be known to that person. + Solf- The organized conceptual gestalt is composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the" or "ME" and the perceptions of the relationship of the ";" and “ME” to others and various aspects of life. + Lime - The present is more subjectively real, and the past is more ‘objectively real. The past is before or in a different mode of being than the present, bur itis not clearly distinguishable, Past, present, and future incidents merge and fuse 10 Carative Factors Watson offered a translation of the original carative factors into clinical caritas processes that suggested open ways in which they ccould be considered, The frst three carative factors are the "philosophical foundation” for tie science of caring, while the remaining seven derive from that foundation, Carative Factors "Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within the ‘context of caring consciousness 1. "The formation of a bhumanistic-altruistic system of values." "Being authentivally present and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subiective life-world of self and one being cared for. 2."The instillation of faith: hope.” “Cultivation of one's own spiritual practices and ‘ranspersonal self going beyond the ego-seli." 3. "The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others.” 4. "Development of a helping-trust relationship” became “development of a helping- ‘rusting, human caring relation” (in 2004 Watson website) ‘Developing and sustaining a helping trusting. authentic caring relationship."5. "The promotion and ‘acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings.” "Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit and self and the ‘one-being-cared for.” 6. "The systematic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision making" became "systematic use of a creative problem solving caring process" (in 2004 Watson website) creative use of self and all ‘ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in the artistry of earing- healing practices.” 7."The promotion of transpersonal teaching learning. 8. “The provision of the supportive, protective, and (on) corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment.” “Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to the unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within cothers' frame of reference." "Creating healing cavironment at all Ievels physical as well as the nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated)’ 9, "The assistance with the gratification of human needs.” 10. "The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces” became "allowance for existential- phenomenological spiritual frees" (in 2004 Watson website) "Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering "human care essentials, which potentiate alignment of mind-body-spirit, wholeness, ‘and unity of being in all aspects of care, “Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious and existential dimensions of ‘one's own life-death; soul care for self and the one- being-cared for” ‘Watson's Hierarchy of Needs + Tower-order biophysical needs or survival needs — the need for food and fluid — the need for elimination the need for ventilating + Tower-order psychophysical needs or funeti — the need for activity-inactivity the need for sexuality + higher-order psychosocial needs or integrative needs — the need for achievement and affiliation «+ higher-order intrapersonal-interpersonal need or growth-sceking, needs the need for self-actualizationRosemarie Rizzo Purse's Human Becoming Theory Biography of Rosemarie Rizzo Parse + Parse served as.a faculty member at the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the Dean of the Duquesne University School of ‘Nursing. Between 1983 and 1993, she was a professor and ‘coordinator of the Center for Nursing Research at the City University of New York's Hunter College. She was also a professor and the Niehoff Chair at Loyola University in Chicago from 1993 until 2006, Beginning in Fanuary 2007, she bas ‘worked as a consultant and visiting scholar at the New York University College of Nursing + Parse isthe founder and current editor of Nursing Science ‘Quarterly, and is president of Discovery International, Inc. She is also an active Fellow in the American Academy of Nursing. Throughout her career, Parse hss published nine books and more than 100 artieles and editorials about the nursing field + Her awards include two Lifetime Achievement Awards givea from the Midwest Nursing Research Society and the Asian American Pacific Islander Nurse's Association, A scholarship ‘was created in her name at the Henderson State University School of Nursing, and the Society of Rgerian Scholars gave her the Martha B. Rogers Golden Slinky Award. Then, in 2008, she received the New York Times Nurse Educator of the Year Award. ‘Some additional works written by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse are: + The Nation's Health | THE NATION'S HEALTH BY Parse, Rosemarie Rizzo (Author ) Feb-21-2003 + Community: A Human Becoming Experience + Qualitative Inquiry: The Path of Sciencing Uluminations: The Human Becoming Theory In Practice And Research (NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR NURSING SERIES (ALL NLN TITLES) + Hope: An International Human Becoming Perspective (National League for Nursing Series) + The Human Becoming School of Thought Nursing Science’ Major Paradigms, Theories and Critiques + Man-Living-Health: Theory of Nursing (A Wikey Medical Publication) Parse's Human Becoming Theory Human Becoming Theory of Nursing. + A nursing theory that places its emphasis on the distinet and personal encounters of each individual within the framework of ‘well-being and ailment. It posits that people are in a constant state of change, and their health is not preordained. According. to this theory, nursing revolves around collaboratively constructing significance with the individual, acknowledaing their autonomy in decision-making, and assisting them in discovering significance and purpose in their health encounters, The theory underscores the significance of honoring the person's values and c’choices, along with their unique interpretations of health, rather than adhering to uniform care protocols or predefined medical juclements. + Itas first published in 1981 as the "Manfiving-health" theory, and in 1992 the name Was changed to “the Human Becoming Theory.” It was developed as a human science nursing theory, and the assumptions underpinning the theory come from the ‘works of Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty, as well as ‘Martha Rogers, who was a pioneer American nursing theorist ‘The Human Becoming Theory is a combination of factors such as: + Biological Factors - Refer to the physiological aspects and ‘characteristics of an individual that influence their health and well-being. These factors include elements such as genetics, ‘anatomy, physiology, and the physical aspects of the body. + Psychological Factors - Pertain to the emotional and mental aspects of an individual's health experience, These factors ‘encompass an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and cognitive processes. Psychological factors are considered as one Of the dimensions that contribute to a person's overall health ‘experience within the theory. It emphasizes that individuals’ psychological experiences and interpretations are essential ‘components of their unique health journey. + Sociological Factors - Refer to the social and interpersonal ‘aspects that influence an individual's health and well-being. ‘These factors encompass a person's relationships, cultural, background, social environment, and the broader socictal context in which they exist + Spiitual Factors - Encompass the individual's inner beliefs, values, and sense of meaning and purpose in life. These factors are integral to the person's spiritual well-being and their unique spiritual journey. ‘Three Themes of the Human Becoming Theory: + Meaning - refers to the unique and subjective interpretations and significance that individuals assign to their experiences, inchuding their health and well-being. It represents the personal understanding and value that an individual places on various aspects of their life, health, and illness, According to this theory, ‘meaning is not pre-determined or standardized but is co-created in collaboration with the person and their nurse or healthcare provider. + Rhythmicity - refers to the dynamic and ever-changing patterns ‘and chydums of an individual's life and health experiences. These patterns are not fixed or predetermined but are constantly evolving and unique to each person. Rhythmicity refleets the individual's daily routines, biological cycles, and the ebb and flow of their experiences. Parse's theory recognizes that individuals have their own intrinsic shytms and they live and experience their health. + Transcendence - refers to the process of moving beyond the current state of health or well-being (o reach a higher level of understanding, meaning, or consciousness, It involves the individual's capacity to go beyond their immediate circumstances ‘and limitations to find deeper purpose, meaning, and insight in their health experiences. Transcendence, in this theory, is a personal and individual journey that may lead to a greater ‘understanding of one's values, beliefs, and life purpose in the context of health and illness, ns in how Metaparadigm: + Nurs seen as a dynamic and collaborative process between the nurse and the person receiving care, Its foeused on eo-creating meaning and "understanding of the person's unique health experiences. [Nurses are facilitators who help individuals explore and discover the meaning and purpose in their health journey, rather than simply providing standardized cate. + Persan: The concept of a persoa in the Human Becoming. Theory is central to the mictaparadigm. Each person is viewed asa unique and ever-changing individual with their own values, choices, and patterns of health. The theory emphasizes the impostance of recognizing the person's freedom to makechoices and their subjective interpretations of health experiences. The person is not seen as a passive recipient of care but as an active participant in their own health, Healt Health, within the Human Becoming Theory, is not predetermined or defined by external standards. Instead, health isa subjective and individual experience. It is defined by the person based on their own values, beliefs, and the meaning they attribute to theit health, Health is seen as dynamic and ever- changing, with each person having their unique health patterns and rhythms, Environment: The environment in this theory is not just the physical surroundings but also includes the broader sociocultural and interpersonal context in which the person exists. It recognizes the impact of the environment ona person's health experiences. The environment can influence a person's choices, values, and meaning-making processes.