13 - Chapter 4

CHAPTER - IV
CHAPTER - IV
DATA ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATIONS ON THE WORKING OF
POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES IN SELECTED VILLAGES
AT NAGAPATTINAM DISTRICT
Removal of poverty in India has always been one of the main
objectives of planning since its inception. But till the Third Five Year
Plan, the emphasis had been on the growth in Gross National Product
and it was assumed that it would trickle down to the masses and
alleviate their poverty. But the fruits of growth did not trickle down to
the masses as had been assumed. Even the green revolution had
bypassed both the poor and the backward areas. So, during the
Fourth Five Year Plan (1969 - 74), this approach to removing of
poverty was modified. Special programmes were initiated to benefit
the poor and backward areas. As poverty is an indivisible,
multidimensional phenomenon, for removing it, a variety of
programmes have been launched over a period of time.
A Study on the Working of Poverty Alleviation Programmes with
reference to selected villages of Nagapattinam District consisted of the
utilization of both secondary and primary data. Secondary data have
been used to examine the official working of Poverty Alleviation
Programmes. Primary data were collected in order to make an impact

127
study on poverty alleviation programmes from beneficiaries point of
view. Hence, the study undertaken is two-fold in character. Secondary
data have been obtained from District Rural Development Agency
(DRDA), Nagapattinam, and Block Development Offices of the five
chosen Blocks namely, Kuthalam, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam,
Sembanarkoil and Sirkali. Primary data were collected with help of
questionnaire / Schedule administered among beneficiaries of poverty
alleviation programmes.
IV.1.1.The official working of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in
Selected Villages of Nagapattinam District From 1996-1997
to 2005-2006.
In order to examine the official working of poverty alleviation
programmes at Nagapattinam District; Poverty alleviation programmes
implemented namely 1) Rural House, 2) Infrastructure, 3) Employment,
4) Sanitation, 5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development
(MP-LAD), 6) Village Development, 7) People Participation, 8) Member
of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme, 9)
General Fund, 10) Finance Commission, 11) Non-Conventional energy
(NC Energy), and 12) Miscellaneous Centre, at the five different Blocks
of the District cited, have been studied pertaining to the period of study
in the following manner; viz a study on:-

128
1. Block-Wise Estimated and Actual Expenditure Incurred During
the Period of Study.
2. Block-Wise Physical Assets Generated During the Period of
Study.
3. Block-Wise Unit Cost of Assets Generated During the Period of
Study, and
4. Consolidated comparative Study of Block-Wise unit cost of
Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented From 1996-1997
To 2005-2006.
IV.1.1.A study on Estimated and Actual Expenditure Incurred in
Respect of Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented
at Kuthalam Block
A study on estimated and actual expenditure incurred in respect
of the implementation of poverty alleviation programmes at
Nagapattinam District may reveal the fact whether the estimated
expenditure was actually incurred or not. The Table presented in this
connection serves one such purpose. From the table drawn one can
easily make out the differences in the importance of the various poverty
alleviation programmes implemented by comparing the expenditure
pattern meant for the same.

129
Table IV.1.1.1. Estimated and Actual Expenditure Incurred on
Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented at Kuthalam Block
From 1996-1997 To 2005-2006.
1. Rural House
(a) Indira Awaaz Yojana - (lAY)
Under Indira Awaaz Yojana (lAY), - a rural housing programme,
the total of estimated expenditure and actual expenditure incurred
respectively were Rs.3,63,50,000 and Rs.3,63,19,000 during the period
in question. The Actual expenditure fell short of Rs.31,000 compared
to estimated expenditure. To the actual expenditure incurred, the
highest share of 24.51 per cent and lowest Share of 2.21 per cent were
made duly by 1998-1999 and 1996-1997.
(b) Indira Awaaz Yojana - Upgradation (lAY - UPGR)
Indira Awaaz Yojana Upgradation - a rural housing programme,
attracted an estimated expenditure of Rs.53,90,000 and an actual
expenditure of Rs.53,85,000 giving rise to a balance of Rs.5,000 during
the period of study. To the total in question, the highest share of
37.79% and the lowest Share of 2.59% were made respectively by
1999-2000 and 2000-2001.

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(c) Credit - Cum - Subsidy (CCS)
Towards the construction of rural houses by the poverty sticken
people of Kuthalam Block, Credit - Cum - Subsidy (CCS) Programnries
was launched during the period of study. Against the same, an
estimated as well as actual expenditure of Rs.5,80,000 each was spent
during the period of study. To the total registered, the highest share of
43.10% and the lowest share of 6.89% were respectively made by
2000-2001 and 2001-2002.
(2) Infrastructure
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana / Sampoorna Gramin
Rojagar Yojana - (JGSY / SGRY)
Under Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana / Sowrna Jayanthi Gram
Rojagar Yojana - an infrastructure programme an estimated
expenditure of Rs.5,53,15,000 and an actual expenditure of
Rs.5,52,26,000 were incurred during the period of study gave rise to a
balance of Rs.89,000. To the total registered, the highest share of
31.76% was made by 2005-2006 compared to the lowest share of
0.42% made by 1998-1999.

139
(3) Employment
Employment Assurance Scheme / Sampoorna Gramin
Rojagar Yojana (EAS / SGRY)
To generate employment to the rural poor, an estimated
expenditure of Rs.9,42,30,000 was proposed to spend during the
period of study. As against this, the actual expenditure incurred was
Rs.9,32,70,000 only giving rise to a balance of Rs.96,000. To the total
examined, the highest share of 24.13% and the lowest share of 2.97%
were made respectively by 2005-2006 and 1998-1999.
(4) Sanitation
RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based / Rural Sanitation
To protect rural poor from problems related to lack of rural
sanitation, it was proposed to spend an expenditure of Rs.1,20,04,000.
Against this the actual expenditure incurred was Rs.3,50,000 during
the period in question. To this total, the highest share of 49.33% and
the lowest share of 0.48% were made duly by 2003-2004 and 1998-
1999.
(5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development (MP-LAD)
MR-LAD a poverty alleviation programme implemented during
the period of study was registered with the highest share of 18.77%
and the lowest share of 2.10% made duly by 2003-2004 and 1996-
1997.
140
(6) Village Development
Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AMT)
To bring in village development through Anna Marurnalarchi
Thittam (AMT) during the period of study, a total estimated expenditure
of Rs.2,34,73,000. To the actual expenditure incurred the year 2005-
2006 did the highest share of 48.30% while the lowest share of 0.94%
was made by 1996-1997.
(7} People Participation
Namakku Name Thittam / Village Self - Sufficiency Scheme
(NNT / VSSS)
To involve rural people in the rural development activities,
NNT/VSSS was launched with an estimated expenditure of
Rs.1,15,41,000 and an actual expenditure of Rs.1,15,15,000
respectively during the period of study with a balance of Rs.26,000. To
the actual expenditure incurred, the year 1999-2000 did the highest
share of 42.85% and the year 2004-2005 did the lowest share of
1.98%.
(8) Member of Legislative Assembly - Constituency
Development Scheme (WILA - CDS)
An estimated expenditure of Rs.3,03,54,000 was proposed to be
spent under MLA-CDS. The actual amount spent was only

141
Rs.3,02,88,000. The balance left in this regard was Rs.66,000. To the
actual expenditure incurred, the year 2005-2006 did the highest share
of 22.49% where as the year 1996-1997 did the lowest share of 0.35%.
(9) General Fund
Under General Fund an allocation of estinnated expenditure to
the tune of Rs.2,76,37,000 was made but actual expenditure incurred
was only Rs.2,74,97,000, gave rise to a balance of Rs.1,40,000. To
the actual expenditure incurred, the highest and lowest share
contribution to the extent of 33.52% and 1.52% were made duly by
1999-2000 and 2002-2003.
(10) Finance Commission
In the name of Finance Commission an estimated expenditure
of Rs.1,77,55,000 was allocated but spend was only Rs.1,76,67,000
during the period of study with a balance of Rs.88,000. To the actual
expenditure incurred, the year 1999-2000 did the highest share of
31.38% while the year 2004-2005 did the lowest share of 9.75%.
(11) Non-Conventional Energy / NC Energy
The Non-conventional energy programme implemented during
the period of study gave rise to an estimated expenditure of
Rs.3,10,000 and an actual expenditure incurred. To the actual

142
expenditure incurred, the year 2001-2002 made the highest share of
56.46% while the lowest share of 3.04% was made by 1999-2000.
(12) Miscellaneous Centre
Sowarna Jayanthi Gramme Sowarajagar Yojana (SGSY)
Under the Miscellaneous Centre Programme SGSY was
launched during the period of study with an estimated expenditure of
and with an actual expenditure of Rs.48,15,000 respectively. To the
total examined, the highest share of 88.36% and the lowest share of
11.63% were made duly by 2000-2001 and 1999-2000.
Consolidated Picture
For all the twelve poverty alleviation programmes implemented
at Kuthalam Block Level, the total estimated expenditure proposed
during the period of study was stood at Rs.33,39,83,000. Similarly, the
consolidated actual expenditure incurred during the same period
remained at Rs.33,26,26,000. In respect consolidated total of the
estimated expenditure incurred, the highest and lowest share
contribution to the same to the extent of 28.21% and 0.09% were made
respectively by Employment Programme and Non-Convention Energy
Programme. In this same way. Employment Programme did the
highest share of 28.04% and Non-Conventional Energy Programme did
the lowest share of 0.08% to the consolidated total of actual
expenditure incurred. The difference between the estimated

143
expenditure and actual expenditure held during the period of study ran
into a consolidated balance of Rs. 13,57,000. To this total, MP-LAD did
the highest share of 33.08% while the lowest share of 0.07% was
made to it by Village Development Programme.
IV. 1.1a. A study on Physical Assets Generated in Respect of
Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented at Kuthalam
Block.
As against the actual expenditure incurred at the level of
Kuthalam Block to implement Poverty Alleviation Programmes during
the period of study, such programme implemented gave rise to
generation of assets in various forms. Such a study would help to find
out the fact in which programme assets generated were the highest
and the lowest. The Table picturized in this regard facilitates some
such fact.
(1) Rural House
(a) Indira Awaaz Yojana (lAY)
A total number of 1,065 rural houses were constructed to
provide shelter to the rural poor. To this total, during the period in
question, the highest share of 16.71% and the lowest share of 6.10

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Under lAY - UPGR a total of 356 rural houses were convStructed
to benefit the poverty stricken people of Kuthalam Block. To the total
examined, the highest share of 26.96% and the lowest share of 9.83%
A total of 35 rural houses were constructed with the help of CCS
during the pehod of study with the due contribution of 57.14%
(highest), 14.28%, 2.85% (lowest) and 25.71 by 1999-2000, 2000-
2001, 2001-2002 and 2003-2004.
(2) Infrastructure - Jawahar Gram Samrldhi Yojana /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana (JGSY / SGRY)
Using JGSY and SGRY a total number of 1,095 rural
infrastructure facilities were generated with the highest share of
22.64% and the lowest share of 1.46% respectively made by 2005-
2006 and 1998-1999.
(3) Employment - Employment Assurance Scheme /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana (EAS / SGRY)
A total 1,176 rural employment were generated with the help of
EAS / SGRY during the period of study with the highest share of
147
33.58% made by 2003-2004 and lowest share of 0.93% did by 1999-
2000.
(4) Sanitation - RCRSP (AB) RCRSP Allocation Based / Rural
Sanitation
A total of 4,679 rural sanitary facilities were created at Kuthaiam
Block during the period of study. To the total registered, the year 2005-
2006 did the highest share of 43.85% while the lowest share of 0.04%
to the same was made by 1998-1999.
(5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development (MP-LAD)
Under MP-LAD, a total of 224 developmental facilities were
created with the highest share of 16.07% and the lowest one of .89%
respectively made by 2004-2005 and 1996-1997.
(7) Village Development - Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AMT)
The implementation of AMT at Kuthaiam Block led to the
creation of rural assets to the extent of 127, involving people
participations. To the total in question, the highest share of 36.22%
and the lowest share of 0.78% were contributed respectively by 2003-
2004 and 2002-2003.

148
(8) Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency
Development Scheme (MLA - CDS)
MLA-CDS whose adoption at Kuthalam Block resulted in the
generation of rural assets to the tune of 333 with the highest share of
55.25% and the lowest share of 1.20% made duly by 2005-2006 and
1998-1999.
(9) General Fund
Through the utilisation of General Fund a total of 241 rural
assets were created during the period of study. To the total mentioned,
the year 2003-2004 did the highest contribution of 58.92% and the year
2002-2003 did the lowest share of 0.82%.
The contribution made by finance commissions during the
period in question had made available 309 rural assets with the highest
share of 34.95% and the lowest share of 11.65% respectively by 2002-
2003 and 1996-1997.
(11) Non - Conventional Energy (NC Energy)
Under Non-Conventional Energy Programme, during the period
in question 544 Bio-gas facilities were provided to the rural poor with
the highest share of 30.51% and the lowest share of 0.91%
respectively by 2001-2002 and 2004-2005.

149
(12) Miscellaneous Centre - Sowarna Jayanthi Gramme
Sowarajagar Yojana (SGSY)
As part of Miscellaneous Central Programme, SGSY's adoption
resulted in the creation of 9 rural assets. To this total, 66.66% and
33.33% of respective share contributions were made by 1999-2000
and 2000-2001.
During the period of study in question the adoption of various
poverty alleviation programmes resulted in the generation of 10,499
rural assets. To this total, the respective share of 13.86%, 10.42%,
11.20, 44.56, (Highest) 2.13%, 2.91, 1.20%, 3.17%, 2.18%, 2.94%,
5.18%, and 0.08% (Lowest) were made by Rural House, Infrastructure,
Employment, Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village Development, People
Participation, MLA-CDS General Fund, Finance Commission, NC-
Energy, and Miscellaneous Center.
VI.LIb, A study on Unit Cost of Assets Generated Pertaining to
Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented At Kuthalam Block
By making a study of actual expenditure incurred and the
number of Physical assets generated at Kuthalam Block through the
implementation of poverty alleviation programmes, during the period in
question, one can easily work out unit cost of assets generated against
150
each and every poverty alleviation programme implemented. It is
easily understood with the help of Table drawn in this connection.
Unit cost of assets generated under various poverty alleviation
programmes adopted at Kuthalam Block during the period in question
were Rs.29,041.20, Rs.50,434.70, Rs.7,911.22, Rs.2,490.70,
Rs.65,375, Rs.76,705.88, Rs.90,669.29, Rs.90,954.95,
Rs.1,14,095.43, Rs.57,174.47, Rs.540.44 and Rs.5,35,000.00
respectively in regard to Rural Housing Programme, Infrastructure
programme. Employment Generation Programme, Sanitation
Programmes, MP-LAD Programme, People Participation, Programme,
MLA-CDS Programme, General Fund Programme Finance
Commission Programme NC Energy Programme and Miscellaneous
Center Programme.
151
Table IV. 1. l b . 1 Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented

and Unit Costs of Assets Generated at Kuthalam Block
From 1996 - 1997 To 2005 - 2006
Name of Poverty Actual Physical

S.No Alleviation Unit Cost
Expenditure Units
Programmes
1. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana - 3,63,19,000 1,065 34,102.34
lAY
a. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana
53,85,000 356 15,126.40
Upgradation - lAY -
UPGR
b. Rural House
Credit - Cum - Subsidy 5,80,000 35 16,571.42
-CCS
2. Infrastructure
Jawaliar Gram Samridhi 5,52,26,000 1,095 50,434.70
Yojana - JGSY / SGRY
3. Employment
Employment Assurance 9,32,70,000 1,176 79,311.22
Scheme - EAS / SGRY
4. Sanitation
RCRSP (AB) RCRSP -
1,16,54,000 4,679 2,490.70
Allocation Based / Rural
Sanitation
5. Member of Parliament
Local Area 1,46,44,000 224 65,375.00
Development - MP -
LAD
6. Village Development
Anna Marumalarchi 2,34,72,000 306 76,705.88
Thittam, A M I .
7. People Participation
Nammal<ku Namea
Thittam NNT / Village 1,15,15,000 127 90,669.29
Self - Sufficiency
Schemes VSSS
8. Member of Legislative
Assembly Constituency 3,02,88,000 333 90,954.95
Development Scheme -
MLA - CDS
9. General Fund 2,74,97,000 241 1,14,095.43
10. Finance Commission 1,76,67,000 309 57,174.47
11. Non -- Conventional 2,94,000 544 540.44
Energy - Biogas
Miscellaneous Centre
Sowrna Jayanthi 48,15,000 9 5,35,000.00
12.
Gramme Sowarajagar
Yojana - SGSY
TOTAL 33,26,26,000 10,499
Source : Secondary Data Computed : DRDA, Nagapattinam

and BDO Office, Kuthalam.
152
Among the various poverty alleviation programmes implemented
the unit cost of assets generated was the highest with Rs.53,50,000 in
respect of Miscellaneous Center and the same was lowest with
Rs.540.44 in respect of NC Energy programme.
IV. 1.2. A Study on Estimated and Actual Expenditure
Incurred in Respect of Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Implemented at IWaylladuthurai Block.
(1) Rural House
The implementation of lAY programme during the period of
study costed an estimated expenditure of Rs.2,62,39,000 and an actual
expenditure of Rs.2,62,38,000 leaving out a balance of Rs.1,000. To
the total of actual expenditure incurred, the highest share of 25.44%
and lowest share of 4.91% were duly made by 2004-2005 and 1999-
1998.
(b) Indira Awaaz Yojana Upgradation (lAY - UPGR)
To construct rural houses under lAY-UPGR during the period in
question, an estimated expenditure of Rs.76,08,000 was proposed and
an actual expenditure Rs.76,07,000 was incurred. To the total of
40.21 % and the year 2000-2001 made the lowest share of 6.04%. The
153
difference between estimated expenditure and actual expenditure was
Rs. 1,000.
To generate house for the rural poor under credit - cum -
subsidy programme an estimated expenditure and an actual
expenditure of Rs.8,20,000 each was were recorded. To the actual
expenditure incurred, the highest share of 25.44% and the lowest
share of 4.91 % were duly made by 2004-2005 and 1997-1998.
(2) Infrastructure - Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
To provide rural infrastructure during the period of study an
estimated expenditure of Rs.7,21,44,000 was proposed while the
actual expenditure incurred was Rs.7,20,46,000 leaving out a balance
of Rs.98,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the year 2005-2006
did the highest share of 32.48% and the year 1996-1997 did the lowest
share of 1.14%.
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162
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana (EAS / SGRY)
The implementation EAS / SGRY at the Block level during the
period of study gave rise to an estimated expenditure of
Rs.10,51,39,000 and Tan actual expenditure of Rs. leaving a balance
of Rs.76,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the highest share
26.53% and the lowest share of 2.98% were made respectively by
2005-2006 and 1998-1999.
(4) Sanitation - RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based / Rural
Sanitation
To bring the sanitation facilities in the rural areas of
Mayiladuthurai Block during the period of study, the proposed
estimated expenditure incurred was Rs.1,67,12,000. The actual
expenditure incurred was Rs. The balance worked out in this regard
was RS.33,000. To the total of actual expenditure incurred, the highest
and lowest share contributions to the tune of 29.76% and 0.95% were
made respectively by 1997-1998 and 1998-1999.
(5) Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MP-LAD)
MR-LAD implementation in the Block concerned attracted an
estimated expenditure of Rs.3,00,66,000 during the period in question.
The difference between the estimated and actual expenditure worked
out was Rs.15,95,000. To the actual expenditure registered, the

163
highest share of 18.50% was made by 2003-2004 where the lowest
share of 0.44% to the same was made by 1997-1998.
(6) Village Development - Anna MarumalarchI Thittam (AMT)
To develop the villages coming under Mayiladuthurai Block
through AMT, proposed estimated expenditure was Rs.3,39,81,000
and an actual expenditure incurred was Rs.3,38,68,000 and the
balance worked out in this regard was Rs. 1,13,000. To the total of
actual expenditure incurred, the highest share of 56.99% was made by
1998-1999 while the lowest share of 0.04% to it was made by, 2004-
2005.
(7) People Participation - Namnnakku Name Thittam / Village
Self - Sufficiency Scheme (NNT / VSSS)
To involve people in the creation of rural assets, during the
period of study at the Block level the estimated expenditure proposed
an actual expenditure incurred respectively were Rs.1,04,96,000 and
Rs.1,04,60,000. In this regard, the balance left out was Rs.36,000. In
respect of actual expenditure incurred, the highest share of 34.15%
and the lowest share of 0.38% were duly contributed by 1999-2000 and
1996-1997.
164
(8) Member of Legislative Assembly- Constituency
Development Scheme (MLA-CDS)
The execution of MLA-CDs at Mayiladuthurai Block level during
the period of study went with the proposed estimated expenditure of
Rs.5,47,96,000 and an actual expenditure of Rs.5,01,69,000 leaving
out a balance of Rs.46,27,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the
highest share of 19.60% was made by 2005-2006 whereas the lowest
share of 0.50% was contributed by 1996-1997.
(9) General Fund
Through the utilization of General Fund in the Block concerned,
to generate assets for the rural poor during the period of study an
estimated expenditure of Rs.2,43,81,000 was proposed and an actual
expenditure of Rs.2,37,91,000 was incurred. The balance reckoned in
this connection was Rs.5,90,000. To the actual expenditure incurred
the year 1999-2000 did the highest share of 45.31% while the year
2002-2003 did the lowest share of 2.64%.
In terms of finance commission contribution to generate physical
assets, it was proposed to spend Rs.2,05,26,000 and the actual
expenditure incurred Rs.2,01,01,000 gave rise to a balance of
RS.4,25,000 during the period of study. To the actual expenditure

165
incurred, the highest and lowest share of contributions to the extent of
30.80% and 3.10% were made duly by 1999-2000 and 1997-1998.
(11) Non - Conventional Energy - NC - Energy
To provide biogas facility to the rural poor, it was estimated to
spend Rs. 1,71,000 but the actual expenditure incurred was only
Rs.1,56,000 leaving out a balance of Rs.15,000 during the period in
question at Mayiladuthurai Block Level. To the actual expenditure
registered, the year 2002-2003 did the highest share 41.02% and the
lowest share of 9.77 to the same was made by 2004-2005.
(12) Miscellaneous Center - Sowarna Jayanthi Gramme
Sowarjagar Yojana (SGSY)
SGSY - a miscellaneous central programme was intended to
provide infrastructural facility to the rural poor attracted an estimated
expenditure of Rs.1,16,55,000. But the actual expenditure incurred
was Rs.1,16,05,000. The balance worked out in this regard was
Rs.50,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the highest and lowest
share contributions to the level of 81.43% and 0.29% were miade duly
by 2000-2001 and 2003-2004.
During period in question to implement the taken poverty
alleviation programmes at Mayiladuthurai Block, the proposed

166
consolidated expenditure was Rs.41,64,38,000. To this total
employment programme did the highest share of 25.26% while the
lowest share 0.04% was made to it by Non-conventional energy
programme. The consolidated actual expenditure incurred was
Rs.40,87,78,000. To this total registered, employment programme did
the highest share of 25.72% whereas Non-conventional energy
programme did the lowest share of 0.03%.
The difference between consolidated estimated expenditure and
actual expenditure was to the tune of Rs.76,70,000. To the total in
question, MLA-CDS contributed the highest share of 60.40% while the
lowest share of 0.02% was made to it by Rural Housing Programme.
IV.1.2a. A study on Physical Assets Generated in Respect of
Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented at Mayiladuthurai
Block
(1) Rural House
The adoption of lAY programme during the period in question
resulted in construction of 906 houses to the rural poor. To this total in
question, the highest and lowest share contributions to the extent of
20.19% and 5.62% were duly made by 2004-2005 and 2000-2001.

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(b) Indira Awaaz Yojana Upgradation (lAY - UPGR)
The launching of lAY-UPGR during the period of study made
possible the construction of 493 rural houses for the benefit of the rural
poor. To the total registered, the highest share of 21.50% and the
lowest share of 9.33% were contributed respectively by 2005-2006 and
2000-2001.
To under CCS of rural housing programme, during the period of
study a total number of 61 houses were constructed to shelter the rural
poor. To this total, the highest share of 41.90% and the lowest share
of 1.63% were respectively provided by 2000-2001 and 2001-2002.
(d) Infrastructure - Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
Basic infrastructure facilities numbering 1,323 were created with
the help of JGSY / SGRY implemented in the Block concerned. To the
total in question, the year 2005-2006 did the highest share of 29.02%
while the year 1996-1997 did the lowest share of 0.60%.

170
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana EAS / SGRY
Under the EAS / SGRY in the Block concerned a total number of
1,308 employment were generated for the benefit of the rural poor. To
the total examined, the highest and lowest share contributions to the
tune of 34.02% and 1.75% were made duly by 2004-2005 and 1999-
2000.
(4) Sanitation- RCPSP (AB) RCPSP Allocation Based / Rural
Sanitation
To provide sanitation in rural areas of the Block concerned
under RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based, a total of 4,612
facilities were provided. The total in question, was the result of the
highest share of 47.81% made by 2005-2006 and the lowest share of
0.06% made by 1998-1999 during the period in question.
(5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development -
(MP-LAD)
MP-LAD implemented at Mayiladuthurai Block led to the
generation of 358 development facilities. To the total in question, the
highest share of 17.59% and the lowest share of 0.83% were provided
respectively by 2005-2006 and 1996-1997.

171
6) Village Development - Anna Marumalarchi Thittam - (AMT)
The adoption of AMT - a Village Development Programme
resulted in creation of 299 rural assets. To the total examined, the year
2005-2006 made the highest share of 67.27% and the year 1996-1997
made the lowest share of 2.34%.
(7) People Participation - Nammakku Name Thittam / Village
Self-Sufficiency Scheme
NNT - a poverty alleviation programme adopted in the rural part
of the Block led to the creation of 50 rural assets during the period in
question. To the total in question, the highest and lowest share
contributions to the extent of 34% and 2% were duly made by 1999-
2000 and 1996-1997.
(8) Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency
Development Scheme (MLA - CDS)
MLA - CDS programme carried out at Mayiladuthurai Block
generated rural assets to the extent of 802 during the period of study.
To the total examined, the highest share of 65.33% and lowest share of
0.37% were contributed respectively by 2005-2006 and 1996-1997.
(9) General Fund
The spending of General fund in the rural pockets of
Mayiladuthurai Block led to the generation of rural assets to the tune of
394 during the period in question. To this total, the highest and lowest
172
shares of 39.34% and 0.76% were made duly by 2003-2004 and 2002-
2003.
Finance Commission
utilization of Finance Commissions for funds, led to the creation
of 434 rural assets to benefit the rural poor. To the total registered, the
highest and lowest share contributions to the extent of 36.52% and
4.56% respectively were provide by 2000 - 2001 and 1997 - 1998.
11. Non-Conventional Energy - NC Energy
Biogas facilities to the tune of 181 were provided to the rural
poor at Mayiladuthurai Block during the period of study. To said total
the year 1999-2000 did the highest share of 88.39% while the lowest
share of 2.76% to the same was provided by 2004 - 2005.
12. Miscellaneous Center
This spending by Central Government during the period of study
led to the creation of 15 rural assets for the benefit the rural poor. To
the total in question, the highest share contribution to the extent of
73.33% was made by 1999-2000 and the lowest share of 6.66% each
were made by 2003-2004 and 2004-2005.
The adoption of the twelve poverty alleviation programme at

Mayiladuthurai Block led to the generation of 11,240 rural assets. To
this total, the contributions of 12.98%, 11.77%, 11.63%, 41.03%,
(highest), 3.18%, 2.66%, 6.44%, 7.13%, 3.50%, 3.89%, 1.61% and
173
0.13% (lowest) were made respectively by, Rural house, Infrastructure,

Emp)loyment, Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village Developnrient, People
participation, MLA-CDS, General Fund, Finance Commission, NC
Energy and Miscellaneous Center.
IV. 1.2b A study on Unit Cost of Assets Generated Pertaining

to Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented at Mayiladuthurai
Block.
Having made adequate discussions on estimated and actual

expenditure incurred on various poverty alleviation programmes
implemented and the number of rural assets in physical terms
generated at Mayiladuthurai Block during the period of study, it is
sensible to work out unit cost of the rural assets generated in respect of
the programmes enlisted. Such a fact has been served with the help of
table persented in this regard.
The unit cost details worked out in respect of various poverty

alleviation programmes were Rs. 13,442.62, Rs.28,960.26,
Rs.15,430.02, Rs.23,743.150, Rs.54,456.53, Rs.80,381.49,
Rs.3,623.59. Rs.83,983.24, Rs.1,13,270.90, Rs.2,09,200,
Rs.62,554.86, Rs.60,383.24, Rs.45,892.69, Rs.8631.87 and

Rs.7,73,666.66 respectively in regard to Rural House, Infrastructure,
Participation, MLA-CDS, General Fund Finance Commission, NC
Energy and Miscellaneous Center. Unit cost of Physical assets
generated was the highest with Rs.7,73,666.66 in respect of
Miscellaneous center and it was the lowest with Rs.861.87 in respect of
NC Energy.
174
Table IV. 1. 2b. 1 Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented

and Unit Costs of Assets Generated at Mayiladuthurai Block
From 1996 - 1997 To 2005 - 2006
Name of Poverty
S.No Actual Physical
Alleviation Unit Cost
Expenditure Units
Programmes
1. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana - 2,62,38,000 906 28,960.26
lAY
a. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana
76,07,000 493 15,430.02
Upgradation - lAY -
UPGR
b. Rural House
-CCS
2. Infrastructure
Jawahar Gram Samridhi 7,20,46,000 1,323 54,456.53
3. Employment
Employment Assurance 10,51,39.000 1,308 80,381.49
Scheme - EAS / SGRY
4. Sanitation
RCRSP (AB) RCRSP -
1,67,12,000 4,612 3,613.59
Sanitation
Local Area 3,00,66,000 358 83,983.24
Development - MP -
LAD
Anna Marumalarchi 3,38,68,000 299 1,13,270.90
Thittam, A M I .
Nammakku Namea
Thittam NNT / Village 1,04,60,000 50 2,09,200.00
Self - Sufficiency
Schemes VSSS
Assembly Constituency 5,01.69,000 802 62,554.86
MLA - CDS
9. General Fund 2,37,91,000 394 60,383.24
11. Non - Conventional 1,56,000 861.87
181
Energy - Biogas
Sowrna Jayanthi 1,16,05,000 15 7,73,666.66
12.
Gramme Sowarajagar
Yojana - SGSY
TOTAL 40,87,78,000 11,240
Source ; Secondary Data Computed : DRDA, Nagapattinam

and BDO Office, Mayiladuthurai.
175
IV.1.3. A study on Estimated and Actual Expenditure

Incurred in Respect of poverty Alleviation Programmes
Implemented at Nagapattinam Block.
1. Rural House
(a) Indira Awaaz Yojana - lAY
lAY was yet another rural housing programme to benefit the

rural poor implemented at an estimated cost of Rs.1,51,73,000 and an
actual expenditure of Rs.1,51,73,000 in the Block concerned. To the
actual expenditure incurred, the highest share of 28.38% and the
lowest share of 9.18% were made duly by 2005-2006 and 2001-2002.
(b) Indira Awaaz Yojana Upgradation lAY - UPGR
Indira Awaaz Yojana Upgradation, a variant of rural housing

programme implemented at Nagapattinam Block with an estimated
outlay of Rs.35,35,000 and an actual expenditure of Rs.35,30,000
leaving out a balance of Rs.5,000, during the period in question. To
the actual expenditure incurred, the year 1999-2000 provided the
highest share of 38.52% and the year 2000-2001 did the lowest share
of 5.52%.
C. Credit - cum - subsidy - CCS
Towards execution of credit - cum- subsidy programme, to

provide rural house to rural poor, an estimated expenditure of
Rs.34,50,000 and an actual expenditure of Rs.34,50,000 were
recorded at Nagapattinam Block during the period of study. To the total
in question, the year 2000-2001 did the highest share of 54.49% while
the year 2001-2002 did the lowest share of 1.15%.
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184
(2) infrastructure - Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana - JGSY / SGRY
JGSY / SGRY was implemented at Nagapattinam Block during
the period of study to provide infrastructura! facilities at an estimated
cost of Rs.3,32,81,000 and an actual expenditure of Rs.3,29,43,000.
The difference between the two worked out was the balance of
Rs.3,38,000. To the actual expenditure registered, the highest share of
28,000/- and the lowest share of 3.31% were duly contributed by 2005-
2006 and 1998-1999.
3) Employment - Employment Assurance Scheme /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana EAS/SGRY
In order to provide employment in numbers EAS/ SGRY were
implemented in the Block concerned during the period study at an
estimated outlay of Rs.6,65,18,000. The actual expenditure worked out
in this connection was Rs. only 6,64,55,000, there existed a balance of
Rs.63,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the highest share of
29.89% and the lowest share of 2.97% were duly contributed by 2005-
2006 and 1998-1999.
4) Sanitation - RCRSP (AB) RCRSP- Allocation Based /
Sanitation
To secure and safeguard sanitation in respect of rural areas,
RCRSP (AB) / RCRSP - Allocation Based - Rural sanitation

185
Programmes were implemented from time-to-time at an estimated
outlay of Rs.41,09,000 and at an actual expenditure of Rs.41,08,000
leaving out a balance of Rs.1000. To this actual expenditure incurred,
during the period, the highest and lowest share contributions to the
same to the tune of 30.16% and 0.55% were made duly by 2003-2004
and 1998-1999.
5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development - MP-LAD
MP-LAD Programme was carried out at Nagapattinam Block
with an estimated expenditure of Rs.3,30,09,000 and an actual
expenditure of Rs.3,29,67,000 leaving out a balance Rs.42,000. To the
of 41.90% and the year 1997-1998 made the lowest share of 0.33%.
6) Village Development - Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AMT)
AMT, a village development programme was given action at
Nagapattinam Block at an estimated cost of Rs.2,31,91,000 and at an
actual expenditure of Rs.2,30,13,000, gave rise to a balance of
Rs.1,78,000. To the actual expenditure listed, the highest share of
29.52% and the lowest share of 1.30% respectively were made by
2005-2006, and 1996-1997.

186
7) People participation - Nammakku Name Thittam / Village
self-sufficiency scheme - NNT / VSSS
NNT / VSSS- People participation programmes were
implemented during the period of study in Block concerned at an
estimated expenditure and actual expenditure of Rs.5,05,33,000 and
Rs.5,01,52,000 respectively. The balance worked out in this regard
was Rs.3,41,000. To the actual expenditure registered, the highest
share of 64.24% and the lowest share of 0.32% were duly provided by
2004-2005 and 1997-1998.
8) Member of legislative Assembly Constituency Development
Scheme-{MLA-CDS)
MLA-CDs launched during the period of study at Nagapattinam
Block with an estimated outlay of Rs.3,74,55,000 and at an actual
expenditure of Rs.3,73,34,000, leaving out a balance of Rs.1,21,000.
To the actual expenditure incurred, the highest share of 21.49% and
the lowest share of 1.81% were duly made by 2005-2006 and 1998-
1999.
9) General Fund
As estimated expenditure of Rs.96,72,000 and an actual
expenditure of Rs.34,50,000 were calculated in respect of General
Fund Programme used for Nagapattinam Block during the period in
question. The difference between the two figures was fixed at

187
Rs.2,22,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the 2003-2004 did the
highest share of 30.15% and the year 2002-2003 did the lowest share
of 2.32%.
10) Finance Commission
An outlay of Rs.1,41,60,000 was incurred as "Estimated" and
Rs. 1,41,44,000 was expended as "actual", giving rise to a balance
Rs.16,000. To the actual registered, the highest share of 23.58% the
lowest share of 4.04% were made respectively by 2004-2005 and
1997-1998.
11) Non-conventional Energy - NC Energy
Towards the provision of Biogas to the rural poor, an estimated
expenditure of Rs.1,43,000 and was worked out against actual
expenditure Rs.1,27,000, leaving out a balance of Rs.16,000. To the
actual expenditure registered, the highest share of 7.87% and the
lawest share of were did duly by 2005-2006 and 1999-2000.
12) Miscellaneous Center- Sowarna Jayanthi Gramme
Sowarjagar Yojana (SGSY)
Towards the implementation of poverty alleviation programmes
during the period in question, an outlay of Rs.15,83,000 each was
spent as "estimated" and "actual". To the total examined, the year
2005-2006 did the highest share of 62.60% and the year 2004-2005
did the lowest share of 7.89%.

188
IV. 1.3a A study on Physical Assets Generated in Respect of
Poverty Alleviation Programme Implemented at Nagapattinam
Block
(1) Rural Housing
The implementation of lAY in the Block concerned led to the
creation of 612 rural houses for the rural poor. To the total cited, The
year 2001-2002 did the highest share of 36.43% while the year 1999-
2000 did the lowest share of 5.39%.
b) Indira Awaaz Yojana - Upgradation lAY - UPGR
The execution of lAY-UPGR at Nagapattinam Block during the
period of study resulted in the construction 232 rural houses for the
rural poor with highest share of 24.13% made by 2004-2005 and the
lowest share of 8.62% was made to it by 2000-2001.
c) Credit-Cum-Subsidy-CCS
With the help of CCS implemented at Nagapattinam Block a
total of 93 houses were came up for the benefit of rural poor. To the
total mentioned, the highest share of 50.53% and the lowest share of
1.07% were made respectively by 2000-2001 and 2001-2002.

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2) Infrastructure - Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana - JGSY /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana - SGRY
JGSY / SGRY when implemented during the period of study in
the Block concerned resulted in the generation of 885 rural assets. To
the total, the highest and lowest share contributions to the extent of
13.85% and 1.01% were made duly by 2004-2005 and 1997-1998.
3) Employment - Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana (SGRY)
The launching of EAS / SGRY at Nagapattinam [3lock during the
period in question came out with physical assets generated numbering
82%. To this total, the highest share of 36.39% and the lowest share
of 0.06% were made respectively by 2003-2004 and 1999-2000.
4) Sanitation- RCRSP (AB) / RCRSP - Allocation Based /
Rural Sanitation
To provide sanitary facilities through RCRSP (AE?) / RCRSP, a
total of 3,323 physical assets were generated. To the total in question,
the highest and lowest share contributions to the tune of 49.53% and
5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development (MP-LAD)
The adoption of MP-LAD during the period of study at
Nagapattinam Block led to the generation 98 physical assets to the

192
benefit of the rural poor. To this total, the year 2000-2001 did the
highest share of 19.38% while the lowest share of 2.04% was made to
the same by 1998-1999.
6) Village Development - Anna Marumalarchi Thittam - AMT
Through AMT programme at Nagapattinam Block during the
period in question 258 rural assets were created to benefit to the rural
poor with the highest share of 42.67% by 1998-1999 and the lowest
share of 1.00% by 2003-2004.
7) People Participation - Namakku Name Thittam - NNT /
Village Self-Sufficiency Scheme - VSSS
At Nagapattinam Block the adoption of NNT during the period of
study resulted in the outcome of 4,088 Physical assets through
involving people. To this total, the year 2004-2005 made the highest
share of 96.60% while the year 2003-2004 did the lowest share of
0.02%
8) Member of Legislative Assembly - Constituency
Development Scheme (MLA - CDS).
The adoption of MLA-CDS at Nagapattinam Block during the
period in question led to the generation of 341 rural assets. To this
total, the highest share of 60.41% and the lowest share of 2.05% were
made respectively by 2005-2006 and 1998-1999.

193
9) General Fund
Through the utilisation of General Fund allocated to the Block
concerned was able to get 91 physical assets newly generated during
the period in question. To the total examined, the highest share of
38.46% and lowest share of 1.05% were made duly by 2000-2001 and
2002-2003.
10) Finance Commissions
The financial allocation made by finance commissions for the
block concerned during the period of study resulted in the creation of
270 rural assets. To the total registered, the highest share of 29.25%
and the lowest share of 4.44% were made respectively by 2003-2004
and 1997-1998.
11) Non - Conventional Energy - NC Energy
Under NC Energy at Nagapattinam Block during the period of
study 37 Biogas facilities were provided to the rural poor. To this total
the year 2005-2006 did the highest share of 21.62% and the year
2000-2001 did the lowest share 8.10%.

194
12) Miscellaneous Center - Sowarna Jayanthi Gramme
Sowarajagar Yojana - SGSY
The adoption of Miscellaneous Programme of the central
government like SGSY resulted in creation of 16 rural assets to benefit
the rural poor. To this total, the highest share of 50% and the lowest
share 6.25% were provided duly by 2003-2004 and 2005-2006.
At Nagapattinam Block the period of study witnessed the
generation of physical assets to the extent of 11,211 to benefit to the
rural poor under various poverty alleviation programme. To this total,
the respective share of 8.35% , 7.89%, 7.37%, 29.64%, 0.87%, 2.65%,
36.46%, 0.81%, 2.40%, 0.33% and 0.14% were made by Rural
Housing, Infrastructure, Employment, Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village
Development, People Participation, MLA-CDS, General Fund, Finance
Commissions, NC Energy and Miscellaneous center. From the study
of share contribution made by various poverty alleviation programme to
the total physical assets generated during the period of study, it is now
clear that the highest share of 36.06% and the lowest share of 0.14%
to the same were made duly by People Participation programme and
Miscellaneous Center Programme.

195
IV.1.3b A Study on Unit Cost of Assets Generated Pertaining to
Poverty Alleviation Programme Implemented at Nagapattinam
Block.
A Study on actual expenditure incurred and against which
physical assets generated is of real help to work out unit costs of
assets generated. In this respect the table represented in this regard
serves one such purpose.
The respective unit costs worked out in respect of various
poverty alleviation programme implemented, were Rs.3,70,96.77,
Rs.2,4,792.48 Rs.1,5215.51, Rs.2,3642.47, Rs.23642.47,
Rs.37223.72, Rs.80356.71, Rs.1236.23, Rs.336397. 95, Rs.77224.83,
Rs.12277.88, Rs.109483.83, Rs.103846.15, Rs.52285.18, Rs.3432.32
and Rs.98937.5 in regard to Rural Housing, Infrastructure,
Participation, MLA-CDS, General Fund, Finance Commission, NC
Energy and Miscellaneous centre. Unit cost of assets created was the
highest in respect of MP-LAD with Rs.3,36,397.95 while the average
unit cost worked out in respect of sanitation was the lowest with
Rs.1,236.23.
196

and Unit Costs of Assets Generated at Nagapattinam Block
From 1996 - 1997 To 2005 - 2006
Name of Poverty
S.No Alleviation Actual Physical
Unit Cost
Expenditure Units
Programmes
1. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana - 1,51,73,000 612 24.792.49
lAY
a. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana
35,30,000 232 15,215.51
Upgradation - lAY -
UPGR
b. Rural House
-CCS
2. Infrastructure
Jawahar Gram Samridhi 3,29,43,000 885 37.223.72
Yojana-JGSY/SGRY
3. Employment
Employment Assurance 6,64,55,000 827 80,356.71
Scheme - EAS / SGRY
4. Sanitation
RCRSP (AB) RCRSP -
41,08,000 3323 1,236.23
Sanitation
Local Area
3,29,67,000 98 3,36,397.95
Development - MP -
LAD
Thittam, AMI.
Nammakku Namea
Self - Sufficiency
Schemes VSSS
Assembly Constituency
3,73,34,000 341 1,09,483.87
MLA - CDS
9. General Fund 94,50.000 91 1,03,846.15
11. Non - Conventional
1.27,000 37 3,432.43
Energy - Biogas
Sowrna Jayanthi
12. 15.83.000 16 98,937.50
Gramme Sowarajagar
Yojana - SGSY
TOTAL 29,44,79,000 11,211

and BDO Office, Nagapattinam.
197
IV. 1.4. A Study on Estimated and Actual Expenditure

Incurred in Respect of Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Implemented at Sembanarkoil Block.
1. Rural Housing
To provide houses to rural poor under lAY programme an
estimated expenditure of Rs.3,30,92,000 was proposed, actual
expenditure incurred was Rs.3,15,19,000, leaving out a balance of
Rs.15,73,000 during the period of study. To this actual expenditure
incurred, the highest share of 22.66% and the lowest share of 3.04%
were made duly by 2004-2005 and 1998-1999.
b) Indira Awaaz Yojana - Upgradation UPGR
lAY - UPGR was lunched during the period in question to
provide houses to rural poor proposing un expenditure of Rs.
63,19,000 incurred leaving out a balance of Rs. 10,000. To the actual
expenditure incurred the year 2005 - 2006 did the highest share of
18.19% while the lowest share of 2.69% was made by 2000-2001.
c) Credit Cum - Subsidy (CCS)
Under CCS the estimated expenditure, actual expenditure and
balance worked out to assist the provision of rural house to the poor
respectively were Rs.23,60,000, Rs.23,55,000 and Rs.5000. To the
of 56.05% while the lowest share of 5.09% was made to it by 2001-
2002.
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206
2. Infrastructure - Jawahar Gram Samridhi Joyaria - JGSY /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana - SGRY.
Towards the development of basic infrastructure through the
adoption of JGSY/SGRY, a sum of Rs.6,80,32.000 was proposed to
spend while the actual expenditure incurred was only Rs.6,73,35,000
leaving out a balance of Rs.6,97,000 during the period of study at
Sembanarkoil block. To the actual expenditure incurrcjd, the year
2005-2006 did the highest share of 33.77% compared to the lowest
share of 0.59% made by 1996-1997.
3. Employment - Employment Assurance Scheme - EAS /
To generate rural employment to alleviate rural poverty through
EAS/SGRY, an estimated expenditure of Rs. 10,24,43,000 and an
actual expenditure of Rs.10,23,03,000 were spent, leaving out a
balance of Rs. 1,40,000 during the period in question. To the actual
26.14% and the year 1998-1999 did the lowest share of 1.64%.
4) Sanitation - RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based/ Rural
Sanitation.
Providing rural sanitation was one among the goals of poverty
alleviation by the central government. Keeping this idea in mind, it was
estimated to spend Rs.1,13,86,000 but actually spent Rs.1,12,94,000

207
only, leaving out a balance of Rs.92,000 during the period of study.
To the actual expenditure registered, the highest and lowest share
contributions to the extent of 45.66% and 0.16% were made
respectively by 2003-2004 and 1998 - 1999.
5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development - MP-LAD
Towards the execution of MP-LAD, an estimated expenditure of
Rs.2,85,51,000 was gave out but the actual expenditure incurred was
only Rs.2.84,63,000, gave rise to a balance Rs.88,000. To the actual
expenditure incurred, the year 2005-2006 contributed the highest share
of 37.33% and the year 1996-1997 made the lowest share of 0.55%.
6) Village Development
Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AMI)
The execution of AMT, a kind of rural poverty alleviation
programme, when adopted at Sembanarkoil Block during the period of
study, gave rise to an estimated expenditure of Rs.1,77,29,000 and an
actual expenditure of Rs.1,75,63,000, leaving out a balance of
Rs.1,66,000. To the actual expenditure registered, the highest and
lowest share contributions to the tune of 30.17% and 0.08% were duly
made by 1998-1999 and 2004-2005.

208
7) People Participation - Namakku Name Thittam - NNT/
Village Self - Sufficiency Scheme - VSSS.
An attempt to involve people participation in the implementation
of NNT, a poverty alleviation programme, when implemented at
Sembanarkoil Block during the period in question, costed an estimated
expenditure of Rs.92,55,000 and an actual expenditure of
Rs.92,52,000, leaving out a balance of Rs.3,000. To the actual
expenditure registered, the highest share of 70.29% and the lowest
share of 0.55% were made respectively by 2004-2005 and 2001-2002.
8) Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency
Development Scheme - MLA - CDS.
When adopted at the Block concerned went with estimated
expenditure of Rs.4,56,18,000 and an actual expenditure of
Rs.25,51,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the year 2005-2006
did the highest share of 18.32%, while the year 1996-1997 did the
lowest share of 0.80%.
9) General Fund
The implementation of General Fund Programme to remove
poverty in the Block concerned, expenditure estimated was
Rs.2,12,13,000 and expenditure actually incurred was Rs.2,06,91,000,
leaving out a balance of Rs.5,22,000. The highest and lowest share
contributions of 46.93% and 0.96% to the actual expenditure incurred

209
were respectively made by 1999-2000 and 2003-2004 during the
period in question.
10) Finance Commissions
The participation by Finance Commissions to remove poverty at
Sembanarkoil Block led to spending of a proposed expenditure of
Rs.2,10,62,000 and an actual expenditure of Rs gave rise to a balance
of Rs.52,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the highest share of
28.96% and the lowest share of 1.48% duly were made by 1999-2000
and 1996-1997.
(ii) Non-Conventional Energy - NC Energy
To provide Bio-gas amenity to rural poor at an estimated
expenditure of Rs.2,05,000 was proposed and the actual expenditure,
gave rise to a incurred balance was only Rs. 16,000 during the period of
study at Sembanarkoil Block. To the actual expenditure registered, the
2000-2001 did the highest share of 34.92% while the year 2003-2004
made the lowest share of 4.76%.
12) Miscellaneous Centre - Sowarna Jayanthi Gramme
The execution of miscellaneous poverty alleviation programmes
like SGSY at Sembanarkoil Block costed an estimated expenditure of
Rs.54,75,000 and an actual expenditure of Rs.54,74,000,leaving out a

210
balance Rs.1000 during the period of study. To the actual expenditure
met out, the highest and lowest share contributions to the tune of
93.16% and 2.26% were made respectively by 2000-2001 and 1999-
2000.
The period of study in question evidenced a total estimated
expenditure of Rs.37,27,50,000 and a total actual expenditure of
Rs.36,68,34,000, leaving out a total balance of Rs.59,16,000. To the
actual total expenditure incurred during the period, the respective share
of 10.95%, 18.35%, 27.88%, 3.07%, 7.45%, 4.78%, 2.52%, 11.74%,
5.64%, 5.72%, 0.65% and 1.49%, were made by Rural Housing,
Infrastructure, Employment, Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village Development,
People Participation MLA-CDS, General Fund, Finance Commission.
NC Energy, and Miscellaneous Centre. Among the share contributions
made to the total actual expenditure incurred during the period in
question. Employment, Generation Programme - EAS./ SGRY did the
highest share of 27.88% while the lowest share of 0.05% was made to
it by NC Energy.
211
IV.1.4a A study of Physical Assets Generated In Respect of
Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented at Sembanarkoil
Block.
1. Rural House
a. Indira Awaaz Yojana - lAY
The adoption of lAY in the Block concerned resulted in the
creation of 958 rural houses to benefit to the rural poor. To the total
examined the highest and lowest share contributions to the extent of
20.45% and 5.21% were made duly by 2004-2005 and 1996 - 1997.
b. Indira Awaaz Yojana - Upgradation lAY - UPGR
The launching of lAY - UPGR at Sembanarkoil Block during the
project of study led to the generation of 429 rural houses to benefit the
rural poor. To the total inquestion, the highest share of 24.70% and
the lowest share of 3.40% were duly made by 2004-2005 and 2000-
2001.
c. Credit-Cum-Subsidy (CCS)
Through the implementation of CCS at Sembanarkoil Block to
alleviate poverty a total of 66 houses were constructed. To this total,
the year 2000-2001 did the highest share of 50% and the year 2001-
2002 lowest Share of 1.51%

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2. Infrastructure - Jawahar Grame Samridhi Yojana (JGSY)/
To generate infrastructure is the rural areas to alleviate poverty
in the block concerned during the period in question, 1350 Physical
assets were generated. To the total registered, the highest and lowest
share contributions of 18.51% and 1.18% were made respectively by
2003-2004 and 1996-1997.
3. Employment - Employment Assurance Scheme - EAS /
To adoption of EAS/SGRY at Sembanarkoil Block created
physical assets to the tune of 1,146 during the period in question. To
the total examined, the highest share of 22.62% and the lowest share
of 1.22% were made respectively by 2004-2005 and 1999-2000.
4. Sanitation - RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based/ Rural
Sanitation
The adoption of RCRSP (AB)/RCRSP at Sembanarkoil Block
resulted in the creation of 4,551 sanitary assets. To the total in
question, the year 2005-2006 did the highest share of 55.44% and the
year 1998-1999 did the lowest share of 0.02%.

215
5. Member of Parliament - Local Area Development MP-LAD
A total of 302 physical assets were generated through the
adoption of MP-LAD at Sembanarkoil Blocl< during the period in
question. To this total, the highest share 15.89 and lowest share of
6. Village Development - Anna Marumalarchi Thittam - AMT
AMT - a rural poverty alleviation programme implemented at
Sembanarkoil Block gave rise to the generation of 403 Physical assets.
To this total, the year 2005-2006 did the highest share of 52.85% and
the year 1996-1997 did the lowest share of 0.99%.
7. People Participation - Nammaku Name Thittam - NNT/
Village Self - Sufficiency Scheme VSSS
NNT/VSSS when implemented at Sembanarkoil Block during
the period in question gave rise to the creation of 839 physical assets.
To the total in question, the year 2004-2005 did the highest share of
96.90% and the year 1996-1997 did the lowest share of 0.11%.
8. Member of Legislative Assembly - Constituency
Development Scheme - (MLA - CDS)
Physical facilities to the tune of 600 were generated under MLA-
CDS during the period in question at Sembanarkoil Block. To the total

216
registered, the highest and lowest share contribution to the tune of
44.83% and 2% were made duly by 2005-2006 and 1996 - 1997.
9. General Fund
The utilisation of General Fund to benefit the rural poor of the
Block during the period of study resulted in the generation of rural
assets to the extent of 21.8%. To this total, the year 1999-2000 made
the highest share of 49.54% and the year 2004-2005 did the lowest
share of 0.45%.
9. Finance Commissions
A total of 509 rural assets were generated to remove poverty in
the Block mentioned under finance commissions contributions. To the
total registered, the highest and lowest share contribution to the extent
of 31.43% and 0.39% were respectively made by 1999-2000 and 1996-
1997.
11. Non - Conventional Energy / NC Energy
Biogas arrangement to the extent of 667 were made to the rural
poor under NC Energy programme during the period in question. To
this total, the highest share of 42.72% and the lowest share of 0.44%
were made respectively by 2001-2002 and 2003 - 2004.

217
12. Miscellaneous Centre - Swarna Jayanthi Gram
The adoption of Miscellaneous Centre Programme at
Sembanarkoii Block during the study resulted in the generation 5 rural
assets with the highest share of 40% each by 2000-2001 and 2003-
2004 while the lowest share of 20% was made by 1999-2000.
The adoption of 12 poverty alleviation programmes at
Sembanarkoii Block led to the generation of 12,443 physical facilities
with the respective share of 11.67%, 10.84%, 9.20%, 39.78%, 2.42%,
3.23% 6.74%, 4.82%, 1.75%, 4.09%, 5.36% and 0.04%, were made by
Rural Housing, Infrastructure, Employment, Sanitation, Infrastructure,
Employment Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village Development, People
Participation, MLA-CDS, General Fund, Finance Commissions, NC
Energy and Miscellaneous Centre. To the total examined, the highest
share of 39.78% and the lowest share of 0.04% were made
respectively by sanitation programme and miscellaneous centre
programme.
218
IV. 1.4b A study on Unit Cost of Assets Generated Pertaining
to Poverty Alleviation Programme Implemented at Sembanarkovil
Block
An attempt to find out the relationship between the actual
expenditure incurred and physical units produced in regard to any
poverty alleviation programme studied is really helpful in finding out the
unit cost incurred, as revealed by the Table presented in this
connection.
The Unit Cost worked out in respect of various poverty
alleviation programmes like Rural Housing, Infrastructure, Employment,
Sanitation, MR-CDS, General Fund, Finance Commission, NC Energy
and Miscellaneous Center were respectively Rs.35,681.81,
Rs.32,900.83, Rs.14,729.60, Rs.27,662.07, Rs.49,877.77,
Rs.89,269.63. Rs.94,248.34, Rs.43,580.65, Rs.11,027.41,
Rs.94,912.84, Rs.41,277.01, Rs.283.35, Rs.10,94,800. From the
above presentation it is clear that unit cost of miscellaneous centre was
the highest and in respect of non-conventional energy the unit cost of
was the lowest.

219

and Unit Costs of Assets Generated at Sembanarkovii Block
From 1996 - 1997 To 2005 - 2006
Name of Poverty
S.No Actual Physical
Alleviation Unit Cost
Expenditure Units
Programmes
1. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana - 3,15,19,000 958 32,900.83
lAY
a. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana
63,19,000 429 14,729.60
Upgradation - lAY -
UPGR
b. Rural House
-CCS
2. Infrastructure
Jawahar Gram Samridhi 6,73,35,000 1350 49.877.77
3. Employment
Employment Assurance 10,23,03,000 1146 89,269.63
Scheme - EAS / SGRY
4. Sanitation
RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - 2,281.15
1,12,94,000 4951
Sanitation
Local Area 94,248.34
2.84,63,000 302
Development - MP -
LAD
Thittam, AMI.
Nammakku Namea
Thittam NNT / Village 92.52,000 839 11,027.43
Self - Sufficiency
Schemes VSSS
Assembly Constituency 71,778.33
4,30,67,000 600
MLA - CDS
9. General Fund 2,06,91,000 218 94,912.84
11. Non - Conventional 1,89,000 667 283.35
Energy - Biogas
Sowrna Jayanthi 1,094.80
12. 54,74,000 5
Gramme Sowarajagar
Yojana - SGSY
TOTAL 36,68,34,000 12,443

and BDO Office, Sembanarkovii.
220
IV. 1.5. A study on Estimated and Actual Expenditure
Incurred In respect of Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Implemented at Sirkali Block
(1) Rural Housing
To facilitate the execution of lAY at Sirkaii Block, the
expenditure estimated was Rs.3,64,00,000 and the actual expenditure
incurred was Rs.3,62,85,000, leaving out a balance of Rs.1,15,000. To
the total of actual expenditure incurred, the highest and lowest share
contributions 21.92% and 0.75% were made respectively by 2004-2005
and 1997-1998.
The lunching of lAY - Upgradation in the Block concerned gave
rise to an estimated expenditure of Rs.92,40,000 and an actual
expenditure of Rs.92,31,000 with a balance of Rs.9,000. To the actual
18.315 and the year 2001-2002 made the lowest share of 3.89%.
(c) Credit-Cum-Subsidy (CCS)
To canstract rural houses, financial assistance in the form of
CCS was extended during the period study at Sirkali Block. This
costed an estimated expenditure of Rs.21,30,000 and an actual
expenditure of the same value. To this total the year 2000-2001 did
the highest share of 82.62% and the year 20001-2002 did the lowest
share of 1.87%.
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229
(2) Infrastructure
Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY ) / Sampoorna
Gramin Rojagar Yojana (SGRY)
The execution of JGSY / SGRY during the period in question to
remove poverty in the rural areas through the provision of infrastructure
facilities, costed an estimated expenditure of Rs.6,18,39,000 and an
actual expenditure of Rs.6,17,70,000, leaving out a balance of
Rs.69,000. To the actual expenditure incurred in question, the highest
and lowest shares of 25.95% and 0.32% were duly made by 2005-
2006 and 1998-1999.
3. Employment - Employment Assurance Scheme - EAS/
Employment opportunities were generated through the adoption
of EAS/ SGRY at Sirkali Block during the period in question to remove
and an actual expenditure of Rs. poverty at an Estimated cost of
Rs.9,94,27,9000, leaving out a balance Rs.1,18,000. To the actual
expenditure registered, the highest and lowest share contributions to
the extent of 30.33% and 2.64% were made duly by 2005 - 2006 and
1998-1999.
230
4. Sanitation - RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based/ Rural
Sanitation
As a form of poverty removal programme RCRSP (AB)/ RCRSP
allocation Based - Rural Sanitary Programmes were implemented at
the block concerned at an estimated cost of and at an actual
expenditure of Rs.76,34,000 each. To the total mentioned, the year
2001-2002 did the highest share of 37.66%, while the yedr 1996-1997
5. Member of Parliament - Local area Development - IVIP-LAD
MP-LAD execution in the Block concerned went with an
estimated expenditure of Rs.4,58,48,000 and an actual expenditure
Rs.4,57,25,000, gave rise to a balance of Rs.1,23,000 during the
period of Study. To the actual expenditure registered, the highest
share of 56.62% and the lowest share of 0.31% were made
respectively by 2005 - 2006 and 1996 - 1997.
6. Village Development - Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AMI)
The execution of AMT at Sirkali Block to remove poverty during
the period of study gone with an estimated expenditure of and an
actual expenditure Rs.2,02,01,000 each. To the total in question, the
highest and lowest share contributions to the level of 40.11% and
2.77% were duly made by 2005-2006 and 2003 - 2004.

231
7. People Participation - Namakku Nama Thittam (NNT) /
Village Self - Sufficiency Scheme (VSSS)
NNT - a people participation programme was implemented at
Sirkali Block during the period in question at an estimated cost of
Rs. 1,49,07,000 and an actual expenditure Rs.1,48,86,000, leaving out
a balance of Rs.21,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the year
2004-005 did the highest share of 49.76% while the year 1997 - 1998
8. Member of Legislative Assembly - Constituency
During the period in question at Sirkali Block MLA - CDS was
implemented at an estimated cost of Rs.5,24,60,000 and an actual cost
of Rs.5,22,85,000, gave rise to a balance of Rs.1,75,000. To the actual
expenditure calculated, the highest and lowest share contributions to
the tune of 24.38% and 1.48% were respectively made by 2005-2006
and 1996-1997.
9. General Fund
Through the General Fund an estimated outlay of
Rs.1,02,98,000 and an actual outlay of Rs.1,00,19,000 were registered
at Sirkali block during the period of study. The balance worked out in
this regard was Rs.2,79,000. To the total actual expenditure shown.

232
the highest share of 64.51% and the lowest share of 3.65% were made
respectively by 1999 - 2000 and 2001 - 2002.
The contribution by Finance Commissions to remove poverty at
Sirkali block during the period in question led to an estimated
expenditure of Rs. 1,89,16,000 and an actual expenditure of leaving out
a balance of Rs.17,000. To the actual expenditure incurred, the
highest and lowest share contributions to the extent of 23.78% and
4.86% were duly made by 1999-2000 and 1997 - 1998.
11. Non-Conventional Energy NC-Energy
Towards the provision of Bio-gas to the rural poor under the NC
Energy Programme during the period of study, estimated expenditure
and actual expenditure registered respectively were Rs.2,17,000 each.
To the total mentioned, the highest and lowest share contributions to
the level of 34.56% and 4.14% were duly contributed by 2000-2001
and 2003-2004.
12. Miscellaneous Centre - Sowarna Jayanthi Gramme
Sowarajagar Yojana (SGRY)
An estimated expenditure of Rs.69,10,000 and an actual
expenditure of Rs.68,99,000 were registered during the period of study
to implement SGSY - A miscellaneous central poverty alleviation

233
programme. The balance worked out in this regard was Rs.11,000. To
the actual expenditure registered, the year 2000-2001 did the highest
share of 63.92% while the year 2003-2004 did the lowest share of
7.24%.
It is clear from the Table presented that the total estimated
expenditure figured for all the poverty alleviation programmes during
the period of study stood at Rs.38,65,45,000 while the total actual
expenditure incurred for the same programmes was Rs.38,56,08,000,
leaving out a total balance of Rs.9,37,000. Out of the total actual
expenditure incurred, the share contributions enjoyed by individual
poverty alleviation programmes like Rural Housing, Infrastructure,
Employment Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village Development, People
Participation MLA-CDS, General Fund, Finance Commission NC
Energy and Miscellaneous Center respectively were 12.35%, 16.01% ,
25.78% (Highest) 1.97%, 11.85%, 5.23%, 3.86%, 13.55%, 2.59%,
4.90%., 0.056 % (Lowest) and 1.78% .

234
IV. 1.5a A Study on Physical Assets Generated in Respect of
Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented at Sirkali Block.
1. Rural Housing
a. Indira Awaaz Yojana - lAY
As under stood from the Table furnished below, under lAY a
total of 1,030 rural houses were constructed to better living standards
of the rural poor. To the total in question, the highest and lowest share
contributions to the extent of 21.16% and 0.97% were made
respectively by 2004-2005 and 1997 - 1998.
b. Indira Awaaz Yojana - Upgradation lAY - UPGR
lAY - UPGR and its implementation resulted in the construction
of rural houses to the tune of 422 during the period in question. To this
total registered the highest share of 27.96% and the lowest share of
C. Credit Cum - Subsidy (CCS)
Under CCS a total of 78 rural houses were constructed with the
highest share 56.41% by 2000-2001 and the lowest share of 1.28% by
2001-2002.
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237
2. Infrastructure - Jawahar Grame Samridhi Yojana JGSY /
Sampoorna Gramin Rojagar Yojana - SGRY
Through the execution of JGSY/SGRY during the period of
study at Sirioli Block 2,617 infrastructural facilities were created to
benefit the rural poor. To this total, the year 2005-2006 did the highest
share of 53.68%, while the lowest share of 0.03% to the same was
made by 1998-1999.
3. Employment - Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)
The EAS / SGRY at Sirkali Block during the period of study led
to the creation of 1,152 Physical assets. To this total, the years 2003-
2004 and 1998-1999 did the highest and lowest shares of 28.38% and
1.47% respectively.
4. Sanitation - RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based
Rural Sanitation
The a launching of RCRSP (AB) / RCRCP Allocation Based at
the Block concerned, led to the generation of Physical facilities
numbering 4,678 during the period in question. To the total examined,
the highest and lowest share of 0.85% were made duly by 2005 -
2006 and 1996-1997.

238
6. Village Development - Anna Marumalarchi Thittam (AMT)
To bring in village development through the execution of AMT

led to the generation of 232 physical assets. To the total in question the
highest share of 60.34% and lowest share of 2.58% were contributed
duly by 2005 - 2006 and 2003 - 2004.
7. People Participation - Nammakku Name Thittam - NNT/

Village Self - Sufficiency Scheme VSSS
The adoption of NNTA/SSS at Sirkali Block during the period of

study gave rise to physical assets numbering 971. To this total in
question, the highest share of 95.36% and the lowest share of 0.10%
were made respectively by 2004 - 2005 and 2003 - 2004.
8. Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency

The a lunching of MLA - CDS at Sirkali Block during the period

of study led to the generation of 451 physical assets. To the said total,
the highest and lowest share contributions to the tune of 53.21% and
2.21% were made respectively by 2005 - 2006 and 1996 - 1997.
9. General Fund
To create facilities General Fund was made available to Sirkali
Block which inturn led to the creation of 89 rural assets. To this total, in
the year 1999-2000 did the highest share 55.05% and the lovaest share
of 3.37% was made 2004 - 2005.

239
The Financial assistance provided by the Finance Commissions

during the period of study resulted in the creation of 323 physical
assets with the highest share of 29.41% and the lowest share 3.09%
were made respectively by 2003 - 2004 and 1998 - 1999.
11. Non - Conversational Energy - NC Energy
A total of 542 Biogas facilities were extended during the period

of study in the block concerned with the highest and lowest share
contributions to the extent of 30.44% and 0.55% were made duly by
2000-2001 and 2003 - 2004.
12. Miscellaneous Centre - Swarna Jayanthi Gramme

Sowarajagar Yojana SGSY
The execution of NC - Energy Programme at Sirkali Block

during the period of study witnessed generation of 29 infrastructural
facilities. To this total in question, the highest share 6.89% and the
lawest one of were made duly by 1999-2000 and 2003 - 2004.
Consolidate Picture
The period of study witnessed the generation of physical assets

to the extent of 12,964 through the implementation of Poverty
alleviation Programme at Sirkali Block. To the total registered, poverty
alleviation Programmes like Rural Housing, Infrastructure,
Employment, Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village Development People
Participation, MLA-CDS, General Fund, Finance Commissions, NC
Energy and Miscellaneous centre did the respective share of 11.80%,
240
20.18% , 8.88%, 36.08% (Highest) 2.69%, 1.78%, 7.48%, 3.47%,
0.68%, 2.49%. 4.18% and 0.22% (Lowest).
IV.1.5b. A study on Unit Cost of Assets Generated Pertaining
to Poverty Alleviation Programme Implemented at Sirkali Block
As is known to any one unit cost can be worked out by l<nowing
the data pertaining to actual expenditure incurred and the nunnber of
physical units turned against the same in respect of the poverty
alleviation Programme implemented in any block under consideration,
during a period, as shown in the Table drawn in this regard.
As detailed in the Table taken that the respective unit costs
worked out in respect of the series of the poverty alleviation
Programmes like Rural Housing, Infrastructure, Employment,
Sanitation, MP-LAD, Village Development, People Participation MLA-
CDS, General Fund, Finance Commission, NC Energy and
Miscellaneous Centre were duly Rs.2,73,07.69, Rs.35,22,8,15,
Rs.2,18,74.40, Rs.311,41.17 Rs.23,60,3.36 Rs.86,308.15 Rs.1,631.89,
Rs.1,30,642.85, Rs.8,70,73.27, Rs.15,330.58 Rs.1,15.931.26
Rs.1,12,896.55. Unit Costs of Poverty alleviation programme worked
out in respect of miscellaneous center (Rs.2,37.896.55) was the
highest compared to the unit costs worked out in regard to sanitation
(Rs.1,63,1.89) which was the lowest.

241

and Unit Costs of Assets Generated at Sirkali Block
From 1996 - 1997 To 2005 - 2006
Name of Poverty
Actual Physical
S.No Alleviation Unit Cost
Expenditure Units
Programmes
1. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana - 36, 285,000 1,030 35,22,8.15
lAY
a. Rural House
Indira Awaaz Yojana
92,31,000 422 2.18.74.40
Upgradation - lAY -
UPGR
b. Rural House
Credit - Cum - Subsidy 21,30,000 78 2,83,07.69
-CCS
2. Infrastructure
Jawahar Gram Samridhi 6,17,70,000 2,617 23,603.36
3. Employment
Employment Assurance 9,94,27.000 1,152 86,308.15
Scheme - EAS / SGRY
4. Sanitation
RCRSP (AB) RCRSP -
76,34,000 4,678 1,631.89
Sanitation
Local Area
4,57,25,000 350 1,30,642.85
Development - MP -
LAD
Thittam, AMI.
Nammakku Namea
Self - Sufficiency
Schemes VSSS
Assembly Constituency
5,22,85,000 451 1,15.330.58
MLA - CDS
9. General Fund 1,00,19,000 89 1,12,573.03
11. Non - Conventional 542 400.36
2,17,000
Energy - Biogas
Sowrna Jayanthi 2,37,896.55
12. 68.99,000 29
Gramme Sowarajagar
Yojana - SGSY
TOTAL 38,56,08,000 12,964 -

and BDO Office, Sirkali.
242
IV.1.6. Comparative Study of Actual Expenditure Incurred Block -
Wise in Regard to Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented.
A picture of comparison has been made between the chosen
blocks of Nagapattinam District in terms of comparing total actual
expenditure incurred comprising all the five Blocks to implement the
poverty alleviation programmes during the period of study. Such an
attempt facilitates the understanding of the fact that in respect of
implementation of poverty alleviation programmes, individually
speaking, which block has an upper-hand over the other. Such facts
can be substantiated with the help of the Table depicted in this
connection.
1. Rural Housing
In respect of rural housing, Sirkali Block stood first with 25.48%
as its share contribution to the total actual expenditure incurred. On
the contrary, Mayiladuthurai Block Stood lowest with 18.54% as its
share contributions to the total actual expenditure incurred in the same
District.
(2) Infrastructure:
In regard to the provision of rural infrastructure an attempt to
remove alleviate poverty at Nagapattinam District, among the Blocks
of study, Mayiladuthurai Block ranked first with 24.90% and
Nagapattinam Block ranked last with 11.38% as Share contributions
made to the respective total actual expenditure incurred.

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(3) Employment
To alleviate poverty, income generation through Employment
provision was attempted at Nagapattinam District. In this effort
Mayiladuthurai Block excelled all other Blocks with 22.53% and
Nagapattinam Block came last with a share of 14.24%.
(4) Sanitation
To upgrade rural sanitation through poverty alleviation
programmes, when undertaken among the five Blocks of the present
study, Mayiladuthurai Block (32.51%) and Nagapattinam Block (7.99%)
ranked respectively the highest and lowest in regard to the total actual
expenditure incurred.
(5) MP-LAD
In the implementation of MP-LAD to alleviate poverty during the
period in question resulted Sirkali Block at the top with 30.10% and
Kuthalam Block at the bottom with 9.64% in respect of the total actual
expenditure incurred by them.
In respect of the execution of Village Development - AMT in
regard to the actual total expenditure incurred during the period of
study, Mayiladuthurai Block stood with the highest share of 28.67%
and the Sembanarkoil Block figured lowest with 14.86% as the
respective share.
247
In involving people to take part in village Development and
thereby alleviate poverty (NNTA/SS) during the period in question, with
reference to total actual expenditure incurred, Nagapattinam Block
ranked first with 52.11% and Sembanarkoil Block ranked last with
9.60% as respective share.
8. MLA-CDs
Towards MLA-CDs, in terms of the share contributions made to
the total actual expenditure incurred by each Block during the period of
study, Sirkali Block topped the list with 24.52% and Kuthalam Block
found last with 14.20%.
9. General Fund
In the utilisation of General Fund, out of the total actual
expenditure incurred to alleviate poverty at Nagapattinam District,
Kuthalam Block stood first with the highest share of 30.06% while
Nagapattinam Block found last with 10.33%.
In terms of poverty alleviation efforts undertaken with the help of
Finance commissions contributions, in relation to actual total
expenditure incurred, Sembanarkoil Block ranked first with 22.88% as
its share and Nagapattinam Block ranked last with 15.40% as its share.
248
11. NC Energy
In the implementation of NC Energy progrmme with reference to
total actual expenditure incurred during the period of study, as a
poverty alleviation measure adopted, Kuthalam Block ranked at top
with 29.90% as its due share while Nagapattinam Block ranked at the
bottom with 12.91% as its due share.
12. Miscellaneous Centre
In the implementation of Miscellaneous poverty alleviation
programme financed by the centre during the period in question, in
relation to total actual expenditure incurred, Mayiladuthurai Block
ranked highest with 38.20% and Nagapattinam Block ranked lowest
with 5.21% as their respective share.
Conclusion
From the foregone discussions it is concluded that in the
implementation of poverty alleviation programmes, in terms of shares
of individual programmes to the total; Mayiladuthurai Block ranked first,
Sirkali Block ranked second, Sembanarkoil Block third, Kuthalam Block
ranked fourth, and Nagapattinam Block ranked the last.

249
IV. 1.7 A Comparative study of Physical Units Generated

Block-wise In Regard to poverty Alleviation Programmes
Implemented
In the present context an attempt is made to make a

comparative study of the working of poverty alleviation programmes
between the Block chosen in terms of the consolidated total of physical
assets generated by the same five Block during the period in question.
The study of such facts may enable the researchers to rank the Blocks
chosen in order their contribution to the total, as revealed by the Table
drawn in this connection.
1. Rural Housing
Put together all the five Blocks concerned, during the period in
question, a total of 6,836 rural houses were constructed lAY categories
of programme for the benefit of the poverty-ridden people. To this total,
Sirkali Block did the highest share of 22.38% while Nagapattinam Block
2. Infrastructure
Infrastructural development mooted out in all the five Blocks

through the implementation of JGSY / SGRY and resulted in
generation of assets numbering 7,270. To the total registered, the
share contribution to the extent of 35.99% by Sirkali Block topped the
list while to the same total Nagapattinam Block did the lowest share of
12.17%.
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3. Employment
The implementation of Employment Generation cum-poverty
alleviation programmes likes EAS/ SGRY resulted in the generation of
employment totaling 56.09, common to all the five Block during the
period of study. To the total in question, Mayiladuthurai Block did the
highest share contribution of 23.31% whereas Nagapattinam Block did
the lowest share of 14.74%.
4. Sanitation
To protect and assure good health and happy life to the people
of rural areas through RCRSP (AB) RCRSP - Allocation Based / Rural
Sanitation, assets related to sanitation numbering 22,243 were
generated during the period of study, common to the five Blocks
chosen. To the total registered, the highest and lowest share
contribution to the extent of 22.25% and 14.93% were made
respectively by Sembanarkoil Block and Nagapattinam Block.
5. MP-LAD
The implementation of MP-LAD Programme in all the five Blocks
of Nagapattinam District during the period in question led to the
generation of rural assets to the tune 1,332. To the total examined,
Mayiladuthurai Block stood first with 26.87% as its contribution while
Nagapattinam Block contributed the lowest share of 7.35% to the
same.
254
The implementation of AMT in the Blocks during the period in
question as a village development and poverty alleviation programme
resulted in the generation of rural assets to the extent of 1,538. To this
total Sembanarkoil Block did the highest share of 26.20% while Sirkali
Block made the lowest share of 15.08%.
The implementation of NNT/VSSS in the chosen Blocks during
the period of study emerged with generation of rural assets numbering
6,075. To the said total, Nagapattinam Block contributed the highest
share of 67.29% whereas Mayiladuthurai did the lowest share of
0.82%.
8. MLA-CDS
The constant and continuous implementation MLA-CDS in the
five Blocks of Nagapattinam District generated rural assets numbering
2,527 during the period in question. To the total examined, the highest
and lowest share contribution to the extent of 31.73% and 13.17%
were made respectively by Mayiladuthurai Block and Kuthalam Block.

255
9. General Fund
Utilisation of General Fund by chosen five Blocks gave rise to
the creation of Physical assets to the extent of 1,033 during the period
of study. To the total in question, in terms of the share contribution
made to the same, Mayiladuthurai Block ranked first with the highest
share of 38.14% while Sirkali Block ranked last with the lowest share of
8.61%.
The financial assistance provided by the Finance Commissions
during the period of study to alleviate poverty emerged with rural
assets numbering 1,849. To this total, Sembanarkoil Block did the
highest share contribution of 27.52% while Nagapattinam Block did the
lowest share contribution of 14.60%.
11. NC-Energy
NC Energy as a central poverty alleviation Programme
implemented at the five Blocks selected generated Bio-gas facilities to
the tune of 1,971 during the period of study. To the total registered,
Sembanarkoil Block and Nagapattinam Block did the highest and
lowest share contributions to the tune of 33.84% and 1.87%
respectively.
256
SGSY-a Miscellaneous centrally sponsored poverty alleviation
programme implemented during tlie period among the chosen Block
led to the generation of physical assets numbering 74. To the total in
question, Sirkali Block came out with the highest share of 39.18% while
Sembanarkoil Block registered the lowest share contribution of 6.75%
to the same.
Conclusion
The implementation of poverty alleviation programmes cited at
the levels of the five Blocks during the period in question gave rise to
the generation of physical assets to the extent of 58,357. In terms of
share contribution to the consolidated total of assets of all poverty
programmes, alleviation Sirkali Block ranked at the top with 22.21% as
its share while Kuthalam Block ranked at the bottom with 17.99% as its
share. In terms of Programme wise performance, Mayiladuthrai Block
ranked first while Nagapattinam Block ranked last.
IV. 1.8 A Block wise comparative study of Unit Cost of
Poverty Alleviation Programmes implemented
The working of poverty alleviation programmes in the selected
Blocks of Nagapattinam District can be adjudged not only on the basis
of programme wise-actual expenditure incurred, and physical assets
generated but also in terms of unit cost of physical assets generated

257
during the period in question. The present attempt is nothing but a
study of unit cost of physical assets generated programme Block-wise,
as shown in the Table picturized in this regard.
1. Rural Housing
Unit cost of rural houses generated at Sirkali Block was the
highest with Rs.31,141.17 whereas it was the lowest with Rs.23,642.47
at Nagapattinam Block.
2. Infrastructure
The unit cost of infrastructure generated was the highest with
Rs.54,456.53 at Mayiladuthurai Block compared to the same being the
lowest with Rs.23,603.36 at Sirkali Block.
3. Employment
Unit cost of physical assets generated was the highest with
Rs.89,269.63 at Sembanarkoil Block while it was the lowest at
Kuthalam Block at Rs.79,311.22.
4. Sanitation
In terms of unit cost of sanitation programme implemented
Mayiladuthurai Block stood cost wise highest with Rs.3,623.59. In
contrast, it was the lowest at Nagapattinam Block with Rs.1,236.23.

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5. MP-LAD
The unit cost of physical assets generated through MP-LAD was
the highest with Rs.3,36,397.95 at Nagapattinam Block while it was the
lowest with Rs.65,375 at Kuthalam Block.
Unit cost of Physical assets turned out under village
development programme was the highest at Mayiladuthurai Block i.e.
Rs.1,13,270.90 where as it was the lowest with Rs.43,580.64 at
Sembanarkoil Block.
Unit cost of assets created under people participation
programme was the highest with Rs.1,10,274.13 at Sembanarkoil
Block while at Mayiladuthurai Block it was the lowest with Rs.2,092.
8. MLA-CDS
The unit cost of Physical assets generated under MLA-CDS was
the highest with Rs.1,15,931.26 at Sirkali Block where as it was the
lowest with Rs.62,554.80 at Mayiladuthurai Block.

262
9. General Fund
The cost of Physical unit of assets created under General Fund
Programme was the highest at Kuthalam Block with Rs. 1,14,095.43
where as it was the lowest with Rs.60,38.3.24 at Mayiladuthurai E3lock.
10. Finance Commission
The unit cost of rural assets generated through finance
commissions was the highest with Rs.58,510.83 at Sirkali Block while it
was the lowest with Rs.5,238.18 at Nagapattinam Block.
11. NC Energy
Unit cost of NC Energy - Biogas generated at Nagapattinam
District and Sembanarkoil Block were the highest and lowest
respectively with Rs.3,432.43 and Rs.283.35.
Unit cost of assets generated under Miscellaneous Central
Programme was the highest with Rs.7,73,666.66 at Mayiladuthurai
Block whereas it was the lowest at Kuthalam Block with Rs.5,350,000.

263
IV.2 A study On The Impact of The working of Poverty
Alleviation Programmes In Selected Village at Nagapattinam
District
With the help of the secondary data collected from official
sources, the researcher could say what the official data meant. In other
words, with a help of the secondary data collected, the official working
of the poverty alleviation programmes implemented at the level of the
five Blocks chosen has been explained and elaborated. To study the
effectiveness or the impact of working of the same poverty alleviation
programmes, from beneficiaries point of view, the researcher sought
the help of primary data collected at the levels of five selected villages
represented by each Block at Nagapattinam District Primary data have
been collected from the respondent beneficiaries belonged to the five
selected village from June 2006 to November 2006. The five selected
villages randomly selected included.
1. Arupathi - Sembanarkoil Block
2. Manakkudi - Mayiladuthurai Block
3. Palaiyur - Kuthalam Block
4. Paravai Therkupogainallur - Nagapattinam Block
5. Thiruvengadu- Sirkali Block
From Arupathy village, Manakkudi village, Paiaiyur Village,
Paravai Therku Pogainallur Village and Thiruvengadu village have
been represented by respondents numbering 44,56,49,52 and 67

264
respectively. Hence, the total number of beneficiary respondents were
268. The questionnaire / schedule administerd to collect primary/ data
consisted of three parts, viz.
1. Socio - economic Details of Respondents Beneficiaries.
2. Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented and
Respondent Beneficiaries Involvement, and
3. Extent of Benefits Received and Problems Encountered by
Respondent Beneficiaries.
IV. 2.1 Socio-Economic Details of Respondent Beneficiaries
Under the caption "Socio-Economic details of respondent
beneficiaries studied to analyse the impact of the working of poverty
alleviation programmes included things like gender classification,
community classification, religious classification, literacy level, size of
family and assets liabilities details.
IV. 2.1.1 Community classification of Respondent
Beneficiaries
A study on community classification of respondent benejficiaries
was much useful in disclosing the truth that in which community
poverty alleviation programmes was much required. Such a fact has
been revealed by the Table presented here.

265
Table IV.2.1.1.1 Community classification of Beneficiaries
S.No Name of Village OC BC MBC SC/ST Total
1. Arupathi 03 10 18 13 44
2. Manakkudi 05 17 12 22 56
3. Palaiyur 02 09 27 11 49
4. Paravai 04 06 33 09 52
5. Thiruvenkadu 08 07 28 24 67
TOTAL 22 49 118 79 268
Source : Primary Data Computed.
Other Community (OC)
In respect of the total of 22 OC respondents surveyed, the
highest 36.36% of them were attached to Thiruvengadu village while
the lowest 19.09% of the same were found at Palaiyur village.
Backward Community (BC)
Out of the 49 respondents contacted, the highest 34.69% of
them were attached to Manakkudi village while the lowest 12.24% of
the same were seen at Paravai Therkupagai Nallur Village.

266
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267
Most Backward Community (MBC)
Out of the 268, sample respondents surveyed, the highest 118
of same were MBC. To this total, Paravai Therkupogai Nallur village
did the highest share of 27.96% and the lowest share of 10.16% was
drawn from Manakkudi village.
Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe - SC/ST
The total number of SC/ST community respondents surveyed
was 79. To this total, Thiruvenkadu village did the highest share of
30.37% while the lowest share of 11.39% was provided by Paravai
Therkupogainallur Village.
IV. 2.1.2 Gender Classification of Respondent Beneficiaries
A study on gender arrangement of respondents will definitely
throw light on the fact that how many of the respondents in the sample
size chosen represented the women folk. Out of the total number of
respondents surveyed from the chosen five villages, one can easily
workout that how many of respondent beneficiaries were males and
females. One such fact formed the basis of the Table brought in this
regard.
268
Table IV. 2.1.2.1 Gender Classification
S.No Name of Village Male Female Total
1. Arupathi 17 27 44
2. Manakkudi 23 33 56
3. Palaiyur 28 21 49
4. Paravai 27 25 52
5. Thiruvenkadu 33 34 67
TOTAL 128 140 268
As shown in the Table, out of the 268 respondents surveyed,
128 (47.76%) and 140 (52.23%) of them were respectively males and
females. Out the 128 male respondents surveyed, the highest 25.78%
and the lowest 13.28% of the same were respectively attached to
Thiruvenkadu village and Arupathy village. With reference to 140
females respondents surveyed, the highest 24.28% and the lowest
15.15% were respectively attached to Thiruvenkadu village and
Palaiyur village.
269
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IV. 2.1.3 Religious classification of Respondent Beneficiaries
Out of the 268 respondents surveyed, 172,55,28 and 13 of them
were attached to Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and other religions. Out
of the 172 hindu respondents, the highest 45 and the lowest of the
same were found at Thiruvengadu village and Mannarkudi Village. Out
of the 55 Christian respondents, the highest 15 and the lowest 4 of the
same were attached to Paravai Therkupogai Nallur village and
Arupathy village. Out of the 28 Muslim respondents, the highest 8 each
of them were attached to Manakudi village and Palaiyur village while
the lowest of them have been found at Paravai Therkupagainallur
village. Out of the 13 respondents who belonged to the other religious,
the highest 7 and lowest 2 of them were duly attached to Manakkudi
village and Paravai Therkupogainallur village.
IV. 2.1.4 Literacy level
From the surveyed conducted was brought to light that out of the
268 respondents surveyed, 24 of them were literates and 244 of them
of were illitrate. Out of the 24 literates respondents, the highest 37.5%
and the lowest 8.33% of the same have been identified at Palaiyur
village and Arupathy village respectively. In contrast, out of them 244
illiterate respondents, the highest 26.22% and the lowest 16.39% of the
same were attached to Thiruvenkadu village and Palaiyur village
respectively.
271
IV. 2.1.5 Size of Family
In underdeveloped countries like India bigger size of family is a
potential threat to any other problem including poverty. Poverty is
further preceded by uncontrollable size of family. Hence, in the context.
The Table presented acquires real significance.
Table IV.2.1.5.1. Size of Family Respondents Family size Being 0.5
Above
S.No Name of Village 0-5 6-10 Total
10
1. Arupathi 27 17 - 44
2. Manakkudi 33 16 8 56
3. Palaiyur 29 15 5 49
4. Paravai 37 8 6 52
5. Thiruvenkadu 42 14 11 67
TOTAL 168 70 30 268
In respect of 159 respondents the size of family of them were
0.5. To this total, the highest and lowest share of 26.41% and 16.98%
were made respectively by Thiruvengadu village and Arupathi village.

272
Family size Being 6-10
The survey launched proved the fact that in respect of the
lowest nunnber of 30 respondents the size of family happened to be
extraordinarily bigger. To this total registered, the highest and lowest
shared of 36.66% and 16.66% were duly nnade by Thiruvengadu
village and Manakkudi village.
IV. 2.1.6 Details of Assets - Liabilities of Respondents
It is uniformly found that none of the respondents examined had
assets to their credit. But majority of them were in possion of liabilities
either with banks or relatives or friends. There were cases where in
liabilities were also nil, as depicted in the Table picturized in this
regard.
Table IV. 2.1.6.1. Liability Details
Name of
S.No Banks Relatives Friends Nil Total
Village
1. Arupathi 12 - 3 29 44
2. Manakkudi 26 6 5 19 56
3. Palaiyur 21 5 9 14 49
4. Paravai 7 8 5 32 52
5. Thiruvenkadu 41 2 4 20 67
TOTAL 107 21 26 114 268

273
Banks
Out of 268 respondents surveyed, 107 of them had, liabilities
with banks. To this total, Thiruvenkadu Village did the highest share of
38.31%, on the contrary, the lowest share of 6.54% was made by
Paravai Therkupogainallur Village.
ReJatives
Out of 268 respondents examined, 21 of them had taken loans
from relatives. To this total in question, the highest and lowest shares
of 38.09% and 9.52% were duly made by Paravai Therkupogainallur
Village and Thiruvengadu Village.
Friends
To a total of 26 respondents that they had availed loan from
friends. To this total, Palaiyur village made the highest share of 34.61%
while the lowest share of 11.53% came from Arupathi village.
Nil Liability
To a total of 114 respondents that they had not availed any loan
from any source. To this total registered, Paravai Therkupogainallur
village made the highest share of 28.07% while the lowest share of
12.28% to the same was made by Palaiyur village.

274
IV. 2.1.7 Extent of Liabilities of Respondents
As understood from the earlier discussions that out 268
respondents surveyed, majority of 154 respondents had liabilities
utilising various sources listed out. Out of 154 respondents who took
loans, in the case of 25 of them, the extent of liability was Rs.0-1500, in
case of 22 respondents it was Rs.1501-3000, in respect of 88 other
respondents it was Rs.3001 - 4500 and in regard to 19 other
respondents it was above Rs.4500, as shown in Table drawn in this
connection.
Table IV. 2.1.7.1 Extent of Liabilities
Name of 0- 1501- 3001- Above

S.No Total
Village 1500 3000 4500 4500
1. Arupathi 3 - 12 - 15/44
2. Manakkudi 5 6 22 4 37/56
3. Palaiyur 8 6 17 4 35/49
4. Paraval 6 7 2 5 20/52
5. Thiruvenkadu 3 3 35 6 47/67
154/
TOTAL 25 22 88 19
268

275
Liability being Rs.0-1500
In respect of 25 respondents in whose case liabilities fixed at Rs
0-1500. The highest share of 32% to it was made by Palaiyur village
while the lowest share of 12% each to the was same made by
Arupathy village and Thiruvenkadu village.
Liability being Rs.1501 - 3000
Liability was being Rs.1501-3000 in respect of 22 respondents
with the highest and lowest share contribution of 31.81% and 13.63%
made to it respectively by Paravai Therkupogainallur village and
Thiruvengadu village.
Liability Being Rs.3001-4500
The extent of liability was fixed at Rs.3001-4500 in regard to the
specify the number maximum number of respondents. To this total
Thiruvenkadu village did the highest share 39.77% while the lowest
share of 2.27% was made to it by Paravai Therkupogainallur village.

276
IV. 2.2 Poverty Alleviation Programme Implemented and
Respondent Beneficiaries Involvement
IV. 2.2.1 Employment Details of Respondent
Out of the 268 respondent beneficiaries surveyed, 239 of them
were agricultural labourers and 29 others were casual labourers. This
fact Is well understood with the help of the Table presented here.
Table IV. 2.2.1.1 Employment Status of Agricultural Labourers
Name of Agri Casual Not

S.No Total
Village Labour Labour Employed
1. Arupathi 44 - - 44
2. Manakkudi 39 17 - 56
3. Palaiyur 47 2 - 49
4. Paravai 43 9 - 52
5. Thiruvenkadu 66 1 - 67
TOTAL 239 29 - 268
Out of the total of 239 agricultural laboures found comnrion to all
the five villages chosen, the highest 27.61% and the lowest 16.31%
were attached to Thiruvengadu village and Manakudi village
respectively.
277
Casual Labourers
Out of the 29 causal labourers examined, the highest 58.62%
and the lowest 3.44% of the same were found at Manakkudi village and
Thiruvenkadu village respectively.
IV. 2.2.2 Respondent Beneficiaries Participation In Poverty
Alleviation Programme Implemented
From the survey results it came to light that out of 268
respondent beneficiaries studied 123 of them were engaged in Rural
Housing Programme; 5 of them were involved in Infrastructural
Development Programme; 95 other were engaged in Employment
Generation Programme; a respondents were attached to village
development programme, 10 others were found in people participation
programme and 26 respondents were benefited by NC Energy
Programme. All these facts are shown in the Table taken here.
IV. 2.2.2. Involvement of Respondents In Poverty Alleviation
Programmes Implemented
Rural Housing Programmes
The highest number of 123 respondent beneficiaries out of the
total of 268 were involved themselves in rural housing programme and
benefitted by the same. To this total, Arupathy village did the highest
share of 28.45% while the lowest share of 12.19% to the same was
made by Paravai Therkupogainallur village.

278
Infrastructure Programme
A total of 5 respondent beneficiaries attached to Paravai
Therkpogainallur village were found themselves engaged in
infrastructure development programmes.
Employment Generation Programme
A total of 95 respondents beneficiaries were attached to
employment generation programme. To this total, the highest share of
33.68% and the lowest share of 9.47% were made duly by
Thiruvenkadu village and Arupathy village.
Village Development Programme
Respondent beneficiaries numbering a were involved in village
development programme. To the total in question, Paravai
Therukupogainallur village did the highest share of 55.55% whereas
the lowest share of 22.22% each was made respectively by Palaiyur
Village and Thiruvenkadu village respectively.
People Participation Programmes
Out of the total of 10 respondent beneficiaries who found
themselves observed in people participation programme with a share
of 50% each to the same was made by Manakkudi village and Paravai
Therkupogainallur village respectively.

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Non-Conventional Energy Programme
In the implementation of Non-conventional energy programme in
the selected villages, 26 respondents were attached to this total.
Manakkudi village did the highest share of 38.46% while the lowest
share of 11.53 % came from Thiruvenkadu village.
IV.2.2.3. Annual Income Details of Respondents Before the
Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Programmes
The sun/ey results disclosed the fact that all of them had an
annual income less than Rs.11,060 as revealed by the Table drawn in
this connection.
Table IV 2.2.3.1. Annual Income of the Respondents Before
implementation of Poverty Alleviation Programme.
Name of Less than

S.No Rs. 11,060 Total
Village Rs.11,060
1. Arupathi - 44 44
2. Manakkudi - 56 56
3. Palaiyur - 49 49
4. Paravai - 52 52
5. Thiruvenkadu - 67 67
TOTAL 268 268

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282
IV. 2.2.3.2 Annual Income Details of Respondents After the
Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Programmes.
The Survey launched enabled the researcher to find out the
truth that whether the poverty alleviation programmes implemented
really helped to respondent beneficiaries to come above the level of
poverty line" in terms of the change in their incomes. This fact can be
substantiated with the help of the Table taken here.
Table IV. 2,2.3.2. Annual Income Particulars of Respondents After
the Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Programme
Name of 11,061- 15,001 - Above

S.No Total
Village 15,000 30,000 30,000
1. Arupathi 39 5 - 44
2. Manakkudi 52 4 - 56
3. Palaiyur 49 - - 49
4. Paravai 47 5 - 52
TOTAL 242 26 - 268

283
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IV. 2.2.4. Consumption Details of Respondent Beneficiaries Before
Out of the total of 268 respondent beneficiaries surveyed, a one
square meal a day while, 128 others had less than one square meal a
day and 12 of the other respondents were subjected to starvation, as
made clear through the Table presented.
Table IV. 2.2.4.1. Consumption Particulars of Respondents Before
the Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Programmes.
One Less than

Name of
S.No Square one Starvation Total
Village
Meal square
1. Arupathi 15 22 7 44
2. Manakkudi 29 27 - 56
3. Palaiyur 21 26 2 49
4. Paraval 25 24 3 52
TOTAL 128 128 12 268

285
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One - Square Meal - a Day
Before the implementation of rural development programmes, a
total of 128 respondent had just a single square meals-a-day, common
to the selected villages. To this total, the highest share of 29.68% was
made by Thiruvenkadu village and the lowest share of 11.71% was
made by Arupathy Village.
Less than One Square Meals-a-Day
Against a total of 128 respondents common to the selected
villages that they had less than a single square meal-a-day. To this
total, the highest share of 22.65% and the lowest share of 17.18%
were made respectively by Thiruvenkadu and Arupathy village.
Starvation
A total of 12 respondents with a highest share of 58.335 by
Arupathy village the lowest of, 16.66 by Palaiyur village and 25% by
Paravai Therkupogai Nallur village were put to starvation before the
implementation of poverty alleviation programmes.
IV. 2.2.5. Consumption Change Among Respondents After the
It is equally important to know from the beneficiaries that due to
their involvement in the implementation of poverty alleviation
programmes, whether their consumption levels have changed or not.

287
The answer to this question has been obtained from the Table
portrayed in this regard.
Table IV. 2.2.5.1. Consumption Levels of Respondents After The
Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Programmes More than
Single Square Meals-a-Day
More than
Name of Single Single
S.No Starvation Total
Village Square Square
Meal-a-day Meal-a-day
1. Arupathi 37 7 - 44
3. Palaiyur 49 - - 49
4. Paravai 45 7 - 52
TOTAL 244 24 - 268
Out of 268 respondence contacted, 244 of them revealed the
truth that after their involvement in poverty alleviation programmes
implemented, they were able to consume more than a single square a
day. To this total, Thiruvengadu village did the highest share of
26.63% whereas Arupathy village did the lowest share contribution of
15.16%
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Single Square Meal-a-day
To a total of 24 respondent beneficiaries that their involvement
in poverty alleviation programmes implementation benefitted them to
have at atleast Single Square - meal-a-day. To the total calculated,
Manakkudi village did not highest share of 33.33% and Thiruvengadu
village did the lowest share of 8.33%.
Rs.11,061-15,000
Out of the 268 respondents examined, 242 of them had an
annual income of Rs.11,061-15000 after themselves involved in
poverty alleviation programmes implemented in their respective
villages. To this total inquestion, Thiruvengadu village did the highest
share of 22.72% while the lowest share of 16.11% was made by
Arupathy village.
Rs.15,001 -30,000
A total of 26 respondents went up to the range Rs. 15,001-
30,000 due to their involvement in poverty alleviation programmes
implemented in their respective villages. To the total registered, the
highest share 46.15% was made by Thiruvengadu village while the
lowest share of 15.30% was made by Manakkudi village.

290
IV. 2.3. Extent of Benefits Received and Problems Encountered by
Respondent Beneficiaries
Having discussed tlie changes in both income and consumption
levels on the part of respondent beneficiaries in the earlier parts of the
present chapter, it is meaningful to look for the "extent" of benefit
accured to them because of their involvement in the implementation of
poverty alleviation programmes in their respective village as reflected
by the Table drav^n in this regard.
Table IV. 2.3.1. Extent of Benefit and Poverty Alleviation
Programmes Implemented.
Name of
S.No Greater Lesser Nil Total
Village
1. Arupathi 37 7 - 44
3. Palaiyur 49 - - 49
4. Paravai 45 7 - 52
TOTAL 244 24 - 268

291
Greater Benefit
Out of 268 beneficiaries, to a majority of the 244 respondents
that poverty alleviation programmes implemented helped them to get
greater benefits. To this total, the highest share of 26.63 and the
lowest share of 15.16% were duly made by Thiruvenkadu village and
Arupathy Village.
Lesser Benefit
To a total of 24 respondents that poverty alleviation programmes
implemented in their villages helped them to get "Lesser benefit" only
to this total, Manakkudi Village did the highest share of 33.33% and
Thiruvenkadu Village did the lowest share of 8.33% .
IV. 2.3.2. Problems Encountered by Respondents and Poverty
Alleviation Programmes Implemented.
To a total of 268 respondents that a host of problems were
encountered by them in respect of poverty alleviation programmes
implemented. The set of problems expressed included heavy political
interference, irregularity of programmes implemented, inadequate
benefits, programmes implemented were more of eye-wash, the role of
intermidearies was heavy, economics status was not the criterion in
selecting the respondents and large scale corruption and bribery. The
said reasons are shown in the form of a Table.

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Heavy Political Interference
A total of 48 respondents expressed the problem In respect of
poverty alleviation programme implemented that there existed a lot of
political interference in regard to the selection of beneficiarie. Wherever
Political interference operates the system will not work properly. To
this said total, Arupathy village did the highest share of 33.33% while
the lowest share of 10.41% was made by Palalyur Village.
Irregularity of Programmes Implemented
Yet another problem faced by a total of 81 respondents was
irregularity of programmes implemented. To this total, Thiruvenkadu
village did the highest share of 27.16% while the lowest share of
11.11% came from Palaiyur village.
Inadequate benefits
To a total 24 respondents that the benefits accruing from the
poverty alleviation programmes implemented to respondents have
been insufficient. To this total, Manakkudi village did the highest share
of 33.33% . In contrast, Thiruvenkadu village made to it the lowest
share of 8.33% .
Role of Intermediaries Is Heavy
It was uttered by 36 respondents that benefits of poverty
alleviation programmes have been shared unnecessarily by the
middleman. To this total, Thiruvenkadu village did the highest share of

295
30.55% while Manakkudi village contributed the lowest share of
19.44%.
Economic Status Not the Basis of Selection of Respondents.
To a total of 52 respondents that economic status was not the
criterion for the selection of beneficiaries in respect of poverty
alleviation programmes implemented. On the other hand, other
factors dominated. To this total, Palaiyur village did the highest share
of 28.84% while Arupathy village made the lowest share of 5.76"/o.
To Live At the Mercy of Government Officials
To find a placement in poverty alleviation programmes
implemented that a real poverty-stricken individual should have
favoritism and hepotism which have played the role in the selection by
government officials. To this total, Palaiyur village made the highest
share of 46.15% while Manakkudi village did the lowest share of
7.69%.
Large Scale Corruption and Bribery
The proper selection of respondents for taking part and reaping
the benefits of poverty alleviation programmes have been marred by
large scale corruption and bribery which are widely prevalent in rural
areas, to a total of 14 respondents. To this total registered, Paravai
Therkupogai Nallur village did the highest share of 35.71%) and
Manakkudi Village made the lowest share of 7.14%.

296
TREND ANALYSIS
This section of the chapter observes the trend in the various
poverty alleviation programmes namely Rural Housing Programme (of
different fonns), Infrastructure Programme, Employment Programme,
Sanitation Programme, Member of Parliament - Local Area
Development Programme, Village Development Programme, People
Participation Programme, Members of Legislative Assembly
Constituency Development Scheme, General Fund Programme,
Finance Commission Programme, Non-conventional Energy
Programme, and Miscellaneous Centre Programme. The above said
programmes are implemented in five different blocks mostly before the
period of the present study, 1996-1997 to 2005-2006. Only some of
the programmes are implemented in the intermittent years or they take
some halts in the middle of the study period. So, the study tries to
observe a general trend in the implementation of each programme of
every block. Hov\/ever, the programmes with irregular implementations
are omitted from the trend analysis, because of the inadequacy of data
for the trend analysis.
In order to assess the trend in the implementation of various
poverty alleviation programmes, the method called Least Square is
employed. The Linear trend equation specified here is
Yi = a + bXi + Ui,
Where,
Yi Amount of expenditure incurred for
the programme ith year:
Xi year;
a = Y-intercept (constant), and
297
b = slope coefficient, indicates tine annual

increment in the amount of expenditure.
Ui = Error term with usual assumptions.
Estimated trend equations for different blocks for different

programmes are presented in Table IV 1.6.b.
Table IV 1.6.b. Trend In Various Poverty

Alleviation Programmes Implemented
Programmes Trend Equation for Kuthalam
Rural House Programme (lAY) Y=25,61,745 +2,37,812

Rural House Programme (lAY -
¥ = 9,46,607-59,107
UPGR)
Rural House Programme (CCS) -
Infrastructure program Y =-5,47,054+ 13,48,812
Employment Programme Y = 31,79,618+ 13,87,418
Sanitation Programme Y =-5,47,054+ -13,48,812

Member of Parliament Local Area
Y = 9,72,150+ 1,46,283
Development Programme
Village Development Programme Y = 7,47770 + 4,42,953
People Participation Programme Y = 17,43,213-25,353

Members of Legislative Assembly
- constituency Development Y= 5,14,866+ 6,09,975
scheme
General Fund Programme -
Finance Commission Programme Y = 25,72,514-6,235

Non-Conventional Energy
-
Programme
Miscellaneous centre -
Y = 7,30,47,745 + 3,69,55,921
Total
(Cont'd...)
298
(Cont'd...)
Trend Equation for

Programmes
Mayiladuthurai
Rural House Programme lAY Y = 29,20,418+ 81,351
Rural House Programme lAY -
Y = 15,94,464-1,69,250
UPGR
Rural Hous Programme CCS -
Infrastructure Programme Y =-11,30,545+ 18,52,254
Employment Programme Y = -5,83,661 + 24,00,248
Sanitation Programme Y = 19,73,216-25,850

Y = 3,76,636+ 51,11,236
Village Development Programme Y = 46,26,672-40,927
People Participation Programme Y = 14,60,554-34,012

- constituency Development Y = 20,93,798 + 7,73,946
scheme
Finance Commission Programme Y = 24,55,691 + 94,290

Y = 33,178-2,392
Programme
Total Y =-37,15,192+ 68,97,340
(Cont'd...)
299
(Cont'd...)
Trend Equation for

Programmes
Nagapattnam
Rural House Programme lAY Y = 651,392+ 5,05,392
¥ = 6,45,178-46,964
UPGR
Infrastructure Programme Y = 11,97,436+ 4,65,969
Employment Programme Y = 6,75,363+ 13,26,697
Sanitation Programme Y = 93,745+ 75,612

Y = -7,85,890 + 9,07,242
Village Development Programme Y = 19,00,786+ 2,16,853
People Participation Programme Y =-1,62,238+ 12,75,361

- constituency Development Y = 27,37,250+ 5,51,285
scheme
Finance Commission Programme Y = 12,59,266+ 1,90,326

Y = 17,821 +107
Programme
Y = 2,63,07,109 + 42,98,109
Total
(Cont'd...)
300
(Cont'd...)
Trend Equation for

Programmes
Sembanarkoii
Rural House Programme lAY Y = 14,92,959+ 4,73,894
¥=10,01,500-32,928
UPGR
Rural Hous Programme CCS Y = 8,11,741-7,430
Infrastructure Programme Y =-175,833+ 19,06,393
Employment Programme Y =-7,85,083+ 17,90,139
Sanitation Programme Y = 4,42,927+ 2,13,127

Y = 40,290+ 6,21,890
Village Development Programme Y = 11,12,345+ 4,63,878
People Participation Programme Y = -3,97,090 + 2,93,842

- constituency Development Y = 6,52,890 + 6,95,557
scheme
General Fund Programme Y = 85,67,285-20,47,154

Y = 65,678-4,750
Programme
Y = 87,89,400+ 65,16,266
Total
(Cont'd...)
301
(Cont'd...)
Programmes Trend Equation for Sirkazhi
Rural House Programme lAY Y = 12,05,274+ 5,44,334

Y = 7,84,929 + 20,785
UPGR
Infrastructure Programme Y = 20,66,400+ 9,13,466
Employment Programme Y = 45,47,091 +16,58,224
Sanitation Programme Y = 24,53,991 +1,25,924

Y =-28,80,181 +15,22,818
Village Development Programme -
People Participation Programme Y = 5,37,545+ 2,11,345

- constituency Development Y = 1,62,600+ 11,26,866
scheme

Non-Conventional Energy Y = 1,54,291 -26,375
Programme
Y = 97,71,454+ 61,81,254
Total
Source: Computed.
trend equation has not observed.

302
Kuthalam Block:
Trend coefficients have been observed for 10 out 14 poverty

alleviation progrmmes, and also for aggregate expenditure incurred for
all the programmes jointly. Regarding Kuthalam block, trend
coefficients for the programmes are positive, except the programmes of
People Participation, MLA-CDS and Finance Commission. But, the
negative trend coefficients are comparatively smaller in size, when
compared to positive trend coefficients for other poverty alleviation
programmes. Higher rates of coefficients are estimated for the
programmes like Infrasture, Employment and Rural Housing. Trend
coefficient for aggregate expenditure is estimated as 3,69,55,921. The
analysis generally show that there is an increasing trend that appears
in the amount of expenditure incurred towards various poverty
alleviation programmes.
Mayiladuthurai Block:
For mayiladuthurai block, totally 11 trend coefficients are

estimated. The coefficient for Programmes like Rural Housing
Infrastructure Development. Employment, MP-LAD, MLA-CDS,
Finance Commission have positive sign, and others have negative
sign. But, most of the negative coefficients are smaller in size. The
coefficient for aggregate expenditure is estimated as 68,97,340. It is
generally observed that the expenditure incurred towards poverty
alleviation programmes are increasing year after year.
Nagapattinam Block:
Trend coefficients have been observed for 11 poverty alleviation
programmes. Unlike other blocks, this block has a maximum numbers

303
of positive trend coefficients. Only one of the programme has negative
sign, ie Rural Housing (a). Except the negative coefficients, all others
are statistically significant. The coefficient for aggregate expenditure is
estimated as 42,98,109, which ispositive and also significant.
Sirkali Block:
Trend coefficients for 10 poverty alleviation programmes have
been estimated for this block. All the trend coefficients are positive and
significant, except the coefficient for NC-Energy programme, which has
negative sign. Estimated trend coefficient for aggregate expenditure of
all programmes is 61,81,254. This analysis also show that there is a
generally increasing trend in the implementation of the poverty
alleviation programme.
TESTING OF HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis Test I:
The first hypothesis of the present study states that - higher the
actual expenditure incurred, higher shall be the physical assets
generated and lesser shall be the unit cost of assets generated at
Block level. This hypothesis is verified with the help of bivariate
correlation analysis. Person's moment correlation is generated and
tested its significance to understand the relationship is between
expenditure incurred and number of physical assets created by year-
wise. Table I. 6.1 summarizes the results of analysis.

304
Table I. 6.1: Correlation between Actual Expenditure Incurred

and Number of Physical Assets Created
Number of Significance
Year Value of Y
observations Lever
1996-97 0.4595 41 1 per cent
1997-98 0.3863 41 5 per cent
1998-99 0.4293 36 1 percent
1999-00 -0.0803 68 Not significant
2001-02 0.0592 65 Not significant
2002-03 0.5109 50 1 per cent
2003-04 0.5127 64 1 percent
2004-05 0.5600 50 1 per cent
Year-wise observed correlation coefficients for amount of actual
expenditure incurred and number of physical assets created in all five
study blocks, viz, Kuthalam, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam,
Sembanarkoil and Sirkali, along with their statistical significance are
presented in Table 1.6.1.
The observed correlation coefficients have ranged between -
0.0408 and 0.05600. The co-efficient values of most years give
expected positive sign, and they also much significant at 1 per cent
level. The coefficients for the three years, 1999-00, 2001-02, and
2005-06 give negative sign, against our expectation. However, they
are not significant, statistically.
Thus, the ongoing analysis accepts the first hypothesis made in
the study, namely higher the actual expenditure incurred, higher shall
be the physical assets generated and lesser shall be that unit cost
of assets generated at Bloc level.

305
Hypothesis Test II:
The second hypothesis of the study states that the poverty
alleviation programmes implemented in selected villages must have a
positive bearing on income and consumption pattern of poverty stricken
beneficiaries. This hypothesis is verified with the statistical tool of T-test
for paired Two sample means. Here income of the beneficiaries before
implementation of the programmes and income of them after
implementation of programmes are compared and tested with the
above said method. The result of the analysis are
Table 1.6.2: Results of T-test for Paired Two Sample Means
Mean income Mean income

of the of the
Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Number of Degrees
t- level of
before after Pairs of of
statistics significance
innplementation implementation Observations freedom
ofthie of the
programmes programmes
1 oercent
9028 13,520 268 25.088 267
level
The T-test for Paired Two Sample means shows that mean
income of the beneficiaries is considerably increased after the
implementation of the programme. The test gives higher t-value than
the critical value, and the test value is significant at 1 per cent level.
So, the second hypothesis of the study, the poverty alleviation
programmes implemented in selected villages must have a
positive bearing on income and consumption pattern of poverty
stricken beneficiaries, is accepted.

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CHAPTER - IV

DATA ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATIONS ON THE WORKING OF

POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES IN SELECTED VILLAGES

Removal of poverty in India has always been one of the main

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969 - 74), this approach to removing of

poverty was modified. Special programmes were initiated to benefit

the poor and backward areas. As poverty is an indivisible,

multidimensional phenomenon, for removing it, a variety of

programmes have been launched over a period of time.

A Study on the Working of Poverty Alleviation Programmes with

reference to selected villages of Nagapattinam District consisted of the

utilization of both secondary and primary data. Secondary data have

been used to examine the official working of Poverty Alleviation

Programmes. Primary data were collected in order to make an impact

study on poverty alleviation programmes from beneficiaries point of

view. Hence, the study undertaken is two-fold in character. Secondary

data have been obtained from District Rural Development Agency

(DRDA), Nagapattinam, and Block Development Offices of the five

chosen Blocks namely, Kuthalam, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam,

Sembanarkoil and Sirkali. Primary data were collected with help of

questionnaire / Schedule administered among beneficiaries of poverty

IV.1.1.The official working of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in

Selected Villages of Nagapattinam District From 1996-1997

In order to examine the official working of poverty alleviation

programmes at Nagapattinam District; Poverty alleviation programmes

implemented namely 1) Rural House, 2) Infrastructure, 3) Employment,

4) Sanitation, 5) Member of Parliament - Local Area Development

(MP-LAD), 6) Village Development, 7) People Participation, 8) Member

of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme, 9)

General Fund, 10) Finance Commission, 11) Non-Conventional energy

in the following manner; viz a study on:-

1. Block-Wise Estimated and Actual Expenditure Incurred During

the Period of Study.

2. Block-Wise Physical Assets Generated During the Period of

3. Block-Wise Unit Cost of Assets Generated During the Period of

4. Consolidated comparative Study of Block-Wise unit cost of

Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented From 1996-1997

IV.1.1.A study on Estimated and Actual Expenditure Incurred in

Respect of Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented

A study on estimated and actual expenditure incurred in respect

of the implementation of poverty alleviation programmes at

Nagapattinam District may reveal the fact whether the estimated

expenditure was actually incurred or not. The Table presented in this

alleviation programmes implemented by comparing the expenditure

pattern meant for the same.

Table IV.1.1.1. Estimated and Actual Expenditure Incurred on

Poverty Alleviation Programmes Implemented at Kuthalam Block

From 1996-1997 To 2005-2006.

(a) Indira Awaaz Yojana - (lAY)

Under Indira Awaaz Yojana (lAY), - a rural housing programme,

the total of estimated expenditure and actual expenditure incurred

respectively were Rs.3,63,50,000 and Rs.3,63,19,000 during the period

in question. The Actual expenditure fell short of Rs.31,000 compared

to estimated expenditure. To the actual expenditure incurred, the

made duly by 1998-1999 and 1996-1997.

(b) Indira Awaaz Yojana - Upgradation (lAY - UPGR)

Indira Awaaz Yojana Upgradation - a rural housing programme,