Chapter T2

Integrals

T2.1. Indefinite Integrals

 Throughout Section T2.1, the integration constant C is omitted for brevity.

T2.1.1. Integrals Involving Rational Functions

T2.1.1-1. Integrals involving a + bx.

dx 1
1. = ln |a + bx|.
a + bx b

(a + bx)n+1
2. (a + bx)n dx = , n ≠ –1.
b(n + 1)

x dx 1
3. = a + bx – a ln |a + bx| .
a + bx b2

x2 dx 1 *1 +
4. = 3 (a + bx)2 – 2a(a + bx) + a2 ln |a + bx| .
a + bx b 2

dx 1  a + bx 
5. = – ln .
x(a + bx) a x

dx 1 b  a + bx 
6. =– + ln .
x2 (a + bx) ax a2 x

x dx 1 a 
7. = ln |a + bx| + .
(a + bx)2 b2 a + bx

x2 dx 1 a2 
8. = a + bx – 2a ln |a + bx| – .
(a + bx)2 b3 a + bx

dx 1 1  a + bx 
9. = – ln .
x(a + bx)2 a(a + bx) a2 x

x dx 1* 1 a +
10. = – + .
(a + bx)3 b2 a + bx 2(a + bx)2

T2.1.1-2. Integrals involving a + x and b + x.


a+x
1. dx = x + (a – b) ln |b + x|.
b+x

1129
1130 INTEGRALS
 b+x
dx 1  
2. = ln , a ≠ b. For a = b, see Integral 2 with n = –2 in
(a + x)(b + x) a–b a+x
Paragraph T2.1.1-1.

x dx 1
3. = a ln |a + x| – b ln |b + x| .
(a + x)(b + x) a – b
 a + x
dx 1 1  
4. = + ln  .
(a + x)(b + x)2 (b – a)(b + x) (a – b)2 b+x
 a + x
x dx b a  
5. 2
= – 2
ln  .
(a + x)(b + x) (a – b)(b + x) (a – b) b+x

x2 dx b2 a2 b2 – 2ab
6. = + ln |a + x| + ln |b + x|.
(a + x)(b + x)2 (b – a)(b + x) (a – b)2 (b – a)2
 a+x
dx 1  1 1  2  
7. =– + + ln .
(a + x)2 (b + x)2 (a – b)2 a + x b + x (a – b)3 b+x
 a + x
x dx 1  a b  a+b  
8. = + + ln  .
(a + x)2 (b + x)2 (a – b)2 a + x b + x (a – b)3 b+x
 a+x
x2 dx 1  a2 b2  2ab  
9. = – + + ln  .
(a + x)2 (b + x)2 (a – b)2 a + x b + x (a – b)3 b+x

T2.1.1-3. Integrals involving a2 + x2 .


dx 1 x
1. 2 2
= arctan .
a +x a a

dx x 1 x
2. = + arctan .
(a2 + x2 )2 2a2 (a2 + x2 ) 2a3 a

dx x 3x 3 x
3. 2 2 3
= 2 2 2 2
+ 4 2 2
+ 5 arctan .
(a + x ) 4a (a + x ) 8a (a + x ) 8a a
 
dx x 2n – 1 dx
4. = + ; n = 1, 2, . . .
(a2 + x2 )n+1 2na2 (a2 + x2 )n 2na2 (a2 + x2 )n

x dx 1
5. 2 2
= ln(a2 + x2 ).
a +x 2

x dx 1
6. 2 2 2
=– .
(a + x ) 2(a + x2 )
2

x dx 1
7. =– .
(a2 + x2 )3 4(a2 + x2 )2

x dx 1
8. 2 2
=– ; n = 1, 2, . . .
(a + x ) n+1 2n(a + x2 )n
2

x2 dx x
9. 2 2
= x – a arctan .
a +x a

x2 dx x 1 x
10. =– + arctan .
(a + x2 )2
2 2(a2 + x2 ) 2a a
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1131

x2 dx x x 1 x
11. 2 2 3
=– 2 2 2
+ 2 2 2
+ 3 arctan .
(a + x ) 4(a + x ) 8a (a + x ) 8a a
 2 
x dx x 1 dx
12. 2 2
=– 2 2
+ ; n = 1, 2, . . .
(a + x ) n+1 2n(a + x ) n 2n (a + x2 )n
2

x3 dx x2 a2
13. = – ln(a2 + x2 ).
a2 + x2 2 2

x3 dx a2 1
14. = + ln(a2 + x2 ).
(a2 + x2 )2 2(a2 + x2 ) 2

x3 dx 1 a2
15. = – + ; n = 2, 3, . . .
(a2 + x2 )n+1 2(n – 1)(a2 + x2 )n–1 2n(a2 + x2 )n

dx 1 x2
16. = ln .
x(a2 + x2 ) 2a2 a2 + x2

dx 1 1 x2
17. = + ln .
x(a2 + x2 )2 2a2 (a2 + x2 ) 2a4 a2 + x2

dx 1 1 1 x2
18. = + + ln .
x(a2 + x2 )3 4a2 (a2 + x2 )2 2a4 (a2 + x2 ) 2a6 a2 + x2

dx 1 1 x
19. 2 2 2
= – 2 – 3 arctan .
x (a + x ) a x a a

dx 1 x 3 x
20. =– 4 – 4 2 – arctan .
x2 (a2 + x2 )2 a x 2a (a + x2 ) 2a5 a

dx 1 1 1 x2
21. = – – – ln .
x3 (a2 + x2 )2 2a4 x2 2a4 (a2 + x2 ) a6 a2 + x2

dx 1 x 7x 15 x
22. 2 2 2 3
=– 6 – 4 2 2 2
– 6 2 2
– 7 arctan .
x (a + x ) a x 4a (a + x ) 8a (a + x ) 8a a

dx 1 1 1 3 x2
23. = – – – – ln .
x3 (a2 + x2 )3 2a6 x2 a6 (a2 + x2 ) 4a4 (a2 + x2 )2 2a8 a2 + x2

T2.1.1-4. Integrals involving a2 – x2 .


dx 1  a + x 
1. = ln .
a2 – x2 2a a–x
 a + x
dx x 1  
2. = + ln  .
(a2 – x2 )2 2a2 (a2 – x2 ) 4a3 a–x
 a+x
dx x 3x 3  
3. = + + ln .
(a2 – x2 )3 4a2 (a2 – x2 )2 8a4 (a2 – x2 ) 16a5 a–x
 
dx x 2n – 1 dx
4. 2 2
= 2 2 2
+ 2
; n = 1, 2, . . .
(a – x ) n+1 2na (a – x ) n 2na (a – x2 )n
2

x dx 1
5. = – ln |a2 – x2 |.
a2 – x2 2
1132 INTEGRALS

x dx 1
6. = .
(a2–x ) 2 2 2(a – x2 )
2

x dx 1
7. 2 2 3
= .
(a – x ) 4(a – x2 )2
2

x dx 1
8. 2 2
= ; n = 1, 2, . . .
(a – x ) n+1 2n(a – x2 )n
2

x2 dx a  a + x 
9. = –x + ln .
a2 – x2 2 a–x

x2 dx x 1  a + x 
10. = – ln .
(a2 – x2 )2 2(a2 – x2 ) 4a a–x
 a + x
x2 dx x x 1  
11. 2 2 3
= 2 2 2
– 2 2 2
– 3
ln  .
(a – x ) 4(a – x ) 8a (a – x ) 16a a–x
 
x2 dx x 1 dx
12. 2 2
= 2 2
– ; n = 1, 2, . . .
(a – x ) n+1 2n(a – x ) n 2n (a – x2 )n
2

x3 dx x2 a2
13. = – – ln |a2 – x2 |.
a2 – x2 2 2

x3 dx a2 1
14. 2 2 2
= 2 2
+ ln |a2 – x2 |.
(a – x ) 2(a – x ) 2
 3
x dx 1 a2
15. = – + ; n = 2, 3, . . .
(a2 – x2 )n+1 2(n – 1)(a2 – x2 )n–1 2n(a2 – x2 )n
  x2 
dx 1  
16. 2 2
= 2
ln  2 2 .
x(a – x ) 2a a –x
  x2 
dx 1 1  
17. 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
+ 4
ln  2 2 .
x(a – x ) 2a (a – x ) 2a a –x
  x2 
dx 1 1 1  
18. 2 2 3
= 2 2 2 2
+ 4 2 2
+ 6
ln 2 2 .
x(a – x ) 4a (a – x ) 2a (a – x ) 2a a –x

T2.1.1-5. Integrals involving a3 + x3 .


dx 1 (a + x)2 1 2x – a
1. = ln + √ arctan √ .
a3 + x3 6a2 a2 – ax + x2 a2 3 a 3
 
dx x 2 dx
2. = + .
(a3 + x3 )2 3a3 (a3 + x3 ) 3a3 a3 + x3

x dx 1 a2 – ax + x2 1 2x – a
3. 3 3
= ln 2
+ √ arctan √ .
a +x 6a (a + x) a 3 a 3
 
x dx x2 1 x dx
4. = + .
(a3 + x3 )2 3a3 (a3 + x3 ) 3a3 a3 + x3

x2 dx 1
5. = ln |a3 + x3 |.
a3 + x3 3
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1133
  x3 
dx 1  
6. = ln  3 .
x(a3 + x3 ) 3a3 a + x3
  x3 
dx 1 1  
7. = + ln 3 .
x(a3 + x3 )2 3a3 (a3 + x3 ) 3a6 a + x3
 
dx 1 1 x dx
8. 2 3 3
= – 3
– 3
.
x (a + x ) a x a a + x3
3
 
dx 1 x2 4 x dx
9. =– 6 – 6 3 – .
x2 (a3 + x3 )2 a x 3a (a + x3 ) 3a6 a3 + x3

T2.1.1-6. Integrals involving a3 – x3 .


dx 1 a2 + ax + x2 1 2x + a
1. 3 3
= 2
ln 2
+ √ arctan √ .
a –x 6a (a – x) 2
a 3 a 3
 
dx x 2 dx
2. = + .
(a3 – x3 )2 3a3 (a3 – x3 ) 3a3 a3 – x3

x dx 1 a2 + ax + x2 1 2x + a
3. 3 3
= ln 2
– √ arctan √ .
a –x 6a (a – x) a 3 a 3
 2 
x dx x 1 x dx
4. 3 3 2
= 3 3 3
+ 3 .
(a – x ) 3a (a – x ) 3a a3 – x3

x2 dx 1
5. = – ln |a3 – x3 |.
a3 – x3 3
  x3 
dx 1  
6. 3 3
= 3
ln  3 3 .
x(a – x ) 3a a –x
  x3 
dx 1 1  
7. 3 3 2
= 3 3 3
+ 6
ln  3 3 .
x(a – x ) 3a (a – x ) 3a a –x
 
dx 1 1 x dx
8. 2 3 3
=– 3 + 3 .
x (a – x ) a x a a – x3
3
 
dx 1 x2 4 x dx
9. 2 3 3 2
=– 6 – 6 3 3
+ 6 .
x (a – x ) a x 3a (a – x ) 3a a3 – x3

T2.1.1-7. Integrals involving a4 � x4 .

 √ √
dx 1 a2 + ax 2 + x2 1 ax 2
1. = √ ln √ + √ arctan 2 .
a4 + x4 4a3 2 a2 – ax 2 + x2 2a3 2 a – x2

x dx 1 x2
2. = arctan .
a4 + x4 2a2 a2
 √ √
x2 dx 1 a2 + ax 2 + x2 1 ax 2
3. = – √ ln √ + √ arctan 2 .
a4 + x4 4a 2 a2 – ax 2 + x2 2a 2 a – x2
1134 INTEGRALS
 a+x
dx 1   1 x
4. 4 4
= 3
ln   + 3 arctan .
a –x 4a a–x 2a a
  2 2 
x dx 1 a + x 
5. 4 4
= 2 ln 2 .
a –x 4a a – x2

x2 dx 1  a + x  1 x
6. 4 4
= ln – arctan .
a –x 4a a–x 2a a

T2.1.2. Integrals Involving Irrational Functions

T2.1.2-1. Integrals involving x1/2 .

x1/2 dx 2 1/2 2a bx1/2
1. = x – arctan .
a2 + b2 x b2 b3 a

x3/2 dx 2x3/2 2a2 x1/2 2a3 bx1/2
2. 2 2
= 2
– 4
+ 5 arctan .
a +b x 3b b b a

x1/2 dx x1/2 1 bx1/2
3. = – + arctan .
(a2 + b2 x)2 b2 (a2 + b2 x) ab3 a

x3/2 dx 2x3/2 3a2 x1/2 3a bx1/2
4. = + – arctan .
(a2 + b2 x)2 b2 (a2 + b2 x) b4 (a2 + b2 x) b5 a

dx 2 bx1/2
5. = arctan .
(a2 + b2 x)x1/2 ab a

dx 2 2b bx1/2
6. = – – arctan .
(a2 + b2 x)x3/2 a2 x1/2 a3 a

dx x1/2 1 bx1/2
7. = + arctan .
(a2 + b2 x)2 x1/2 a2 (a2 + b2 x) a3 b a

x1/2 dx 2 1/2 2a  a + bx1/2 
8. = – x + 3 ln .
a2 – b2 x b2 b a – bx1/2

x3/2 dx 2x3/2 2a2 x1/2 a3  a + bx1/2 
9. = – – + 5 ln .
a2 – b2 x 3b2 b4 b a – bx1/2
  a + bx1/2 
x1/2 dx x1/2 1  
10. = – ln  .
(a2 – b2 x)2 b2 (a2 – b2 x) 2ab3 a – bx1/2

x3/2 dx 3a2 x1/2 – 2b2 x3/2 3a  a + bx1/2 
11. = – 5 ln .
(a2 – b2 x)2 b4 (a2 – b2 x) 2b a – bx1/2

dx 1  a + bx1/2 
12. = ln .
(a2 – b2 x)x1/2 ab a – bx1/2

dx 2 b  a + bx1/2 
13. = – + ln .
(a2 – b2 x)x3/2 a2 x1/2 a3 a – bx1/2
  a + bx1/2 
dx x1/2 1  
14. = 2 2 2
+ 3
ln  .
2 2
(a – b x) x 2 1/2 a (a – b x) 2a b a – bx 1/2
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1135

T2.1.2-2. Integrals involving (a + bx)p/2 .


2
1. (a + bx)p/2 dx = (a + bx)(p+2)/2 .
b(p + 2)
  
p/2 2 (a + bx)(p+4)/2 a(a + bx)(p+2)/2
2. x(a + bx) dx = 2 – .
b p+4 p+2
  
2 p/2 2 (a + bx)(p+6)/2 2a(a + bx)(p+4)/2 a2 (a + bx)(p+2)/2
3. x (a + bx) dx = 3 – + .
b p+6 p+4 p+2

T2.1.2-3. Integrals involving (x2 + a2 )1/2 .


1 a2  
1. (x2 + a2 )1/2 dx = x(a2 + x2 )1/2 + ln x + (x2 + a2 )1/2 .
2 2

1
2. x(x2 + a2 )1/2 dx = (a2 + x2 )3/2 .
3

1 3 3  
3. (x2 + a2 )3/2 dx = x(a2 + x2 )3/2 + a2 x(a2 + x2 )1/2 + a4 lnx + (x2 + a2 )1/2 .
4 8 8
  2 2 1/2 
1 2  a + (x + a ) 
4. (x + a2 )1/2 dx = (a2 + x2 )1/2 – a ln .
x x

dx  
5. √ = ln x + (x2 + a2 )1/2 .
2
x +a 2

x dx
6. √ = (x2 + a2 )1/2 .
2
x +a 2

7. (x + a2 )–3/2 dx = a–2 x(x2 + a2 )–1/2 .
2

T2.1.2-4. Integrals involving (x2 – a2 )1/2 .


1 a2  
1. (x2 – a2 )1/2 dx = x(x2 – a2 )1/2 – ln x + (x2 – a2 )1/2 .
2 2

1
2. x(x2 – a2 )1/2 dx = (x2 – a2 )3/2 .
3

1 3 3  
3. (x2 – a2 )3/2 dx = x(x2 – a2 )3/2 – a2 x(x2 – a2 )1/2 + a4 lnx + (x2 – a2 )1/2 .
4 8 8
 a
1 2  
4. (x – a2 )1/2 dx = (x2 – a2 )1/2 – a arccos .
x x

dx  
5. √ = lnx + (x2 – a2 )1/2 .
2
x –a 2

x dx
6. √ = (x2 – a2 )1/2 .
x 2 – a2

7. (x2 – a2 )–3/2 dx = –a–2 x(x2 – a2 )–1/2 .
1136 INTEGRALS

T2.1.2-5. Integrals involving (a2 – x2 )1/2 .


1 a2 x
1. (a2 – x2 )1/2 dx = x(a2 – x2 )1/2 + arcsin .
2 2 a

1
2. x(a2 – x2 )1/2 dx = – (a2 – x2 )3/2 .
3

1 3 3 x
3. (a2 – x2 )3/2 dx = x(a2 – x2 )3/2 + a2 x(a2 – x2 )1/2 + a4 arcsin .
4 8 8 a
  a + (a2 – x2 )1/2 
1 2  
4. (a – x2 )1/2 dx = (a2 – x2 )1/2 – a ln .
x x

dx x
5. √ = arcsin .
a2 – x 2 a

x dx
6. √ = –(a2 – x2 )1/2 .
2
a –x 2

7. (a2 – x2 )–3/2 dx = a–2 x(a2 – x2 )–1/2 .

T2.1.2-6. Integrals involving arbitrary powers. Reduction formulas.


dx 1  xn 
1. = ln n .
x(axn + b) bn ax + b

dx 2  xn/2 

2. √ = ln √ .
n
x x +a 2 an n
x +a +a2
  a 
dx 2  
3. √ = arccos n/2 .
n
x x –a 2 an x
 √
dx 2 ax2n + bxn
4. √ =– .
x ax2n + bxn bnxn

 The parameters a, b, p, m, and n below in Integrals 5–8 can assume arbitrary values,
except for those at which denominators vanish in successive applications of a formula.
Notation: w = axn + b.
   
m n p 1 m+1 p
5. x (ax + b) dx = x w + npb xm wp–1 dx .
m + np + 1
 *  +
1
6. m n p
x (ax + b) dx = –x w + (m + n + np + 1) xm wp+1 dx .
m+1 p+1
bn(p + 1)
 *  +
1
7. m n p
x (ax + b) dx = x w – a(m + n + np + 1) xm+n wp dx .
m+1 p+1
b(m + 1)
 *  +
1
8. m n p
x (ax + b) dx = x w –b(m – n + 1) xm–n wp dx .
m–n+1 p+1
a(m + np + 1)
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1137

T2.1.3. Integrals Involving Exponential Functions


1 ax
1. eax dx = e .
a

ax
2. ax dx = .
ln a
 x 1
3. xeax dx = eax – .
a a2
  x2 2x 2
4. x2 eax dx = eax – + .
a a2 a3
 *1 +
n ax ax n n n–1 n(n – 1) n–2 n–1 n! n n!
5. x e dx = e x – 2x + x – · · · + (–1) x + (–1) n+1 ,
a a a3 an a
n = 1, 2, . . .
 n
(–1)k dk
6. Pn (x)eax dx = eax Pn (x), where Pn (x) is an arbitrary polynomial of
ak+1 dxk
k=0
degree n.

dx x 1
7. px
= – ln |a + bepx |.
a + be a ap
⎧  
⎪
⎪ 1 a
 ⎨ p√ab arctan e
⎪ px
if ab > 0,
dx b
8. =  √ 
aepx + be–px ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 b + e px –ab
⎩ √ ln √ if ab < 0.
2p –ab b – epx –ab
⎧ √ √
⎪
⎪ 1 a + bepx – a
 ⎪
⎨p a√ ln √ √ if a > 0,
dx a + bepx + a
9. √ = √
a + bepx ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2 a + bepx
⎩ √ arctan √ if a < 0.
p –a –a

T2.1.4. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions

T2.1.4-1. Integrals involving cosh x.

1
1. cosh(a + bx) dx = sinh(a + bx).
b

2. x cosh x dx = x sinh x – cosh x.

3. x2 cosh x dx = (x2 + 2) sinh x – 2x cosh x.
 n  2k 
2n
 x x2k–1
4. x cosh x dx = (2n)! sinh x – cosh x .
(2k)! (2k – 1)!
k=1
1138 INTEGRALS
 n  
2n+1
 x2k+1 x2k
5. x cosh x dx = (2n + 1)! sinh x – cosh x .
(2k + 1)! (2k)!
k=0
 
6. x cosh x dx = x sinh x – px cosh x + p(p – 1) xp–2 cosh x dx.
p p p–1


7. cosh2 x dx = 12 x + 14 sinh 2x.

8. cosh3 x dx = sinh x + 13 sinh3 x.
 n–1
x 1  k sinh[2(n – k)x]
9. cosh2n x dx = C2n
n
+ C2n , n = 1, 2, . . .
22n 22n–1 2(n – k)
k=0

1  k sinh[(2n – 2k + 1)x]  k sinh2k+1 x
n n
10. cosh2n+1 x dx = C 2n+1 = Cn ,
22n 2n – 2k + 1 2k + 1
k=0 k=0
n = 1, 2, . . .
 
p 1 p–1 p–1
11. cosh x dx = sinh x cosh x + coshp–2 x dx.
p p

1
12. cosh ax cosh bx dx = 2 2 (a cosh bx sinh ax – b cosh ax sinh bx).
a –b

dx 2
13. = arctan eax .
cosh ax a
 
dx sinh x 1
14. 2n
= 2n–1
cosh x 2n – 1 cosh x
n–1 
2 (n – 1)(n – 2) . . . (n – k)
k 1
+ , n = 1, 2, . . .
(2n – 3)(2n – 5) . . . (2n – 2k – 1) cosh2n–2k–1 x
k=1
 
dx sinh x 1
15. =
cosh2n+1 x 2n cosh2n x
n–1 
(2n – 1)(2n – 3) . . . (2n – 2k + 1) 1 (2n – 1)!!
+ 2n–2k
+ arctan sinh x,
2 (n – 1)(n – 2) . . . (n – k)
k cosh x (2n)!!
k=1
n = 1, 2, . . .
⎧
⎪ sign x b + a cosh x
 ⎪
⎪
⎨ – √ arcsin if a2 < b2 ,
dx b2 – a2 a + b cosh x
16. = √
a + b cosh x ⎪⎪ 1 a + b + a2 – b2 tanh(x/2)
⎪
⎩ √ 2 2 ln √ if a2 > b2 .
a –b a + b – a2 – b2 tanh(x/2)

T2.1.4-2. Integrals involving sinh x.


1
1. sinh(a + bx) dx = cosh(a + bx).
b
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1139

2. x sinh x dx = x cosh x – sinh x.

3. x2 sinh x dx = (x2 + 2) cosh x – 2x sinh x.
  n n 
2n x2k  x2k–1
4. x sinh x dx = (2n)! cosh x – sinh x .
(2k)! (2k – 1)!
k=0 k=1
 n  2k+1

2n+1
 x x2k
5. x sinh x dx = (2n + 1)! cosh x – sinh x .
(2k + 1)! (2k)!
k=0
 
6. x sinh x dx = x cosh x – px sinh x + p(p – 1) xp–2 sinh x dx.
p p p–1


7. sinh2 x dx = – 12 x + 14 sinh 2x.

8. sinh3 x dx = – cosh x + 13 cosh3 x.
 n–1

2n n x 1 sinh[2(n – k)x]
9. sinh x dx = (–1) n
C2n + (–1)k C2n
k
, n = 1, 2, . . .
22n 22n–1 2(n – k)
k=0
 n
2n+1 1  cosh[(2n – 2k + 1)x]
10. sinh x dx = 2n (–1)k C2n+1
k
2 2n – 2k + 1
k=0
cosh2k+1 x
 n
= (–1)n+k Cnk , n = 1, 2, . . .
2k + 1
k=0
 
1 p–1
11. sinhp x dx = sinhp–1 x cosh x – sinhp–2 x dx.
p p

1
12. sinh ax sinh bx dx = 2 2 a cosh ax sinh bx – b cosh bx sinh ax .
 a –b
dx 1  ax 
13. = lntanh .
sinh ax a 2
 
dx cosh x 1
14. 2n
= – 2n–1
sinh x 2n – 1 sinh x
n–1
 
2k (n – 1)(n – 2) . . . (n – k) 1
+ (–1) k–1
, n = 1, 2, . . .
(2n – 3)(2n – 5) . . . (2n – 2k – 1) sinh2n–2k–1 x
k=1
 
dx cosh x 1
15. 2n+1
= –
sinh x 2n sinh2n x
n–1
 
k–1 (2n–1)(2n–3) . . . (2n–2k +1) 1 (2n–1)!! x
+ (–1) +(–1)n ln tanh ,
2k (n–1)(n–2) . . . (n–k) sinh2n–2k x (2n)!! 2
k=1
n = 1, 2, . . .
 √
dx 1 a tanh(x/2) – b + a2 + b2
16. = √ ln √ .
a + b sinh x a2 + b 2 a tanh(x/2) – b – a2 + b2
 √
Ax + B sinh x B Ab – Ba a tanh(x/2) – b + a2 + b2
17. dx = x + √ ln √ .
a + b sinh x b b a2 + b 2 a tanh(x/2) – b – a2 + b2
1140 INTEGRALS

T2.1.4-3. Integrals involving tanh x or coth x.


1. tanh x dx = ln cosh x.

2. tanh2 x dx = x – tanh x.

3. tanh3 x dx = – 12 tanh2 x + ln cosh x.

tanh2n–2k+1 x
n

4. tanh2n x dx = x – , n = 1, 2, . . .
2n – 2k + 1
k=1
 n n
2n+1
 (–1)k Cnk  tanh2n–2k+2 x
5. tanh x dx = ln cosh x – = ln cosh x – ,
k=1
2k cosh2k x k=1
2n – 2k + 2
n = 1, 2, . . .
 
1
6. tanhp x dx = – tanhp–1 x + tanhp–2 x dx.
p–1

7. coth x dx = ln |sinh x|.

8. coth2 x dx = x – coth x.

9. coth3 x dx = – 12 coth2 x + ln |sinh x|.

coth2n–2k+1 x
n

2n
10. coth x dx = x – , n = 1, 2, . . .
2n – 2k + 1
k=1
 n
  coth2n–2k+2 x
n
2n+1 Cnk
11. coth x dx = ln |sinh x| – = ln |sinh x| – ,
k=1
2k sinh2k x k=1
2n – 2k + 2
n = 1, 2, . . .
 
1
12. cothp x dx = – cothp–1 x + cothp–2 x dx.
p–1

T2.1.5. Integrals Involving Logarithmic Functions


1. ln ax dx = x ln ax – x.

2. x ln x dx = 12 x2 ln x – 14 x2 .
⎧
 1 p+1
⎨ 1
x ln ax – xp+1 if p ≠ –1,
3. p
x ln ax dx = p+1 (p + 1)2
⎩ 1 2
2 ln ax if p = –1.
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1141

4. (ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 – 2x ln x + 2x.

5. x(ln x)2 dx = 12 x2 (ln x)2 – 12 x2 ln x + 14 x2 .
⎧
⎨ x (ln x)2 – 2x 2xp+1
⎪ p+1 p+1

ln x + if p ≠ –1,
6. xp (ln x)2 dx = p+1 (p + 1)2 (p + 1)3
⎪
⎩ 1 ln3 x
3 if p = –1.
 n
x 
7. (ln x)n dx = (–1)k (n + 1)n . . . (n – k + 1)(ln x)n–k , n = 1, 2, . . .
n+1
k=0
 
8. (ln x) dx = x(ln x) – q (ln x)q–1 dx, q ≠ –1.
q q

 m
xn+1  (–1)k
9. n m
x (ln x) dx = (m + 1)m . . . (m – k + 1)(ln x)m–k ,
m+1 (n + 1)k+1
k=0
n, m = 1, 2, . . .
 
1 q
10. xp (ln x)q dx = xp+1 (ln x)q – xp (ln x)q–1 dx, p, q ≠ –1.
p+1 p+1

1
11. ln(a + bx) dx = (ax + b) ln(ax + b) – x.
b
    
1 2 a2 1 x2 a
12. x ln(a + bx) dx = x – 2 ln(a + bx) – – x .
2 b 2 2 b
    
2 1 3 a3 1 x3 ax2 a2 x
13. x ln(a + bx) dx = x – 3 ln(a + bx) – – + 2 .
3 b 3 3 2b b

ln x dx ln x 1 x
14. 2
=– + ln .
(a + bx) b(a + bx) ab a + bx

ln x dx ln x 1 1 x
15. 3
=– 2
+ + 2 ln .
(a + bx) 2b(a + bx) 2ab(a + bx) 2a b a + bx
⎧  √ √ 
⎪
⎪ 2 √ √ a + bx + a

ln x dx ⎨ b (ln x – 2) a + bx + a ln √
⎪ √ if a > 0,
a + bx – a
16. √ =  √ 
a + bx ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 2 √ √ a + bx
⎩ (ln x – 2) a + bx + 2 –a arctan √ if a < 0.
b –a

17. ln(x2 + a2 ) dx = x ln(x2 + a2 ) – 2x + 2a arctan(x/a).

 
18. x ln(x2 + a2 ) dx = 1
2 (x2 + a2 ) ln(x2 + a2 ) – x2 .

 
19. x2 ln(x2 + a2 ) dx = 1
3 x3 ln(x2 + a2 ) – 23 x3 + 2a2 x – 2a3 arctan(x/a) .
1142 INTEGRALS

T2.1.6. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

T2.1.6-1. Integrals involving cos x (n = 1, 2, . . .).

1
1. cos(a + bx) dx = sin(a + bx).
b

2. x cos x dx = cos x + x sin x.

3. x2 cos x dx = 2x cos x + (x2 – 2) sin x.
 n 2n–2k n–1 
2n k x

k x2n–2k–1
4. x cos x dx = (2n)! (–1) sin x + (–1) cos x .
(2n – 2k)! (2n – 2k – 1)!
k=0 k=0
 n  
2n+1
 x2n–2k+1 x2n–2k
5. x cos x dx = (2n + 1)! (–1)k
sin x + cos x .
(2n – 2k + 1)! (2n – 2k)!
k=0
 
6. x cos x dx = x sin x + px cos x – p(p – 1) xp–2 cos x dx.
p p p–1


7. cos2 x dx = 12 x + 14 sin 2x.

8. cos3 x dx = sin x – 13 sin3 x.
 n–1
2n 1 n 1  k sin[(2n – 2k)x]
9. cos x dx = 2n C2n x + 2n–1 C2n .
2 2 2n – 2k
k=0
 n

1 sin[(2n – 2k + 1)x]
10. cos2n+1 x dx = 2n
k
C2n+1 .
2 2n – 2k + 1
k=0
   x π 
dx  
11. = lntan + .
cos x 2 4

dx
12. = tan x.
cos2 x

dx sin x 1   x π 
13. = + lntan + .
cos3 x 2 cos2 x 2 2 4
 
dx sin x n–2 dx
14. = + , n > 1.
cosn x (n – 1) cosn–1 x n – 1 cosn–2 x
 n–1
 (2n – 2)(2n – 4) . . . (2n – 2k + 2)
x dx (2n – 2k)x sin x – cos x
15. =
cos2n x (2n – 1)(2n – 3) . . . (2n – 2k + 3) (2n – 2k + 1)(2n – 2k) cos 2n–2k+1 x
k=0
2n–1 (n – 1)!
+ x tan x + ln |cos x| .
(2n – 1)!!
    
sin (b – a)x sin (b + a)x
16. cos ax cos bx dx = + , a ≠ �b.
2(b – a) 2(b + a)
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1143
⎧
⎪ 2 (a – b) tan(x/2)
 ⎪
⎪
⎨ √ arctan √ if a2 > b2 ,
dx 2
a –b 2 a2 – b 2
17. = √ 2 
a + b cos x ⎪ ⎪ 1  b – a2 + (b – a) tan(x/2) 
⎪
⎩√ 2 
ln √  if b2 > a2 .

b – a2 b2 – a2 – (b – a) tan(x/2)
 
dx b sin x a dx
18. = – .
(a + b cos x)2 (b2 – a2 )(a + b cos x) b2 – a2 a + b cos x

dx 1 a tan x
19. = √ arctan √ .
a2 + b2 cos2 x a a2 + b2 a2 + b 2
⎧ 1 a tan x
 ⎪
⎪
⎨ √ arctan √ if a2 > b2 ,
dx 2
a a –b 2 a2 – b2
20. = √ 2 
a2 – b2 cos2 x ⎪ ⎪ 1  b – a2 – a tan x 
  if b2 > a2 .
⎩ √ ln √ 
2a b2 – a2 b2 – a2 + a tan x
  
b a
21. eax cos bx dx = eax 2 2 sin bx + 2 2 cos bx .
a +b a +b
  
2 eax 2 2
22. ax
e cos x dx = 2 a cos x + 2 sin x cos x + .
a +4 a
 
ax n eax cosn–1 x n(n – 1)
23. e cos x dx = (a cos x + n sin x) + 2 eax cosn–2 x dx.
a2 + n2 a + n2

T2.1.6-2. Integrals involving sin x (n = 1, 2, . . .).


1
1. sin(a + bx) dx = – cos(a + bx).
b

2. x sin x dx = sin x – x cos x.

3. x2 sin x dx = 2x sin x – (x2 – 2) cos x.

4. x3 sin x dx = (3x2 – 6) sin x – (x3 – 6x) cos x.

 
n 2n–2k n–1 
2n k+1 x

k x2n–2k–1
5. x sin x dx = (2n)! (–1) cos x + (–1) sin x .
(2n – 2k)! (2n – 2k – 1)!
k=0 k=0
 n  
2n+1
 x2n–2k+1
k+1 k x
2n–2k
6. x sin x dx = (2n +1)! (–1) cos x+(–1) sin x .
(2n – 2k + 1)! (2n – 2k)!
k=0
 
7. xp sin x dx = –xp cos x + pxp–1 sin x – p(p – 1) xp–2 sin x dx.

8. sin2 x dx = 12 x – 1
4 sin 2x.
1144 INTEGRALS

9. x sin2 x dx = 14 x2 – 14 x sin 2x – 1
8 cos 2x.

10. sin3 x dx = – cos x + 1
3 cos3 x.
 n–1
1 n (–1)n  k sin[(2n – 2k)x]
11. sin2n x dx = 2n
C 2n x + 2n–1
(–1)k C2n ,
2 2 2n – 2k
k=0
m!
where Cm k
= are binomial coef�cients (0! = 1).
k! (m – k)!
 n
1  cos[(2n – 2k + 1)x]
12. sin2n+1 x dx = 2n (–1)n+k+1 C2n+1k
.
2 2n – 2k + 1
k=0
  
dx  x 
13. = lntan .
sin x 2

dx
14. = – cot x.
sin2 x

dx cos x 1  x 
15. = – + ln tan .
sin3 x 2 sin2 x 2 2
 
dx cos x n–2 dx
16. =– + , n > 1.
n
sin x (n – 1) sin x n – 1
n–1 sinn–2 x
 n–1
 (2n – 2)(2n – 4) . . . (2n – 2k + 2)
x dx sin x + (2n – 2k)x cos x
17. 2n
= –
sin x (2n – 1)(2n – 3) . . . (2n – 2k + 3) (2n – 2k + 1)(2n – 2k) sin 2n–2k+1 x
k=0
2n–1 (n – 1)!
+ ln |sin x| – x cot x .
(2n – 1)!!

sin[(b – a)x] sin[(b + a)x]
18. sin ax sin bx dx = – , a ≠ �b.
2(b – a) 2(b + a)
⎧
⎪ 2 b + a tan x/2
 ⎪
⎪
⎨ √ arctan √ if a2 > b2 ,
dx 2
a –b 2 a2 – b 2
19. =  √ 
a + b sin x ⎪ ⎪ 1  b – b2 – a2 + a tan x/2 
⎪
⎩ √ 
ln √  if b2 > a2 .

b2 – a2 b + b2 – a2 + a tan x/2
 
dx b cos x a dx
20. 2
= 2 2 + 2 2 .
(a + b sin x) (a – b )(a + b sin x) a – b a + b sin x
 √
dx 1 a2 + b2 tan x
21. = √ arctan .
a2 + b2 sin2 x a a2 + b2 a
⎧ √
⎪
⎪ 1 a2 – b2 tan x
 ⎪
⎨ √ arctan if a2 > b2 ,
dx a a2 – b2 a
22. = √ 2 
a2 – b2 sin2 x ⎪ ⎪ 1  b – a2 tan x + a 
⎪ √
⎩ ln √  if b2 > a2 .

2a b2 – a2 b2 – a2 tan x – a

sin x dx 1 k cos x
23. √ = – arcsin √ .
1 + k 2 sin2 x k 1 + k2
 T2.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 1145
 √
sin x dx 1  
24. √ =– ln k cos x + 1 – k 2 sin2 x .
1 – k 2 sin2 x k
 √ cos x √ 1 + k2 k cos x
25. sin x 1 + k 2 sin2 x dx = – 1 + k 2 sin2 x – arcsin √ .
2 2k 1 + k2
 √
26. sin x 1 – k 2 sin2 x dx
cos x √ 1 – k2  √ 
=– 1 – k 2 sin2 x – ln k cos x + 1 – k 2 sin2 x .
2 2k
  a 
b
27. eax sin bx dx = eax 2 2 sin bx – 2 2 cos bx .
a +b a +b
 
eax 2
28. eax sin2 x dx = 2 a sin2 x – 2 sin x cos x + .
a +4 a
 
ax n eax sinn–1 x n(n – 1)
29. e sin x dx = (a sin x – n cos x) + 2 eax sinn–2 x dx.
a2 + n2 a + n2

T2.1.6-3. Integrals involving sin x and cos x.

  
cos[(a + b)x] cos (a – b)x
1. sin ax cos bx dx = – – , a ≠ �b.
2(a + b) 2(a – b)
 c 
dx 1
2. = arctan tan ax .
b2 cos2 ax + c2 sin2 ax abc b
  c tan ax + b 
dx 1  
3. = ln  .
b2 cos2 ax – c2 sin2 ax 2abc c tan ax – b
 n+m–1
dx  tan2k–2m+1 x
4. = C k
, n, m = 1, 2, . . .
cos2n x sin2m x n+m–1
2k – 2m + 1
k=0
 n+m
dx  tan2k–2m x
5. = C m
ln |tan x| + C k
, n, m = 1, 2, . . .
cos2n+1 x sin2m+1 x n+m n+m
2k – 2m
k=0

T2.1.6-4. Reduction formulas.

 The parameters p and q below can assume any values, except for those at which the
denominators on the right-hand side vanish.
 
sinp–1 x cosq+1 x p – 1
1. sinp x cosq x dx = – + sinp–2 x cosq x dx.
p+q p+q
 
p q sinp+1 x cosq–1 x q – 1
2. sin x cos x dx = + sinp x cosq–2 x dx.
p+q p+q

sinp–1 x cosq–1 x  2 q–1 
3. sinp x cosq x dx = sin x –
p+q p+q–2 
(p – 1)(q – 1)
+ sinp–2 x cosq–2 x dx.
(p + q)(p + q – 2)
1146 INTEGRALS
 
p q sinp+1 x cosq+1 x p + q + 2
4. sin x cos x dx = + sinp+2 x cosq x dx.
p+1 p+1
 
p q sinp+1 x cosq+1 x p + q + 2
5. sin x cos x dx = – + sinp x cosq+2 x dx.
q+1 q+1
 
p q sinp–1 x cosq+1 x p – 1
6. sin x cos x dx = – + sinp–2 x cosq+2 x dx.
q+1 q+1
 
p q sinp+1 x cosq–1 x q – 1
7. sin x cos x dx = + sinp+2 x cosq–2 x dx.
p+1 p+1

T2.1.6-5. Integrals involving tan x and cot x.


1. tan x dx = – ln |cos x|.

2. tan2 x dx = tan x – x.

3. tan3 x dx = 12 tan2 x + ln |cos x|.
 n
2n
 (–1)k (tan x)2n–2k+1
4. tan n
x dx = (–1) x – , n = 1, 2, . . .
2n – 2k + 1
k=1
 n
2n+1
 (–1)k (tan x)2n–2k+2
5. tan x dx = (–1) n+1
ln |cos x| – , n = 1, 2, . . .
2n – 2k + 2
k=1

dx 1
6. = 2 2 ax + b ln |a cos x + b sin x| .
a + b tan x a + b
  
tan x dx 1 a
7. √ = √ arccos 1 – cos x , b > a, b > 0.
a + b tan2 x b–a b

8. cot x dx = ln |sin x|.

9. cot2 x dx = – cot x – x.

10. cot3 x dx = – 12 cot2 x – ln |sin x|.
 n
 (–1)k (cot x)2n–2k+1
11. cot2n x dx = (–1)n x + , n = 1, 2, . . .
2n – 2k + 1
k=1
 n
 (–1)k (cot x)2n–2k+2
12. cot2n+1 x dx = (–1)n ln |sin x| + , n = 1, 2, . . .
2n – 2k + 2
k=1

dx 1
13. = 2 2 ax – b ln |a sin x + b cos x| .
a + b cot x a + b
 T2.2. TABLES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 1147

T2.1.7. Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions


x x √
1. arcsin dx = x arcsin + a2 – x2 .
a a
 
x 2  x 2 √ x
2. arcsin dx = x arcsin – 2x + 2 a2 – x2 arcsin .
a a a
 √
x 1 x x
3. x arcsin dx = (2x2 – a2 ) arcsin + a2 – x2 .
a 4 a 4

x x3 x 1 √
4. x2 arcsin dx = arcsin + (x2 + 2a2 ) a2 – x2 .
a 3 a 9

x x √
5. arccos dx = x arccos – a2 – x2 .
a a
   
x 2 x 2 √ x
6. arccos dx = x arccos – 2x – 2 a2 – x2 arccos .
a a a
 √
x 1 x x
7. x arccos dx = (2x2 – a2 ) arccos – a2 – x 2 .
a 4 a 4

x x3 x 1 √
8. x2 arccos dx = arccos – (x2 + 2a2 ) a2 – x2 .
a 3 a 9

x x a
9. arctan dx = x arctan – ln(a2 + x2 ).
a a 2

x 1 x ax
10. x arctan dx = (x2 + a2 ) arctan – .
a 2 a 2

x x3 x ax2 a3
11. x2 arctan dx = arctan – + ln(a2 + x2 ).
a 3 a 6 6

x x a
12. arccot dx = x arccot + ln(a2 + x2 ).
a a 2

x 1 x ax
13. x arccot dx = (x2 + a2 ) arccot + .
a 2 a 2

x x3 x ax2 a3
14. x2 arccot dx = arccot + – ln(a2 + x2 ).
a 3 a 6 6

T2.2. Tables of Definite Integrals

 Throughout Section T2.2 it is assumed that n is a positive integer, unless otherwise
speci�ed.

T2.2.1. Integrals Involving Power-Law Functions

T2.2.1-1. Integrals over a �nite interval.
 1  n
 
xn dx (–1)k
1. = (–1) ln 2 +
n
.
0 x+1 k
k=1
1148 INTEGRALS
 1
dx β
2. = .
0 x2 + 2x cos β + 1 2 sin β
 1 xa + x–a dx π sin(aβ)
3. 2
= , |a| < 1, β ≠ (2n + 1)π.
0 x + 2x cos β + 1 sin(πa) sin β
 1
πa(1 – a)
4. xa (1 – x)1–a dx = , –1 < a < 1.
0 2 sin(πa)
 1
dx π
5. = , 0 < a < 1.
0 xa (1 – x)1–a sin(πa)
 1
xa dx πa
6. a
= , –1 < a < 1.
0 (1 – x) sin(πa)
 1
Γ(p)Γ(q)
7. xp–1 (1 – x)q–1 dx ≡ B(p, q) = , p, q > 0.
0 Γ(p + q)
 1
π
8. xp–1 (1 – xq )–p/q dx = , q > p > 0.
0 q sin(πp/q)
 1
πp
9. xp+q–1 (1 – xq )–p/q dx = , q > p.
0 q 2 sin(πp/q)
 1
π
10. xq/p–1 (1 – xq )–1/p dx = , p > 1, q > 0.
0 q sin(π/p)
 1
xp–1 – x–p
11. dx = π cot(πp), |p| < 1.
0 1–x
 1
xp–1 – x–p π
12. dx = , |p| < 1.
0 1+x sin(πp)
 1
xp – x–p 1
13. dx = – π cot(πp), |p| < 1.
0 x–1 p
 1
xp – x–p 1 π
14. dx = – , |p| < 1.
0 1+x p sin(πp)
 1  πp  1
x1+p – x1–p π
15. dx = cot – , |p| < 1.
0 1 – x2 2 2 p
 1
x1+p – x1–p 1 π
16. dx = – , |p| < 1.
0 1 + x2 p 2 sin(πp/2)
 1
dx 2
17. = arctan a.
0 (1 + a2 x)(1 – x) a
 1
dx 1 1+a
18. = ln .
0 (1 – a2 x)(1 – x) a 1–a
 1
dx π
19. √ = √ , 1 < a.
–1 (a – x) 1 – x 2 a2 – 1
 T2.2. TABLES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 1149
 1
xn dx 2 (2n)!!
20. √ = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 1 – x (2n + 1)!!
 1
xn–1/2 dx π (2n – 1)!!
21. √ = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 1–x (2n)!!
 1
x2n dx π 1 × 3 × . . . × (2n – 1)
22. √ = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 1–x 2 2 2 × 4 × . . . × (2n)
 1
x2n+1 dx 2 × 4 × . . . × (2n)
23. √ = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 1 – x2 1 × 3 × . . . × (2n + 1)
 1
xλ–1 dx π
24. λ
= λ
, 0 < λ < 1, a > –1.
0 (1 + ax)(1 – x) (1 + a) sin(πλ)
 1
xλ–1/2 dx sin[(2λ – 1)k]
25. = 2π –1/2 Γ λ + 12 Γ 1 – λ cos2λ k ,
0 (1 + ax)λ (1 – x)λ (2λ – 1) sin k
√
k = arctan a, – 12 < λ < 1, a > 0.

T2.2.1-2. Integrals over an in�nite interval.

 ∞
dx π
1. 2
= √ .
0 ax + b 2 ab
 ∞ √
dx π 2
2. = .
0 x4 + 1 4
 ∞ a–1
x dx π
3. = , 0 < a < 1.
0 x + 1 sin(πa)
 ∞ λ–1
x dx π(1 – λ)
4. 2
= λ , 0 < λ < 2.
0 (1 + ax) a sin(πλ)
 ∞
xλ–1 dx π(aλ–1 – bλ–1 )
5. = , 0 < λ < 2.
0 (x + a)(x + b) (b – a) sin(πλ)
 ∞ λ–1  
x (x + c) dx π a – c λ–1 b – c λ–1
6. = a + b , 0 < λ < 1.
0 (x + a)(x + b) sin(πλ) a – b b–a
 ∞ λ
x dx πλ(1 – λ)
7. 3
= , –1 < λ < 2.
0 (x + 1) 2 sin(πλ)
 ∞
xλ–1 dx π bλ–2 – aλ–2
8. = , 0 < λ < 4.
0 (x2 + a2 )(x2 + b2 ) 2 a2 – b2 sin(πλ/2)
 ∞ p–1
x – xq–1
9. dx = π[cot(πp) – cot(πq)], p, q > 0.
0 1–x
 ∞
xλ–1 dx n πCλ–1
n (λ – 1)(λ – 2) . . . (λ – n)
10. n+1
= (–1) λ
, 0 < λ < n+1, Cλ–1
n
= .
0 (1 + ax) a sin(πλ) n!
1150 INTEGRALS
 ∞
xm dx (2n – 2m – 3)!! am–n+1/2
11. = 2m+1
m! ,
0 (a + bx)n+1/2 (2n – 1)!! bm+1
a, b > 0, n, m = 1, 2, . . . , m < b – 12 .
 ∞
dx π (2n – 3)!! 1
12. = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 (x2 2
+a ) n 2 (2n – 2)!! a2n–1
 ∞
(x + 1)λ–1 1 – a–λ
13. dx = , a > 0.
0 (x + a)λ+1 λ(a – 1)
 ∞
xa–1 dx π
14. = , 0 < a ≤ b.
0 x +1
b b sin(πa/b)
 ∞
xa–1 dx π(a – b)
15. = 2 , a < 2b.
0 (xb + 1)2 b sin[π(a – b)/b]
 ∞
xλ–1/2 dx √ √ √ 1–2λ Γ(λ – 1/2)
16. = π a+ b , λ > 0.
0
λ
(x + a) (x + b) λ Γ(λ)
 ∞
1 – xa c–1 π sin A πa πc
17. x dx = , A= , C= ; a + c < b, c > 0.
0 1 – xb b sin C sin(A + C) b b
 ∞
xa–1 dx
18. = 1B 1
2 a, 1 – b – 12 a , 1
2a + b < 1, a > 0.
0 (1 + x2 )1–b 2
 ∞
x2m dx π(2m – 1)!! (2n – 2m – 3)!!
19. = √ , a, b > 0, n > m + 1.
0 (ax2 + b)n 2 (2n – 2)!! am bn–m–1 ab
 ∞
x2m+1 dx m! (n – m – 2)!
20. 2
= , ab > 0, n > m + 1 ≥ 1.
0 (ax + b) n 2(n – 1)!am+1 bn–m–1
 μ
∞
xμ–1 dx 1 μ
21. = B , ν – , p > 0, 0 < μ < pν.
0 (1 + axp )ν paμ/p p p
 ∞ √ n nan+1
22. x2 + a2 – x dx = 2 , n = 2, 3, . . .
0 n –1
 ∞
dx n
23. √ = , n = 2, 3, . . .
0 x + x 2 + a2
n
an–1 (n2 – 1)
 ∞ √ n m! nan+m+1
24. xm x 2 + a2 – x dx = ,
0 (n – m – 1)(n – m + 1) . . . (n + m + 1)
n, m = 1, 2, . . . , 0 ≤ m ≤ n – 2.
 ∞
xm dx m! n
25. √ = , n = 2, 3, . . .
0 x + x 2 + a2
n
(n – m – 1)(n – m + 1) . . . (n + m + 1)an–m–1

T2.2.2. Integrals Involving Exponential Functions

 ∞
1
1. e–ax dx = , a > 0.
0 a
 T2.2. TABLES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 1151
 1 n
 n! 1
n!
2. n –ax
x e dx = n+1 – e–a , a > 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
0 a k! an–k+1
k=0
 ∞
n!
3. xn e–ax dx = , a > 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
0 an+1
 ∞
e–ax π
4. √ dx = , a > 0.
0 x a
 ∞
Γ(ν)
5. xν–1 e–μx dx = , μ, ν > 0.
0 μν
 ∞
dx ln 2
6. = .
0 1+eax a
  2n B
∞
x2n–1 dx n–1 2π 2n
7. = (–1) , n = 1, 2, . . . ;
0 epx – 1 p 4n
the Bm are Bernoulli numbers.
 ∞ 2n–1  2π 2n |B |
x dx 1–2n 2n
8. px + 1
= (1 – 2 ) , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 e p 4n
 ∞ –px
e dx π
9. = , q > p > 0 or 0 > p > q.
–∞ 1 + e
–qx q sin(πp/q)
 ∞ ax
e + e–ax π
10. bx + e–bx
dx =  πa  , b > a.
0 e 2b cos
2b
 ∞ –px –qx
e –e π πp
11. dx = cot , p, q > 0.
0 1–e –(p+q)x p+q p+q
 ∞
ν 1 μ 
12. 1 – e–βx e–μx dx = B ,ν + 1 .
0 β β
 ∞
1 π
13. exp –ax2 dx = , a > 0.
0 2 a
 ∞
n!
14. x2n+1 exp –ax2 dx = n+1 , a > 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
0 2a
 ∞ √
2n 2 1 × 3 × . . . × (2n – 1) π
15. x exp –ax dx = , a > 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
0 2n+1 an+1/2
 ∞ √  b2 
2 2 π
16. exp –a x � bx dx = exp .
–∞ |a| 4a2
 ∞  b  1 π √
17. exp –ax2 – 2 dx = exp –2 ab , a, b > 0.
0 x 2 a
 ∞
1 1
18. exp –xa dx = Γ , a > 0.
0 a a
1152 INTEGRALS

T2.2.3. Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions

 ∞
dx π
1. = .
0 cosh ax 2|a|
⎧ √
⎪
⎪ 2 b2 – a2
 ∞
⎪
⎨ √ arctan if |b| > |a|,
dx b 2 – a2 a+b
2. = √
0 a + b cosh x ⎪⎪ 1 a + b + a2 – b 2
⎪
⎩√ ln √ if |b| < |a|.
a2 – b 2 a + b – a2 + b 2
 ∞
x2n dx  π 2n+1
3. = |E2n |, a > 0; the Bm are Bernoulli numbers.
0 cosh ax 2a
 ∞
x2n π 2n (22n – 2)
4. dx = |B2n |, a > 0.
0 cosh2 ax a(2a)2n
 ∞
cosh ax π
5. dx =  πa  , b > |a|.
0 cosh bx 2b cos
2b
 ∞
cosh ax π d2n 1
6. x2n dx = 2n 1
, b > |a|, n = 1, 2, . . .
0 cosh bx 2b da cos 2 πa/b
 πa   πb 
 ∞ cos cos
cosh ax cosh bx π 2c 2c
7. dx =  πa   πb  , c > |a| + |b|.
0 cosh(cx) c
cos + cos
c c
 ∞ 2
x dx π
8. = 2 , a > 0.
0 sinh ax 2a
 ∞ √
dx 1 a + b + a2 + b 2
9. = √ ln √ , ab ≠ 0.
0 a + b sinh x a2 + b 2 a + b – a2 + b 2
 ∞  πa 
sinh ax π
10. dx = tan , b > |a|.
0 sinh bx 2b 2b
 ∞  πa 
sinh ax π d2n
11. x2n dx = tan , b > |a|, n = 1, 2, . . .
0 sinh bx 2b dx2n 2b
 ∞
x2n π 2n
12. 2
dx = 2n+1 |B2n |, a > 0.
0 sinh ax a

T2.2.4. Integrals Involving Logarithmic Functions

 1
1. xa–1 lnn x dx = (–1)n n! a–n–1 , a > 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
0
 1
ln x π2
2. dx = – .
0 x+1 12
 1  2  n 
xn ln x n+1 π (–1)k
3. dx = (–1) + , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 x+1 12 k2
k=1
 T2.2. TABLES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 1153
 1
xμ–1 ln x πaμ–1  
4. dx = ln a – π cot(πμ) , 0 < μ < 1.
0 x+a sin(πμ)
 1
5. |ln x|μ dx = Γ(μ + 1), μ > –1.
0
 ∞
π
6. xμ–1 ln(1 + ax) dx = , –1 < μ < 0.
0 μaμ sin(πμ)
 1 2n
1  (–1)k–1
7. x2n–1 ln(1 + x) dx = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 2n k
k=1
 1   (–1)k 
2n+1
2n 1
8. x ln(1 + x) dx = ln 4 + , n = 0, 1, . . .
0 2n + 1 k
k=1
 1  n 
2 ln 2 4(–1)n (–1)k
9. x n–1/2
ln(1 + x) dx = + π– , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 2n + 1 2n + 1 2k + 1
k=0
 ∞ 2 2
a +x
10. ln 2 dx = π(a – b), a, b > 0.
0 b + x2
 ∞ p–1
x ln x π 2 cos(πp/q)
11. dx = – , 0 < p < q.
0 1 + xq q 2 sin2 (πp/q)
 ∞
1
12. e–μx ln x dx = – (C + ln μ), μ > 0, C = 0.5772 . . .
0 μ

T2.2.5. Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

T2.2.5-1. Integrals over a �nite interval.
 π/2
π 1 × 3 × . . . × (2n – 1)
1. cos2n x dx = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 2 2 × 4 × . . . × (2n)
 π/2
2 × 4 × . . . × (2n)
2. cos2n+1 x dx = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 1 × 3 × . . . × (2n + 1)
 m–1

π/2
n (n – 2k + 1)(n – 2k + 3) . . . (n – 1) 1
3. x cos x dx = –
0 (n – 2k)(n – 2k + 2) . . . n n – 2k
k=0
⎧
⎪ π (2m – 2)!!
⎪
⎨ if n = 2m – 1,
2 (2m – 1)!!
+ m = 1, 2, . . .
⎪
⎪ π 2 (2m – 1)!!
⎩ if n = 2m,
8 (2m)!!

(2n–2k –1)!! (2k –1)!!  a+b k
π n
dx π
4. = √ , a > |b|.
0 (a+b cos x)n+1 2n (a+b)n a2 –b2 (n–k)! k! a–b
k=0
 π/2
π 1 × 3 × . . . × (2n – 1)
5. sin2n x dx = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 2 2 × 4 × . . . × (2n)
1154 INTEGRALS
 π/2
2 × 4 × . . . × (2n)
6. sin2n+1 x dx = , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 1 × 3 × . . . × (2n + 1)
 π
π2 Γ(μ + 1)
7. x sinμ x dx =  2 , μ > –1.
0 2μ+1
Γ μ + 12
 π/2
sin x dx 1 1+k
8. √ = ln .
0 1 – k2 sin2 x 2k 1–k
 π/2
n! m!
9. sin2n+1 x cos2m+1 x dx = , n, m = 1, 2, . . .
0 2(n + m + 1)!
 π/2
10. sinp–1 x cosq–1 x dx = 12 B 1 1
2 p, 2 q .
0
 2π
(2n – 1)!! 2 2
(a sin x + b cos x)2n dx = 2π
n
11. a +b , n = 1, 2, . . .
0 (2n)!!
 π 
sin x dx 2 if 0 ≤ a ≤ 1,
12. √ =
0 a2 + 1 – 2a cos x 2/a if 1 < a.
 π/2
π
13. (tan x)�λ dx = 1
, |λ| < 1.
0 2 cos 2 πλ

T2.2.5-2. Integrals over an in�nite interval.

 ∞
cos ax π
1. √ dx = , a > 0.
0 x 2a
 ∞ b
cos ax – cos bx  
2. dx = ln , ab ≠ 0.
0 x a
 ∞
cos ax – cos bx
3. dx = 12 π(b – a), a, b ≥ 0.
0 x2
 ∞
1
4. xμ–1 cos ax dx = a–μ Γ(μ) cos 2 πμ , a > 0, 0 < μ < 1.
0
 ∞
cos ax π –ab
5. dx = e , a, b > 0.
0 b2 + x 2 2b
 √      ab 
∞
cos ax π 2 ab ab
6. dx = exp – √ cos √ + sin √ , a, b > 0.
0 b4 + x 4 4b3 2 2 2
 ∞
cos ax π
7. 2 2 2
dx = 3 (1 + ab)e–ab , a, b > 0.
0 (b + x ) 4b
 ∞
cos ax dx π be–ac – ce–ab
8. = , a, b, c > 0.
0 (b2 + x2 )(c2 + x2 ) 2bc b2 – c2
 ∞
1 π
9. cos ax2 dx = , a > 0.
0 2 2a
 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER T2 1155
 ∞
Γ(1/p) π
10. cos axp dx = cos , a > 0, p > 1.
pa 1/p 2p
0 ∞
sin ax π
11. dx = sign a.
0 x 2
 ∞ 2
sin ax π
12. dx = |a|.
0 x2 2
 ∞
sin ax π
13. √ dx = , a > 0.
x 2a
0 ∞
1
14. xμ–1 sin ax dx = a–μ Γ(μ) sin 2 πμ , a > 0, 0 < μ < 1.
0
 ∞
1 π
15. sin ax2 dx = , a > 0.
0 2 2a
 ∞
Γ(1/p) π
16. sin axp dx = sin , a > 0, p > 1.
0 pa 1/p 2p
⎧π
 ∞
sin x cos ax ⎨ 2 if |a| < 1,
17. dx = π4 if |a| = 1,
0 x ⎩
0 if 1 < |a|.
 ∞
tan ax π
18. dx = sign a.
0 x 2
 ∞
b
19. e–ax sin bx dx = 2 2 , a > 0.
a + b
0 ∞
a
20. e–ax cos bx dx = 2 2 , a > 0.
0 a +b
 ∞  b2 
1 π
21. exp –ax2 cos bx dx = exp – .
0 2 a 4a
 ∞   2  2 
2 π b b
22. cos(ax ) cos bx dx = cos + sin , a, b > 0.
0 8a 4a 4a
 ∞  2
1 π a
23. (cos ax + sin ax) cos(b2 x2 ) dx = exp – , a, b > 0.
0 b 8 2b
 ∞  a2 
  1 π
24. cos ax + sin ax sin(b2 x2 ) dx = exp – , a, b > 0.
0 b 8 2b

References for Chapter T2

Bronshtein, I. N. and Semendyayev, K. A., Handbook of Mathematics, 4th Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
2004.
Dwight, H. B., Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data, Macmillan, New York, 1961.
Gradshteyn, I. S. and Ryzhik, I. M., Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products, 6th Edition, Academic Press,
New York, 2000.
Prudnikov, A. P., Brychkov, Yu. A., and Marichev, O. I., Integrals and Series, Vol. 1, Elementary Functions,
Gordon & Breach, New York, 1986.
Prudnikov, A. P., Brychkov, Yu. A., and Marichev, O. I., Integrals and Series, Vol. 2, Special Functions,
Gordon & Breach, New York, 1986.
Prudnikov, A. P., Brychkov, Yu. A., and Marichev, O. I., Integrals and Series, Vol. 3, More Special Functions,
Gordon & Breach, New York, 1988.
Zwillinger, D., CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, 31st Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002.