BS (Hons.

) Information Technology
Department of Computer Science

Semester-5th-Evening

Course: Computer Communication and Network

Topic: OSI Model layers
Submitted By:
Abdur-Rehman Malik -3030
Muhammad Tayyab -3052
Muhammad Zeeshan -3050
Ahmad Ali -3035
Faisal Bilal -3036
Muntazir Mehdi -3007
Sohaib Saleem -3008
Submitted To:
Mr. Javed

October 20, 2015

Power of Sound

• Vibrations in the air create waves of pressure that are perceived as sound.

• Sound waves vary in sound pressure level (amplitude) and in frequency or pitch.

• ‘Acoustics’ is the branch of physics that studies sound.

• Sound pressure levels (loudness or volume) are measured in decibels (dB).

• Humans hear sound over a very broad range

Sound
• Sound is energy, caused by molecules vibrating

• Too much volume can permanently damage your ears and hearing

• The perception of loudness depend on the frequency or pitch

• Harmonics cause the same note played on a cello to sound different from one

played on a piano.

Using Sound in Multimedia

• You need to know

– How to make sounds

– How to record and edit sounds on the computer

– How to incorporate sounds into your multimedia project

Multimedia System Sounds

• System sounds are assigned to various system events such as startup and
warnings, among others.

• Macintosh provides several system sound options such as glass, indigo, laugh.

• In Windows, available system sounds include start.wav, chimes.wav, and

chord.wav.

• Multimedia sound is either digitally recorded audio or MIDI (Musical

Instrumental Digital Interface) music.

• Windows system sounds are .WAV files in the Windows\Media directory

• MS Office includes additional sounds

 • You can add your own sounds by including them in the Windows\Media
directory and selecting them from the Sound Control Panel

MIDI vs. Digital Audio

MIDI Audio

Click to play

• MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communications standard

developed in the 1980’s for electronic instruments and computers.

• It allows instruments from different manufacturers to communicate.

• MIDI data is NOT digitized sound- it is music stored in numeric format

• Digital audio is a recording, which depend on your sound system

• MIDI is a score and depends on both the quality of the instruments and the
sound system

• Quality depends on end user’s device rather than on the MIDI device and is
device dependent.

Digital Audio
• Digital audio represents a sound stored in thousands of numbers or samples.

• Digital data represents the loudness at discrete slices of time.

• It is NOT device dependent and should sound the same each time it is played

• It is used for music CD’s

• MIDI data is device dependent; digital audio is not

• MIDI sounds (like vector graphics) are different on different devices;

• Digital sounds are identical even on different computers or devices.

MIDI Advantages
• MIDI file are much more compact and take up less memory and system
resources

• MIDI files embedded in web pages load and play much faster than digital

• You can change the length of a MIDI file by varying its tempo

• With high quality MIDI devices, MIDI files may actually sound better than
digital
MIDI Disadvantages
• MIDI represents musical instruments not sounds and will be accurate only if
your playback device is identical to the production device

• MIDI sound is inconsistent

• MIDI cannot be easily used to reproduce speech

Digital Audio Advantages

• Digital audio sound is consistent and device independent

• A wide selection of software support is available for both MAC and PC

• A knowledge of music theory is not required for creating digital audio, but
usually is needed for MIDI production

File Size vs. Quality

• Audio resolution determines the accuracy with which a sound is digitized.
(More bits in the sample size produces better quality and larger files)

• Stereo recordings are more realistic and require twice as much storage space
and playback time.

• Mono files tend to sound “flat”

Audio File Formats

• A sound file’s format is a recognized methodology for organizing data bits of
digitized sound into a data file.

• On the Macintosh, digitized sounds may be stored as data files, resources, or

applications such as AIFF or AIFC.

• In Windows, digitized sounds are usually stored as WAV files.

• Both can use MIDI files (.mid)

 Images

Multimedia Images:

 Images obviously play a very important role in multimedia products

 Images may be photograph-like bitmaps, vector-based drawings, or 3D
renderings

Still images:
 Still images may be small or large, or even full screen.
 They may be colored, placed at random on the screen, evenly geometric, or
oddly shaped.
 Still images may be a stacked boxes of text against a gray, background, an
engineering drawing; a snapshot

Images Terminology:
Pixels-- picture elements in digital images

Image Resolution-- number of pixels in a digital image (Higher resolution always

yields better quality.)

Most common Aspect ratio: 3:4 (lines:columns)

Bit-Map-- a representation for the graphic/image data in the same manner as

they are stored in video memory.

Bits/pixel– also contributes to the quality of the image

Two types of still images.

1. Bitmaps (or raster-based).

 A bit is the simplest element in the digital world, an electronic digit that
is either on or off, black or white, or true (1) or false (0).
 A bitmap is a data matrix describing the individual dots of an image that
are the smallest elements (pixels) of resolution on a computer screen or
printer.

 Bitmapped images are known as paint graphics.

 Bitmapped images can have varying bit and color depths.
 Bitmaps are used for photo-realistic images and for complex drawings
requiring fine detail.
  Bitmap file formats already use compression within the file itself—for
example, GIF, JPEG, and PNG. BMP, PSD, TIFF/TIF, TGA, EPS, PCX,
ICO

Bitmaps can be inserted by:

 Using clip art galleries.

 A clip art gallery is an assortment of graphics, photographs,
sound, and video.
 Using Bitmap Software
 Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator.
 Macromedia's Fireworks.
 Corel's Painter.
 CorelDraw.
 Capturing and editing images.
 Capturing and storing images directly from the screen is another
way to assemble images for multimedia.
 Enhance and make composite images.
 High Resolution Image.
 Add and delete elements.
 Morph (manipulate still images to create animated
transformations).
 Scanning images.
 Users can scan images from conventional sources and make
necessary alterations and manipulations

2. Vector-drawn graphics
 Vector-drawn objects are used for lines, boxes, circles, polygons, and other
graphic shapes and geometrics shapes.
 A drawn object can be filled with color and patterns, and you can select it as a
single object.

Vector-drawn images are used in the following areas:

 Computer-aided design (CAD) programs.

 Graphic artists designing for the print media.
 3-D animation programs.
 Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes

How Vector-Drawn Images Work:

 A vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints.

 Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian co-ordinates.
 Cartesian coordinates are numbers that describe a point in two or three-
dimensional space as the intersection of X, Y, and Z axis.
Vector-Drawn Images v/s Bitmaps:

 Vector images use less memory space and have a smaller file size (.svg) as
compared to bitmaps.
 Vector images cannot be used for photorealistic images.
 Vector images require a plug-in for Web-based display.
 Bitmaps are not easily scalable and resizable.
 Bitmaps can be converted to vector images using auto tracing.
 For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins download faster, and
when used for animation, draw faster than bitmaps.

3-D Drawing and Rendering:

 3D graphics tools, such as Macromedia Extreme3D, or Form-Z, typically

extend vector-drawn graphics in 3 dimensions (x, y and z)
 A 3D scene consist of object that in turn contain many small elements, such as
blocks, cylinders, spheres or cones (described in terms of vector graphics)
 Objects as a whole have properties such as shape, color, texture, shading &
location.
 A 3D application lets you model an object’s shape, then render it completely.
 Rendering: produces a final output of a scene and is more compute-intensive.

Natural Light and Color:

 Light comes from an atom where an electron passes from a higher to a lower
energy level.
 Each atom produces uniquely specific colors.
 Color is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of the
electromagnetic spectrum, to which the human eye responds.
 Eye can differentiate 80,000 different colors.
 Color and Culture
 Color and Emotion

Computerized Color:

 Additive color
 In the additive color method, a color is created by combining
colored light sources in three primary colors - red, green, and
blue (RGB).
 OLD TV and computer monitors use this method.
 Subtractive Color
 In the subtractive color method, color is created by combining colored
media such as paints or ink.
 The colored media absorb (or subtract) some parts of the color
spectrum of light and reflect the others back to the eye.
 Subtractive color is the process used to create color in printing
  The printed page consists of tiny halftone dots of three primary colors-
cyan

Computer Color Models:

 RGB Model
 Add red, green and blue to create colors, so it is an additive model.
 Assigns an intensity value to each pixel ranging from 0 (black) to 255
(white)
 A bright red color might have R 246, G 20, B 50
 HSB Model HSL Color Model
 Based on human perception of color, three fundamental properties of
color:
 Hue – angle of 0 -360 degrees
 Saturation – intensity of color (%)
 Brightness / Lightness - relative lightness or darkness of color (%)

Color Palettes:

 Palettes are mathematical tables that define the color of pixels displayed on
the screen.
 Palettes are called ‘color lookup tables’ or CLUTs on Macintosh.
 The most common palettes are 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24-bit deep.

Dithering:

 Dithering is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the
closest matching color value in the target palette.
 This is done using a mathematical algorithm.

Image File Types used in Multimedia:

 GIF, JPEG, and PNG. BMP, PSD, TIFF/TIF, TGA, EPS, PCX, ICO

References:

Google.com

Slideshare.net

Reference Book