cont….

Incipient Motion

 Particle movement will occur when the instantaneous fluid force on a

particle is just larger than the instantaneous resisting force related to the
submerged particle weight and the friction coefficient

 The driving forces are strongly related to the local near-bed velocities.

 Incipient motion is important in the study of

 sediment transport,

 channel degradation, and

 stable channel design.

The forces acting on the
grain are shown considering
steady flow over bed
composed of cohesionless
grains.

The driving force is the flow drag force on the grain

where the friction velocity u* is the flow velocity close to the bed. α is a
coefficient, used to modify u* so that αu* forms the characteristic flow velocity
past the grain.
The stabilizing force can be modeled as the friction force acting on the grain.
  If u*, c, critical friction velocity, denotes the situation where the grain is about
to move, then the drag force is equal to the friction force,

Which can be re-arranged into

u*2
* 
s  1 g d
Shields parameter is then defined as

We say that sediment starts to move if

u *  u *,c critical friction velocity u *,c

 Or critical bottom shear stress

u*,2 c
 *   *,c critical Shields parameter  *,c 
Or s  1 g d
where

τb = the mean bed shear stress and r = fluid

density

S = bed slope, h = water depth

Shields experimental results, which relate τ*,c to the grain Reynolds number
defined as
 Shields diagram
Hydraulically smooth flow
u*d n
Re  2
 than the
• dn is much smaller
thickness of viscous sublayer.
•Grains are embedded in the
viscous sublayer and hence,
τ*,c is independent of the grain
diameter.
•By experiments it is found
that τ*,c = 0.1/Re.

Hydraulically rough flow

Re ≥ 500
Hydraulically transitional flow
-Viscous sublayer does not
2≤ Re ≤ 500 exist;
-Grain size is the same order as the thickness of - τ*,c = 0.06 (constant) is
the viscous sublayer. independent of the fluid
-Minimum value of τ*,c = 0.032 at Re = 1000. viscosity
Turbulent velocity distribution
Bed Load, Suspended Load, Wash Load and Total Load
Transport

 When the values of the bed shear velocity just exceeds the critical value for
initiation of motion, the bed material particles will be rolling and/or sliding in
continuous contact with the bed.
 For increasing values of the bed shear velocity the particles will be moving
along the bed by more or less regular jumps, which are called saltations.
 the transport of particles by rolling, sliding and saltating is called bed
load transport,
 When the value of the bed shear velocity begins to exceed fall velocity of
the particles, the sediment particles can be lifted to a level at which the
upward turbulent forces will be of comparable or higher order than the
submerged weight of the particles and as a result the particles may go into
suspension.
 the suspended particles are transported as suspended load
transport
Bed load: The sediment in almost continuous contact with the bed,
carried forward by rolling, sliding or hoping.

Wash load: That part of the suspended load which is composed of

particle sizes smaller than those found in appreciable
quantities in the bed material.
Bed Load Transport
 Bed load transport occurs when the bed shear stress, τ0 exceeds a critical
value (τ0)c.
 In dimensionless terms, the condition for bed-load motion is:
 *   * c  Bed load transport
0
where τ* is the Shields parameter (i.e. * 
rs  1gd 
and (τ*)c is the critical Shields parameter for initiation of bed load transport.

 Bed load, as one part of the bed material load, is often quantitatively
small and hence does not represent a severe problem of sedimentation.
On the other hand, as the main factor of the bed formation process, it is
always of major importance.
Roughness of alluvial channels is to a great extent determined by the
movement of the bed load.
Bed Load Formulae
1. The discharge approach (bed load expressed in terms of discharge)
2. Shear stress approach
3. The probabilistic approach
Shear Stress Approach
 Meyer-Peter and Mueller Formula

    
0.25 r 3 1   qb 3   G   h S  0.047 s   d
n
2 3
3 2

 s 
1 2

 nB 

where qb = dry weight of transported sediment (N/s/m width of channel)

nG = Manning’s grain roughness coef.
nB = Manning’s bed roughness coef.
h = depth of flow (m), S = energy slope,
d = dm = representative grain size of the bed material (m)
 The roughness coefficients nB, comprises of bottom roughness due to the
sediment and to form resistance.

 The grain roughness coefficient, nG is defined by nG =d901/6/26.

 The representative grain diameter, d, should best be determined by dividing
the grain size distribution curve into several fractions and then computing
the grain size by
dm 
 d p
100
where = average size of grains in a size fraction
d

 p = percentage of a given fraction in respect to the total

 MPM formula gives fair agreement with measured quantities for coarse
sediments, i.e. for gravel or cobble-bed streams
 Shields Formula
 The semi-empirical formula derived by Shields for a level bed is
q  S   c 
 s  s   d
q b  10

where d = d50 , and S = bed slope.

In this formula τ and τc can be calculated from
rgRS  c  0.056r s  r gd 50

 The critical shear stress can also be obtained from Shields diagram

 Suspended Load Transport

 In most natural rivers, sediments are mainly transported as suspended
load.
 The suspended load transport can be defined mathematically as

 u c dz
h
q sv 
a

 u c dz
h
q sw   s
a

where

qsv and qsw are suspended load transport rates in terms of volume and weight,
respectively;
u and c are time averaged velocity and sediment concentration, by volume
at a distance z above the bed, respectively;

a is thickness of the bed load transport; and

h is the water depth.

 Rouse equation - gives the distribution of the suspended sediment
concentration over the vertical for various values of Z

C hz a 
Z
 
Ca  z h  a 


Z
 where is known
k U*
as the Rouse constant
 k = von Karman constant
 Total Load Transport
o approaches to the determination of total load:

(1) indirect method - computation of bed load and suspended load separately
and then adding them together to obtain total load, and

(2) direct method - determination of total load function directly without dividing
it into bed load and suspended load
Engelund and Hansen Method – approach 2

f   0.1 
5
2

where f = total friction factor, computed from Darcy- Weisbach equation

for friction losses,
qT
Φ = dimensionless sediment discharge, given by  
s  1g d503
where qT = bed material discharge per unit width and time, s = specific
gravity of sediments, and
 hS
 
 s  1 d 50 s  1d50
where θ = dimensionless form of the bed shear stress, τ
h = mean flow depth, S = hydraulic gradient.
 By analogy with Darcy-Weisbach equation for friction losses, the total
friction factor can be expressed as

2 S
f 
F r2
 where Fr = Froude number of the stream flow