Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HS - 2 Chapter - 1 (Part I)
HS - 2 Chapter - 1 (Part I)
HS - 2 Chapter - 1 (Part I)
Chapter One
River Morphology
Hydraulic Structures II
1.River Morphology
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 River
River is any body of fresh water flowing from an upland source to a large
lake or to the sea, fed by such sources as springs and tributary streams.
Channel Channel
Morphology Roughness
1. Drainage area – A
o It is the single most important watershed characteristics for hydrologic
design
o It reflects the volume of water that can be generated from precipitation;
V = Rainfall depth x Area
2. Watershed Length – L
o It is useful for the computation of the concentration time - Tc;
o It is the distance measured along the main channel from the watershed
outlet to the basin divide;
o While the length increases, the drainage area increases;
3. Watershed Slope – S
o Watershed slope reflects the rate of change of elevation with respect to
distance along the principal flow path
4. Watershed Shape
o Watersheds have an infinite variety of shapes;
o Not used directly in hydrologic design;
o However, the shape reflects the way that runoff will “bunch up” at the
outlet;
A circular watershed would result in runoff from various parts of
the watershed reaching the outlet at the same time.
An elliptical watershed having the outlet at one end of the major
axis and having the same area as the circular watershed would
cause the runoff to be spread out over time, thus producing a
smaller flood peak than that of the circular watershed.
Hypothetical watersheds.
(a) Ellipse: side;
(b)triangle: center;
(c) square: Comer;
(d) circle;
(e) triangle: vertex;
(f) rectangle;
(g) ellipse: end.
In spite of the infinite number of possible watershed shapes, the majority may nevertheless
be usually reduced to three main configuration groups:
o elongated watershed,
o broad watershed, and
o fan-shaped watershed
Effect of Watershed Shape on the Runoff Flow
1.2.3 Longitudinal Profile and Mean Slope of streams
provide valuable information about its properties and the extension of its various parts in
respect of the elevation
Erosion, transfer,
and deposition
occur in all zones,
but the zone
concept focuses
on the most
dominant process.
Changes in
the channel
in the three
zones:
Flow,
channel size,
sediment
characteristics
1.2.4 Elements of Hydrometric Measurements
Gully Erosion
Stream Bank Erosion
Stable stream channel: is one in which there is no objectionable
silting/aggradation (gradual rise in channel bottom over entire length),
scouring (erosive deformation of the channel), or sedimentation
(increase and advancing forward of the volume of sediment
deposited).
sediment, i.e.
Viscosity: is the degree to which a fluid resists flow under an applied
force.
Dynamic viscosity is the constant of proportionality relating the shear stress and
velocity gradient, i.e. τ = μ du/dy , where τ is shear stress, μ is dynamic viscosity
and du/dy is the velocity gradient.
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio between dynamic viscosity and fluid density, i.e. ν
= μ /ρ, ν is kinematic viscosity.
Sediment properties of individual particles that are important in the study
of sediment transport are particle size, shape, density, specific weight,
and fall velocity.
oBulk Properties of Sediment
Fall velocity: is the average terminal settling velocity of a particle falling alone in
quiescent distilled water of infinite extent. When the fall velocity is measured at
24°C, it is called the standard fall velocity.
The fall velocity reflects the integrated result of size, shape, surface roughness,
specific gravity, and viscosity of fluid. The fall velocity of a particle can be
calculated from a balance between the particle buoyant weight and the resisting
force resulting from fluid drag. The general drag equation is
FD C D A
2 …………………………….. (1)
2
The drag coefficient is then found to be (this is the viscous or Stokes range where
Re is less than 0.1)
24 ……………………. (4)
CD
Re
FD 3 d ……………………. (5)
From equation (2) and (5), the terminal fall velocity for a sediment particle is
……………………. (6)
1 s d2
g
18
Rubey’s formula: Rubey introduced a formula for the computation of fall velocity of
gravel, sand, and silt particles. For quartz particles with diameter greater than 1
mm, the fall velocity can be computed by
1
2
F d g s
……………………………. (7)
where the parameter F= 0.79 for particles greater than 1 mm settling in water with
temperature between 10°C and 25°C, and d is the particle diameter.
For smaller grain sizes
2 36 2 36 2
1 1
……………………………. (8)
2 2
F 3
3 g d ( s ) 1 g d s 1
3
For particle sizes greater than 2 mm, the fall velocity in 16°C water can be
approximated by
3.32 d
1
2
in m / s, d in m