Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NExT Course Daily Agenda Day 5 - ADx
NExT Course Daily Agenda Day 5 - ADx
Ahmed Dahroug
Schlumberger Flow Assurance
2 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Liquid Management - Transient Simulation
Severe Slugging
Slugging flow at the top of the Riser
3 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene
N
H
4 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Management Approaches
Proactive Prevention - Control
Reservoir: Maintain pressure (i.e., water flood)
Wellbore: Continuous injection of solvent/chemicals
Remedial Measures/Treatments
Near Wellbore & Formation
• Chemical squeeze
Wellbore and surface facilities:
• Mechanical scraping
• Batch solvent/chemical treatment
5 AJ
11/4/2010
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Proactive Prevention – Control
Primary & Water Injection Cases (SPE 53155)
6 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation/Treatment
1. Mechanical Treatments.
2. Chemical Treatments.
7 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation/Treatment
8 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation/Treatment
1. Mechanical Methods
Wireline Cutting
Wireline cutting is an effective means of
asphaltene removal if the wellbore is
readily accessible and if the required
frequency is not excessive.
Coiled Tubing
Like wireline cutting, coiled tubing can be
used to remove asphaltene deposits
provided the deposit can be reached. At
this point in time, the limit of coiled tubing
is about 3 km.
9 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation/Treatment
2. Chemical Methods
10 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation/Treatment
11 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation/Treatment
Solvents:
• Most Contain Aromatic (toxic)
• Products under evaluation (glycol ether, ester, amino –
ethanol, etc)
Dispersant:
• Mainly surfactant
• Some have been found to eliminate asphaltenic
flocculation
12 AJ
11/4/2010
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Stabilization with Dispersant
13 AJ
11/4/2010
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Steric Stabilization
14 AJ
11/4/2010
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De-asphalted Oil – A Natural Solvent (SPE Paper)
15 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation from Near Wellbore Region -
Core Testing
h
te
e
O
en
en
as
sa
ve
W
lu
lu
en
To
To
Li
E
nd
TC
Co
Sequence
750
500
250
0
Live Oil Cond/LO DAO Toluene
Sequence
17 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Asphaltene Remediation in Wellbore – DAO Treatment
SPE 53155
Pressure, psia Pressure, psia
4000 6000 8000 3000 5000 7000
150 150
LO+20%
200 LO+ 40 % 200 DAO
Toluene
LO
225 225
LO
250 250
18 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Remediation in Wellbore – Field Trial with DAO -
Caliper Measurements Show Tubular Deposition
6000 10000
MG-OTHO MG-OTH1
8000 12000
500 700 900 1100
Cable Tension, Lbs.
19 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Asphaltene in Surface Facilities (JCPT Paper)
Low-Temperature
Inlet Separator 0.16% 0.0% Separator
4.58%
Stabilizer Tower
Stabilizer Sales
Feed Tank Tank
1.56% 1.15% > 0.5%
Centrifuge
PROBLEMS:
Test
Solids in the feed tank/dehydration unit Sales Oil
Sales oil was off pipeline spec of 0.5%
Chemical/Filter disposal/Handling Off spec condensate: $400k/y
20 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Asphaltene in Surface Facilities
Low-Temperature
Inlet Separator Separator
Stabilizer Tower
Stabilizer
Feed Tank
Outside the Plant
Separation Sales
Tank Tank
Liquid management
Asphaltene management
Wax management
Scale management
Sand
Emulsion management
Hydrate management
Classroom exercise – calculating inhibitor injection rate using
Pipesim
22 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Paraffin Wax Definition
• Waxes are higher molecular weight saturated carbons (>C20)
mainly from normal paraffins CnH2n+2 plus minor isoparaffins,
naphthenes and appreciable aromatic content.
• Precipitates as crystalline solids with reduction in temperature
and pressure conditions
23 AJ
11/4/2010
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Paraffin Deposition in Production System
Tanks
Tubing Flowline Pipeline
&
Rods
Pump
Paraffin-related skin
24 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Management Approaches
Wax Remedial Measures - Treatment
Thermal Hot Oiling
Chemical Solvent/Dispersants
Mechanical Pigging/Cutting
25 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Wax Remediation: Thermal Method
Hot Oiling
The relationship between temperature and
paraffin cloud point and solubility is the
logic behind the removal of paraffin
deposits.
26 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Thermal Method
Line Heaters
27 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Mechanical Method
Mechanical Removal
Is tried for removal from tubing, flow
lines and pipelines.
28 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Mechanical Method
Line Pigging
Requires that the launching and
capture sites be engineered into the
transfer facility’s design.
Continuity Principles
29 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation/Treatment
Pigging
The effective removal requires the selection of the appropriate pig
and the performance on a regular and frequent basis.
The pig should be specifically designed for solids removal. Disk
or cup pigs can be used since they apply more force on the pipe
wall.
Spheres or foam pigs are not adequate for wax removal.
A bypass pig allows the removed solids to be dispersed into the
crude oil ahead of the pig.
30 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation/Treatment
Cleaning Pigs
31 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation/Treatment
Scraper Pigs
Set Up
32 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation/Treatment
Pig Trap
33 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation/Treatment
Pigging
34 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Mechanical Method
Line Pigging
35 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Chemical Treatment
Solvents
Dispersants
36 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Solvents
37 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Chemical Method (Solvent)
Solvent
Paraffinic: diesel, kerosene, chlorinated chemical
Aromatic: xylene, toluene or mixture
Dilute the wax content
Large amount needed for the dilution
Long soak times are required
Testing is always required before deciding on actual treatment
Environmental Issues
38 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Wax Dissolution Capacities - Solvents
12
10
8 TOULENE
DIESEL
6 XYLENE
KEROSENE
4 UNKNOWN
TURPENTINE
2
0
OILFIELD SOLVENTS
40 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Wax Remediation: Chemical Method (Dispersants)
41 AJ
11/4/2010
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Paraffin Detergents/Crystal Modifiers
42 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Control: Chemical Method (Crystal Modifier)
Modified Growth
Crystals isolated
43 AJ
11/4/2010
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Wax Remediation: Unconventional Method
Bacteria
½ µm
44 AJ
11/4/2010
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Day 5: Field Management Approaches (Remediation
& Mitigation
Liquid management
Asphaltene management
Wax management
Scale management
Sand
Emulsion management
Hydrate management
Classroom exercise – calculating inhibitor injection rate using
Pipesim
45 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Oilfield Scale
Barite, www\\webmineral.com
46 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Scale Impact
Scale in tubing. The location of scale deposits in tubing can vary from downhole perforations to the surface where it
constrains production through tubing restrictions, blocked nipples, fish, safety valves and gas-lift mandrels. Scale is often
layered and sometimes covered with a waxy or asphaltene coating (insert). Pitting and corrosion on steel can develop under
the scale due to bacteria and sour gas,
47 AJ
11/4/2010
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Reason for Scale Control: Matrix Damage
Scale
48 AJ
11/4/2010
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Reason for Scale Control: Tubing Damage
Tubing ID Restriction Scale Deposition in Tubing
Constrained production
FeS - Layer
Often layered with scale,
wax, asphaltene, etc. BaS04 Layer
Completion components blocked with
Under-deposit Corrosion
scale
Gas Lift Mandrels, SSSV, Nipples Asphaltene layer
Corrosion under scale deposition
H2S Pitting Corrosion
Bacterial / H2S
Pitting, loss of steel integrity CaC03 layer
Wax Layer
Note : Actual Scale may have all or just some of these layers
49 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Reason for Scale Control: Injector Wells
Injection
52 AJ
11/4/2010
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Diagnostics – Production History
53 AJ
11/4/2010
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Scale Phase Envelop
12000
Precipitation phase envelop for CaCO3 at
11000 ST<1 for BaSO4
50% water cut
10000 Precipitation phase envelop of BaSO4 at
50% water cut
9000 Precipitation phase envelop for SrCO3 at
50% water cut
Pressure (psia)
8000
ST=1 for BaSO4
7000
6000
ST>1 for BaSO4 ST=1 for CaCO3
5000
ST<1 for SrCO3
4000
ST< 1 for CaCO3
3000
ST>1 for CaCO3
2000 ST=1 for SrCO3
1000
Temperature (F)
54 AJ
11/4/2010
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Scale Properties
Solubility Variation with Temperature
Spontaneous Spontaneous
nucleation is
nucleation is most improbable.
A previously formed
likely to occur crystal which now
exist in this zone
will continue to
Concentration
grow
Supersaturated
Unstable
Supersaturated
Metastable Stable
Undersaturated
Brine solution.
No precipitation
possible
Temperature
55 AJ
11/4/2010
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Barite Solubility in Water
4
BaSO4 Solubility in Water, mg/l
0
0 43 86 129 172 215
Temperature (ºF)
56 AJ
11/4/2010
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Calcium Sulfate Solubility in Water
57 AJ
11/4/2010
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Calcite Solubility in Water
58 AJ
11/4/2010
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Scaling Diagnostics
Precipitation behavior of BaSO4 and CaCO3 at 50% water cut
12000
P-T profile for flow rate - 50 MMSCFD
ST < 1 for BaSO4
P-T profile for flow rate - 150 MMSCFD
Precipitation phase envelope for SrCO3 at 50% water cut ST > 1 for BaSO4
8000
Pressure (psia)
6000
4000
2000
59 AJ
11/4/2010
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Remediation - Mechanical Method
Hydrojet: the water under very high pressure through the nozzle is used to
remove the scales from the tubing. When the progress is very slow which
means that the scale is very dense and hard
Milling: the rotating bit technique sometimes is used to remove the thick
deposits.
Stearling Beads: sometimes is used as the last option, the beads are harder
than the scales and less than the tubing metal.
60 AJ
11/4/2010
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Remediation - Mechanical Method – Water Jetting
61 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation Process Design Modification
Operate under less scaling condition
pH control
Low pH may prevent carbonate scaling
Temperature control
Pipeline insulation may reduce temperature changes
Avoid mixing incompatible waters
Carefully select injection water
Do not use mixed sources for injection water
62 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation Ion Removal or Exchange
63 AJ
11/4/2010
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Remediation - Chemical Method Solubility Basis
65 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation Scale Inhibition
React one of the ions to keep it in solution or dispersed
66 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation Scale Inhibition - Chelation
EDTA
Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid
DTPA
Diethylene triamine pentaacetate
67 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation Scale Inhibition - Chelation
68 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation Scale Inhibition
React one of the ions to keep it in solution or dispersed
69 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation - Scale Inhibition
70 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation - Scale Inhibition
Threshold type Inhibitors
71 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mitigation Application of Scale Inhibitors
Adsorption
72 AJ
11/4/2010
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Non-Chemical Crystal Growth Inhibition
73 AJ
11/4/2010
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Sand Production
Lun - 1 , 3 , 4 & 6 Core Data
Cumulative Weight -vs- Particle Size
100
90
80
70
50
Condensate-Water Separator
40
(Courtesy of A. Kooijman/Mike Gunningham)
30
20
10
0
10000 1000 100 10 1
Parti cle Size [mi cron]
Reservoir Characterization
• Porosity,
• Permeability,
• Particle Size - d50
• Fines
74 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
What Is Sand Management Solution?
“Life of well/field management of sand/fluids production”
Optimized Perforating
TSO Frac w/proppant
Perforating methods flowback control
to minimize
Consolidation
impairment to
productivity
Improved methods to
place gravel and
minimize impairment
to productivity
76 AJ
11/4/2010
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Managing Produced Sand
Sand separator
Sand is separated before getting to the pump and
dumped below the perfs.
77 AJ
11/4/2010
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Sand Management Process
Reservoir Completion
Completion Production
Characterizatio Design & Execution
Selection
n
Cross-Sectional Plot
Variable 3 (p = 0.25)
Indicator 1 12 ProCADE*
History Match: Cumulative Production vs Time
Variable 2 Variable 3 (p = 0.5)
Indicator 2
p = 0.1
9 100000
Variable 3 ( p = 0.25)
Indicator 3
Variable 3 (p = 0.25)
6
Variable 1 .
Variable 2 Variable 3 (p = 0.5) .
. 3
10000
Cumulative Production
p1 = 0.30 p = 0.7 Actual Np (STB)
Variable 3 ( p = 0.25) .
Actual Gp (MMscf)
.
Variable 3 (p = 0.25) .
Actual Wp (STB)
-12 -9 -6 -3 3 6 9 12 Model Np (STB)
.
Variable 2 Variable 3 (p = 0.5) . -3 Model Gp (MMscf)
. Model Wp (STB)
p = 0.2 1000
Variable 3 ( p = 0.25) .
. -6
Variable 3 (p = 0.25) .
.
Variable 2 Variable 3 (p = 0.5) .
-9
. Formation
p = 0.1 Cem ent
100
Variable 3 ( p = 0.25) .
-12
.
Variable 3 (p = 0.25) .
Variable 1 Variable 2 Variable 3 (p = 0.5)
.
Indicator n
p = 0.7 .
p2 = 0.55 10
σz
Variable 3 ( p = 0.25) . 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Perforating
.
Variable 3 (p = 0.25)
.
Time (days)
.
Variable 2 Variable 3 (p = 0.5)
.
.
p = 0.2 Variable 3 ( p = 0.25)
.
.
Efficiency
.
σθ
Variable 2 Variable 3 (p = 0.5)
.
Subsea Data-Port
Oil Production
Oil Production
Oil Production
1800000
1600000
1400000
Cum Oil Prod (S TB)
10000 A
C
600000
B
9000
400000
Pressure, psig
8000 1
1
200000 1E+8
7000
0
6000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1E+7
5000
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Outflow
Time (days)
Inflow @ Sandface
Not(1)
Used Gas Rate, Mscf/D
Inflow (1) Outflow (A) (A) 6463.0
Case 2 (2) Case 2 (B) (B) 6005.0
Case 3 (3) Case 3 (C)
Not Used Not Used (C) 5541.0
Not Used Not Used Outflow
Cond Unloading Water
Rate Unloading Rate Wellhead Pressure, psig 1E+6
Max Erosional Rate Reg: Authorized User - Dowell Schlumberger 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
NPV
Log-Log plot: dm(p) and dm(p)' [psi2/cp] vs dpst [hr]
Production Testing
Prediction
78 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Oilfield Emulsion – The Problem
Naturally occurring surface active agents stabilize water in oil emulsions in produced
fluids.
Emulsion increases viscosity and hence increase pressure drops causing problems
in gathering systems and treatment facilities.
Require specialized treatment vessels, chemicals or excessive residence time
Resulting in increased CAPEX and OPEX.
79 AJ
11/4/2010
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Type of Emulsions
80 170 S-1
V iscosity, cP
340 S-1
60
Water-in-Oil 510 S-1
40 1021 S-1
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Water Cut, %
Complex Emulsions
80 AJ
11/4/2010
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Emulsion Management Strategies
81 AJ
11/4/2010
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Emulsion Destabilization Processes
Heat
Chemistry (Demulsifier)
Flow Regime
Coalescing Surfaces
Electrostatic Fields
82 AJ
11/4/2010
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Application of Heat
Application of Heat
(Temperature Effect)
Viscosity V
Differential Density V Sometimes it is negligible
83 AJ
11/4/2010
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Chemical Treatment
Chemical additives called demulsifiers are typically injected into the crude oil
stream to weaken the stabilizing film surrounding the water droplets
Chemical tank
and pump
Treater
Wet crude inlet
Oil
It would be unusual if one chemical structure could
produce all four desirable actions Water
Coalescence
85 AJ
11/4/2010
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Demulsifier Mechanism
Emulsifiers form stability through a film around Demulsifier or Emulsion Breaker (EB) displaces
each water droplet, preventing coalescence emulsifiers, weakening the film, promoting
rupture and coalescence
86 AJ
11/4/2010
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Typical Demulsifiers Structure
87 AJ
11/4/2010
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How to Select a Demulsifier
Process system
Bottle tests
Field tests
88 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrates – Ice That Burns
89 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Blockage Principles
Hydrate plug
Time
90 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Blockage Detection
Pipeline DP
Changes in water rate at outlet
Pigging returns
Time
Behavior of pressure drop vary:
spikes, slow drift, rapid increase
Warning signs may be hard to spot,
Pipeline DP
particularly in complex flow
Time
91 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Blockage Detection & Location
V (right) (1044-1000)
= = 3.14
V (left) (1058-1044)
92 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Blockage Detection & Location
93 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Remediation
Depressurization
Chemical
Heating
Mechanical (Intrusive intervention)
Pipeline replacement. The solution of last resort
94 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Remediation - Depressurization
95 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Remediation - Depressurization
96 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Remediation – Depressurization
Pressure (bar)
radially from the pipe wall
Models for plug dissociation by
depressurization are available Depressurization from
80 bar (1160 psi) to
20 bar (290psi)
Use of model for plug movement
under differential pressure allows to
estimate the safety zone Temperature (C)
97 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Remediation – Depressurization Check List
Can be depressurized
Yes Can be depressurized in
Yes Can maintain
Yes Is there a pour No
below hydrate late life at high water pressure below point concern
formation cut hydrate
formation
Yes
No No No
Proceed with
Consider other options Depressurization
Displacement
Active heating
Chemical Injection
98 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Inhibition – Chemical Methods
Primarily alcohols, glycols and salts
Substance soluble in the aqueous phase competes for the
water molecule and prevents the water from forming solid
hydrates
A minimum concentration of the solute or inhibitor is
necessary in the solvent or aqueous phase
Empirical methods, charts and computer programs have been
developed to predict hydrate formation and inhibition.
99 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Inhibition – Thermodynamic Inhibitor
Thermodynamic Inhibitor
Key Regions
Hydrate Free
THI THI
Hydrate Risk
Pressure
Pressure, MPa
4
2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4 Mixture A This Work
Mixture B Ng and Robinson (5)
4000
Fresh water
20% NaCl
20% NaCl + 5% DEG
3000
Pressure [psi]
2000
1000
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature [F]
102 AJ
11/4/2010
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Effect of Various Salts
5000
4000
CaCl2
Pressure (psi)
Brine
3000 Fresh
NaCl
Brine Water
2000
1000
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature (F)
103 AJ
11/4/2010
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Kinetic Inhibitor Delays Hydrate Formation
0
time(min)
104 AJ
11/4/2010
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AA’s Prevent Hydrate Particle Coalition/Bridging
(condensate system)
105 AJ
11/4/2010
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Inhibitor Comparison
Hot Water
Direct Heating
Induction Heating
107 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Mitigation – Hot Water Heating
108 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Mitigation – Direct Electric Heating
109 AJ
11/4/2010
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Hydrate Mitigation – Mechanical Intervention
using Coiled Tubing
110 AJ
11/4/2010
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