Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Format Presentation NExT2010Day 2 - ADx
Format Presentation NExT2010Day 2 - ADx
Format Presentation NExT2010Day 2 - ADx
Ahmed Dahroug
Schlumberger Flow Assurance
Characterization methodologies
Asphaltenes
Wax
Hydrate
Emulsions
Scales
Mercury
Soaps
Sands
2 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Production Assurance Domains
3 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Production Chemistry
Mercury
Athabasca Asphaltene
Bitumen ρ>1
Wax
Diamondoids
Gas
Hydrate
4 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Organic Scale
Asphaltene Definition
Insoluble in Alkenes: Pentane, Hexane, Heptane.
Soluble in Aromatic Solvents: Benzene, Toluene, Xylene.
Semi crystalline solid particles of black or maroon color.
Undefined melting point.
High polar molecular weight in the range of 500 to 1,000
gr/grmol. Average: 750 gr/grmole (Mullins)
Typical components:
─ Carbon (80-85%)
─ Hydrogen (7-9%)
─ Also Oxygen (0.3-5%), S (0.3-10%), N (0.5-3.5%),
plus traces of Nickel, Iron and Vanadium
5 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Asphaltenes: Polymer or Monomer?
(size counts! e.g. ethylene vs polyethylene)
6 AJ
11/4/2010
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Effect of Pressure on Molar Volume Fraction
C1-C4 C7+
Pres
Oil
Pressure
Liquid
Saturation
Psat
Curve
Vapor + Liquid
Temperature
7 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Partial Molar Volume for Live Oil Components
Peng-Robinson EOS l
1.35
Normalized partial molar volume
1.3
Methane
1.25 Propane
Pentane
1.2
C7-C12
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Pressure bar
8 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Experimental Facts
Whole STO
+ + + + +
C2 C3 n-C4 n-C5 n-C6
A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
“Asphaltenes”
10 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
North Sea Precipitated “Asphaltenes”:
Effect Of Solvent Chain Length
4.8
Precipitated Asphaltene wt %
3.2
1.6
0
C2 C3 nC4 nC5 nC6
Paraffinic Titrant
11 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Effects of Resins on “Asphaltenes” Stability
Whole STO
STO STO
+
+
+
12 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Effects of Resins on “Asphaltenes” Stability
66
Vol Precipitant at ""Asphaltene" Onset
63
Wt % nn-C5
60
Original Oil Composition
57
54
0 5 10 15 20 25
13 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Field Observations: North Sea & Kuwait
(de Boer et al., 1995)
14 AJ
11/4/2010
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Asphaltene Characterization Workflow
S
Instability Assessment
SARA Screening
Instability (De Boer plot)
Detailed assessment N
Thermodynamic Precipitation H
Particle Size & Kinetics
Deposition
Modeling
Thermodynamic Precipitation
Deposition (??)
15 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Topping - Crude Oil Distillation
Water out
Condenser
Left unboiled
residue
Cooling
water in
HOT PLATE
16 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Packed Column For SAP Separation
Feed:
1. Sample + C5/C7
(Aromatics)
Alumina
2. Medium Polar Solvent
3. Strong Polar Solvent
(Polars)
Effluent:
Silica
1. Saturates
2. Aromatics
3. Polars/Resins
17 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
SARA Separation
WHOLE
DEAD OIL
PARAFFINS
NAPHTHENES
AROMATICS
GC/M
S
GC/M
S
18 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Dead Oil Asphaltene Stability SARA Screen
(Stankiewicz et al. 2002)
5.00
Unstable
4.50 Marginal
Stable
4.00
3.50
Saturate/Aromatic
3.00
2.50 Unstable
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
Stable
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
Asphaltene / Resin
19 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
The “de Boer” Plot (de Boer et al., 1995) -
Asphaltenes
20 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Experimental: Near-infra Red Technology for Onset of
Asphaltene Precipitation
Power
2,000
15,000
11,000
13,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
9,000
Pressure
21 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
NIR Pressure Depletion Traces of OIL A & OIL B Above Psat
Asphaltene Onset
4
Laser Power ((mW)
Psat
Psat
2
OIL A @ 175F
OIL B @ 155F
0
4000 6000 8000 10000
Pressure (psi)
22 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Asphaltene Reversibility Test for OIL C @ Tres
160
Asphaltene
Onset / Endpoint
120 Pasp to Psat = 3,000 psi
Laser Power (mW)
80
Depressurization
40
Re-pressurization
Psat
0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Pressure (psi)
23 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Visual Detection Of Asphaltene Flocculation
Asphaltene Particle
Coned Piston
Pyrex Tube
Light Source
24 AJ
11/4/2010
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Visual Detection Of Asphaltene Flocculation
Effects of Pressure and Time
25 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
High Pressure Microscope (HPM) – Asphatene
Asphatene/Wax /Wax
Precipitation Assessment (20,000 psi & 200oC; Resolution ~ 2 mm)
HP
HPM M
26 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
DBR Solid Detection System (SDS) Scan
with Photomicrographs from DBR HPM
Power
Pressure
27 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Particle Size Analysis (PSA)
during depressurization at 184ºF
10000
1000
100 14500 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100 13500 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100 12500 psi
10
1
10000
P
1000
100
11500 psi
10
A 1
10000
R 1000
10500 psi
100
T 10
1
I 10000
C
1000
100 9500 psi
10
L 1
10000
E 1000
8500 psi
100
10
1
C 10000
O
1000
100
7500 psi
10
U 1
10000
N 1000
6500 psi
100
T 10
1
10000
1000
100
6000 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100
5500 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100
5000 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100 4500 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100
4000 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100
3500 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100 3000 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100
2500 psi
10
1
10000
1000
100
1500 psi
10
1
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71
28 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Sampling Chamber Selection - Asphaltene
DBR/Chevron/BHP - IBC Aberdeen - Oct. ‘99
SPMC
Power
MPSR
Asphaltene Asphaltene
Precipitation Onset Precipitation Onset MRSC
7,800 psi 10,000 psi
Pressure
29 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Effect of OBM Contamination @ Tres with Syn-Tec
DBR/Chevron/BHP - IBC Aberdeen - Oct. ‘99
7.6 wt % OBM
Power
14.2 wt % OBM
19.4 wt % OBM
Asphaltene
Precipitation Onset
Pressure
30 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Chemical Screening
Dead Oil
Titration tests (fast)
Dispersion tests
Live oil
Asphaltene onset (fast)
Particle size and morphology
Deposition
Cell rinses
Shear deposition cell
31 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
HPM/SDS Oil Compatibility Study
14
12
Power of Laser Light ((mW)
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Vol % C5
32 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
HPM Depressurization Chemical Screening
500 psi
above Ponset
Ponset
500 psi
below Ponset
34 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Terminology “Cloud Point”
35 AJ
11/4/2010
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Thermodynamic vs. Measured Cloud Point
36 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mechanism Of Wax Precipitation
Crystallization Rate
Nucleation Diffusion
Temperature
37 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Mechanism Of Wax Precipitation
n-paraffins
only
n- + iso-
paraffins
n- + iso-
+ cyclo-
paraffins
Temperature
38 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Wax Characterization Workflow
Normal paraffin from C20 to C60
• High Temperature Gas Chromatography
Thermodynamics of wax formation
• Cloud point (STO & Live Fluid)
• Pour point (STO & Live Fluid)
Transport Characteristics
• Viscosity - Rheology
• Gelling Characteristics
Modeling
• Thermodynamic Precipitation Modeling
• Deposition Modeling
39 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Wax Content of Dead Oil by High Temperature Gas
Chromatography
10+1
% N – Paraffin in crude (weight)
1.0
10-4
10-2
10-3
10-4
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Carbon Number
40 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Composition Of Petroleum Waxes
0 10 20 30 40
Retention Time (min)
41 AJ
11/4/2010
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Key Engineering Properties of Waxy Crudes
15-25 oC
42 AJ
11/4/2010
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Cold Finger Technology – Old Technology
Cold Finger (CF)
Coolant In Coolant Out
Copper Rod
Oil Maintained
@ 55°C
43 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Viscometry
Stationary Plate/Disc
µ = A e-Ea/RT (Newtonian Behavior)
Mobile Disc
η* = η’ - i η’’
44 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Graphical Estimation of Cloud Point From
Viscosity Data
WP
T
CC
D
Hot Stage
4 50
25
Hot Stage
360o Rotatable Stage Cooling
Polarizer Gas
IR Filter
Light Source
46 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) Measurement by
Cross Polar Microscopy (CPM)
Temperature
47 AJ
11/4/2010
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High Pressure Microscope (HPM) – Asphatene
Asphatene/Wax /Wax
Precipitation Assessment (20,000 psi & 200oC; Resolution ~ 2 mm)
HPM HPM
48 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Isobaric Cooling of South American Oil @ 4000 psi
100.00
Power of Transmitted Light (nW)
10.00
Asphaltene Onset
Well Head
~ 170°F
Temperature = 100°F
1.00
0.10
0.01
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230
Temperature (°F)
49 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Cross Polarized HPM Photomicrographs
Co-precipitation of Solids – Live Oil
50 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Effect of Pressure on Live Fluid WAT
50
System Pressure (MPa)
Psat PSAT
0
45 50 55
Temperature (ºC)
52 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Live Oil Pour Point with Solution Gas
-20
Pour Point (oC)
-40
-60
0 150 Psat (psig) 1,500 3,000
53 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
HP Rheometer
Drive Unit
Heise G auge
BPR
TC 1
Cylinder
Cylinder
TC 2
Sample
Gas
54 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Dynamic Viscosity of Treated & Untreated Crude Oil
105 Temperature = 22 oC
104
Dynamic Viscosity (Pa.s)
103
102
10
10-1
10-1 1 10 102
Frequency (rad/s)
55 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Model Pipeline Test (MPT)
N2 Pressure
For Ungelling
HP Circulation Pump
Back-Pressure
Regulator
Heated Lines
Temperature Applications:
Controlled Bath • Measure Yield Strength
• Evaluate Effectiveness Of Flow Improvers
56 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Live Oil Gel Strength
250
Gel Strength (kPa)
150
Over 75% Reduction In Gel Strength
50
0
0.1 1.7 34
Saturation Pressure (MPa)
57 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Effect of PPD
58 AJ
11/4/2010
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Precipitation vs. Deposition
Growth
Fluid Flow
Large Pressure Drops
Formation Deposition
TUBING
59 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Deposition Mechanisms—Hydrodynamics
(Jessen and Howell, 1963, Aggrawal et al., 1990, Khan et al., 1997, Burger et al., 1983)
60 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
RealView* Live Oil Deposition Measurement
61 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
RealView Live Solids Deposition Cell:
Configuration & Configuration
Concentric cylinders Specifications:
Inner cylinder rotates •Volume:
Creates an environment similar to pipe-
flow •150cc batch mode
Proven analogy between Taylor- •Up to 2 L flow through
Couette flow and pipe flow*
b •Temperature- 4 C to 150C
a
•Pressure- Ambient to 15000
ω L psi
•Spindle Speed= 100 Hz
2πri 2 2
ν ν
Boundary Layer δL ~ δL ~
u* u*
Thickness
63 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Pipe to RealView Design
64 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
65 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
How Will I Remediate Deposition if it is a Problem?
66 AJ
11/4/2010
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RealView Results– Comparison with Field Data
67 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Summary- Benefits of Studying True Deposition
Composition
• Gas phase
• Oil phase
• Water phase
Hydrate Locus
• Function of salinity
• Effect of thermodynamic Inhibitors
Formation kinetics
Modeling
• Thermodynamic Modeling
70 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Hydrate Equilibrium
Equilibrium curve
wellhead
Hydrates
No hydrates
Hydrates may not form immediately below Teq,
but will dissociate above Teq
71 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Why Measurements
Program A
Program B
Program C
Pressure (psi)
12oF (7.5oC)
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
o
Temperature ( F)
73 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Hydrate Equilibrium Measurements
74 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Visual Determination of the Hydrate Locus
100 Wt % Methanol
60 0.0
40
20.0 10.0
20
10
Pressure, MPa
4
L2 G
2 Locus
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.0
8
0.0
4 - 0 10 20 30
10
75 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
High Pressure Microscopy (HPM)
--Visual Equilibrium determination
CCD HPM
P: <20K psi
T: >-20oC
76 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Autoclave
torque
p T
Gas
Gas
Hydrate
Crystals
Liquid
77 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Equilibrium Determination by p-T trace
Pressure (psi)
prediction
Measurement
o
Temperature ( F)
78 AJ
11/4/2010
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Generic Hydrate Equilibrium Curves
80 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Oilfield Emulsion – The Problem
81 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Emulsion Theory
Oil
Water
Dispersion
Mechanical
Energy
Emulsification
Surfactan Chemical Surfactant
t Stabilizers
O
CH -(CH ) 16 C -
3 2 O -
+
O
-
Ca ++ Na C CH -(CH ) 16
O O 3 2
CH 3
-(CH )
2 16 C
O
Non-Polar Tail Polar Head Polar Head Non-Polar Tail
The separation of the emulsion phases depends on the stability of the emulsion
82 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Droplet Size Distribution
Droplet Size Distribution of Crude oil Emulsion
Medium Emulsion
Frequency
Tight Emulsion
Loose Emulsion
1 10 100
Droplet Diameter (mm)
83 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Emulsion Viscometry –
Stock-Tank or Reservoir Fluid
84 AJ
11/4/2010
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Emulsion Viscosity
120
Water-in-Crude Oil Phase Inversion
emulsion Crude Oil-in-
100
102 S-1 Water emulsion
80 170 S-1
Viscosity, cP
340 S-1
60
510 S-1
40 1021 S-1
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Water Cut, %
85 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Inorganic Scales
thickness of Quartz
calcite
scale
Rock Matrix
Quartz
Barit
Anhydrite e
Tubulars
87 AJ
11/4/2010
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Causes of Scale Formation
88 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Cause of Scale Formation: Autoscaling
View of a perforation throat
Precipitation
produces further
pressure drop,
leading to further
precipitation
Scale
Formation Water
90 AJ
11/4/2010
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Cause of Scale Formation: Evaporation
91 AJ
11/4/2010
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Cause of Scale Formation: Gas Flood
92 AJ
11/4/2010
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Mechanism of Scale Precipitation
Transient Stability
2
Ba2+ SO4
Water Analysis
Standard bottle mixing test
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)
Coreflood tests
Simulation involving water and ionic chemistry
94 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Water Analysis
Parameters Seawater Formation Water
Dissolved Solids mg/l
Total Dissolved Solids 30,000-41,000 100-336,000
pH 8.0-8.4 4-10
Temperature 0-30 20-150
Total Suspended Solids 0.1-20 1-100
95 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Bottle Mixing Test
V1 V2
Measure turbidity
with UV over a
period of time (12
hrs).
96 AJ
11/4/2010
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NIR Spectroscopy
97 AJ
11/4/2010
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Commercial Simulation Packages
ScaleChem (OLI)
Multiscale (Petrotech)
Geochemist Work Bench
(Bekthe)
98 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Properties of Water
Hardness
Total mg/L of Ca++, Mg++, Fe++ converted into CaCO3 equivalent in
mg/L
Alkalinity
Total mg/L of HCO3-, CO3--, OH- converted into CaCO3 equivalent in
mg/L
99 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Exercise – Hardness and Alkalinity
Calculate the hardness and alkalinity for a sample of water with ionic
composition given in the table
100 AJ
11/4/2010
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Exercise – Hardness and Alkalinity
Solution
Hardness = Ca2++Mg2++Fe2+
Equivalent weight of CaCO3 = 50
102 AJ
11/4/2010
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Example Water Analysis
103 AJ
11/4/2010
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Scale Phase Envelop
12000
Precipitation phase envelop for CaCO3 at
11000 ST<1 for BaSO4
50% water cut
10000 Precipitation phase envelop of BaSO4 at
50% water cut
9000 Precipitation phase envelop for SrCO3 at
50% water cut
Pressure (psia)
8000
ST=1 for BaSO4
7000
6000
ST>1 for BaSO4 ST=1 for CaCO3
5000
ST<1 for SrCO3
4000
ST< 1 for CaCO3
3000
ST>1 for CaCO3
2000 ST=1 for SrCO3
1000
Temperature (F)
104 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Natural Occurrence of Mercury Compounds in Hydrocarbon
Streams
Natural Gas Condensate
Product
Quality HSE
• Crude oil
• Natural Gas • Health (hazards)
• Condensate Mercury • Safety (people &operations)
• Environment
Equipment Catalyst
Courtesy : Statoil
107 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Arn Acid Molecular Structure
108 AJ
11/4/2010
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Calcium Naphthenate Characterization
Statoil/ConnocoPhillips Paper – SPE 93011
109 AJ
11/4/2010
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Calcium Naphthenate Characterization - Example
from Statoil/ConnocoPhillips Paper SPE 93011
110 AJ
11/4/2010
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Calcium Naphthenate Characterization - Example
from Statoil/ConnocoPhillips Paper SPE 93011
111 AJ
11/4/2010
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Sand Production
Lun - 1 , 3 , 4 & 6 Core Data
Cumulative Weight -vs- Particle Size
100
90
80
70
Condensate-Water Separator 50
30
20
10
0
10000 1000 100 10 1
Particle Size [micron]
Reservoir Characterization
• Porosity,
• Permeability,
• Particle Size - d50
• Fines
112 AJ
11/4/2010
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Factors Affecting Sand Production
113 AJ
11/4/2010
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Factors Affecting Sand Production
• Overburden
• Cementing
• Capillary
• Drag
114 AJ
11/4/2010
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Factors Affecting Sand Production
115 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Cause of Sand Production
116 AJ
11/4/2010
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Reasons Controlling Sand Production
HSE
• Sand Erosion
• Casing / Liner Failure
• Sand Disposal
Reduced Production
• Sand fill in wellbore
• Sand settling in flow lines
117 AJ
11/4/2010
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Sand Production
Producing sand can be an option
Increases Opex
Sand separation equipment
Large volume of solids to handle
Clean
Transport
Dispose
118 AJ
11/4/2010
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Casing / Liner Collapse
Failure may occur due to
─ Non uniform lateral loading
as rock is produced.
119 AJ
11/4/2010
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Sand Erosion
Sand production can cause erosion in both surface and
downhole equipment such as :
Downhole Surface
Blast Joints Chokes
Gas lift Equipment Elbows / Tees
Standing Valves Swages
Pumps Valves
Safety Valves Metering Devices
Circulating sleeves Flanges
Nipples Wellhead
Tubular
120 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Sand Bridges
Bridges may form in casing or
tubing and obstruct well flow.
They must be removed by
bailing or washing with
concentric strings.
If bridging is severe sand
control will be required.
121 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Sand Production Prediction
Experience
Analogy
Special Well Test
Core Inspection and Testing
X-Ray, SEM
Flow Tests
Uniaxial and Triaxial Compressive Strength Measurements
BHN (Brinell Hardness Number)
Log Interpretation
IMPACT
122 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Rock Classification
Term BHN Remarks
Unconsolidated < 2 No cementing material
Partially 2-5 Crushed with fingers
Friable 5 - 10 Crushed when rubbed
Consolidate 10 - 30 Crushed with forceps
Hard > 30 Can not be broken with
Medium Hard 30 - 50 forceps
Hard 50 - 125
Very Hard > 125
123 AJ
11/4/2010
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