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Bentley STAAD Seismic Analysis Using Is 1893
Bentley STAAD Seismic Analysis Using Is 1893
Pro CE – Seismic
Analysis Using IS 1893
Part 1):2016
Sanjib Das
Sanjib Das
www.bentley.com/books
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Acknowledgement
Foreword
1.1 Introduction
1.3 Seismology
The Earth and Its Interiors
Plate Tectonics
Seismic Waves
Earthquake Measurement Parameters
Measuring Instruments
Magnitude
Intensity
Chapter 2: Introduction to IS 1893 (Part 1):2016
2.1 Introduction
3.1 Introduction
5.1 Introduction
5.3 HT Parameter
5.6 DF Parameter
7.1 Introduction
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Response Spectrum
Response Spectrum Methodology
Appendix
Bibliography
Index
Overview of Earthquake
1 Engineering
1.1 Introduction
Problem
Most earthquakes are predicted based on seismic activity that is detected in
the ground look for movements in the earth’s crust. But we know from
many recent earthquakes, such as in Sumatra 2004 and Japan 2011, that this
method provides people very little advance notice to evacuate. Both
earthquakes hit with a large surprise factor. The Japan 2011 earthquake
gave residents just a few minutes’ warning, and the size and location of the
Sumatra 2004 earthquake was surprising, even to geologists. As a result, the
damage to both life and property was extensive.
Earthquake predictions can be made over small-time and large-time scales.
The short-term warnings are only helpful to save lives if people have
sufficient time to escape the epicentre. But these have not been very
successful in recent history. The better way to escape earthquake damage is
long-term planning.
Solution
The key is to identify areas that have the potential for major damage from
earthquakes based on the history of earthquakes in that region over
thousands of years. This is important because it provides information to
make a long-term planning decision about large population centres and
infrastructure locations. Any region where major earthquakes occur with a
frequency of between 200 and 500 years is a dangerous area for major
population centres and large infrastructure investments.
We have information about many recent major earthquakes in the last
century, but that does not help unless we are able to predict the frequency of
earthquakes in a specific location over the long run. For that, we need the
earthquake data over thousands of years as we know that earthquakes
usually occur along fault lines.
1.3 Seismology
The inner core is solid and consists of heavy metals (e.g., nickel and iron),
while the crust consists of light materials (e.g., basalts and granites). The
outer core is liquid in form and the mantle can flow.
Plate Tectonics
The convective flows of mantle material cause the crust and some portion
of the mantle to slide on the hot molten outer core. This sliding of earth’s
mass takes place in pieces called tectonic plates. The concept of tectonics
plate developed from the ideas on continental drift.
At mid-oceanic ridges, two continents (large land masses) initially joined
together, and then due to convective circulation of the earth’s mantle,
continents drift apart because of the flow of hot mantle upwards to the
surface of the earth at the ridges, as shown in Figure 1.2. When the hot
material reaches the surface and then cools down, it forms an additional
crust. The newly formed crust spreads outwards due to the continuous
upwelling of molten rock, and it sinks beneath the surface of the sea as it
cools down and the outwards spreading continues. These phenomena gave
rise to the concept of sea-floor spreading.
The continental motions are associated with a variety of circulation
patterns. There are seven such major tectonic plates and many smaller ones
as shown in Figure 1.3. These plates move in different directions and at
different speeds from those of the neighbouring ones. Sometimes, the plate
in the front is slower, then the plate behind it comes and collides (and
mountains are formed). On the other hand, sometimes two plates move
away from one another (and rifts are created). In another case, two plates
move side-by-side, along the same or in opposite directions. These three
types of inter-plate interactions are the convergent, divergent and transform
boundaries (Figure 1.4). Convergent boundaries exist in orogenic zones,
while divergent boundaries exist where a rift between the plates is created,
as shown in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.3: Major tectonic plates on the earth’s surface.
Seismic Waves
The large strain energy released during an earthquake causes radial
propagation of waves in all directions within the earth as an elastic mass.
These elastic waves are called seismic waves. Seismic waves transmit
energy from one point of the earth to another through different layers and
finally carry the energy to the surface, which causes destruction. Within the
earth, waves travel in an almost homogenous elastic unbounded medium as
body waves. On the surface, they move as surface waves. Reflection and
refraction of waves take place near the earth’s surface and at every layer
within the earth. The body waves are of two types: P and S waves. P waves
are longitudinal waves in which the direction of particle motion is in the
same or the opposite direction to that of wave propagation shown at the top
of Figure 1.6. S waves are transverse waves in which the direction of
particle motion is at right angles to the direction of wave propagation.
Wave’s propagation velocities are given by:
where E, G, ρ and ν are the Young’s modulus, the shear modulus, the mass
density and the Poisson ratio of the soil mass, respectively. As the Poisson
ratio is always less than a half, P waves arrive ahead of S waves. Near the
surface of the earth, vp = 5–7 km/s and vs = 3-4 km/s.
Figure 1.6: Motions caused by body and surface waves.
The time interval between the arrival of the P and S waves at a station is
called the duration of primary tremor. This duration can be obtained by:
The focus or hypocentre is the point on the fault where the slip starts. The
point just vertically above this on the surface of the earth is the epicentre, as
shown in Figure 1.9.
The depth of the focus from the epicentre is called focal depth and is an
important parameter in determining the damaging potential of an
earthquake. Most of the damaging earthquakes have a shallow focus with a
focal depth of less than 70 km. Focal depth greater than 70 km is classified
as intermediate or deep, depending on their distances. Distances from the
focus and the epicentre to the point of observed ground motion are called
the focal distance and epicentral distance, respectively. The limited region
of the earth that is influenced by the focus of earthquake is called the focal
region. The larger the earthquake, the greater is the focal region. Foreshocks
are defined as those which occur before the main shock. Similarly,
aftershocks are those which occur after the main shock.
Measuring Instruments
The instrument that measures earthquake shaking, a seismograph, has three
components – the sensor, the recorder and the timer. The principle on which
it works is simple and is explicitly reflected in the early seismograph
(Figure 1.10A) – a pen attached at the tip of an oscillating simple pendulum
(a mass hung by a string from a support) marks on a chart paper that is held
on a drum rotating at a constant speed. A magnet around the string provides
required damping to control the amplitude of oscillations. The pendulum
mass, string, magnet and support together constitute the sensor; the drum,
pen and chart paper constitute the recorder and the motor that rotates the
drum at constant speed forms the timer. One such instrument is required in
each of the two orthogonal horizontal directions. Of course, for measuring
vertical oscillations, the string pendulum (Figure 1.10A) is replaced with a
spring pendulum oscillating about a fulcrum. Some instruments do not have
a timer device (i.e., the drum holding the chart paper does not rotate). Such
instruments provide only the maximum extent (or scope) of motion during
the earthquake; for this reason, they are called seismoscopes. The analogue
instruments have evolved over time, but today, digital instruments using
modern computer technology are more commonly used (Figure 1.10B). The
digital instrument records the ground motion on the memory of the
microprocessor that is in-built in the instrument.
Magnitude
A quantitative measure of the actual size of the earthquake is known as
magnitude. It is determined from measurements on seismographs. The
magnitude of an earthquake is a number that allows earthquakes to be
compared with each other in terms of their relative power. Several decades
ago, earthquake magnitudes were calculated based on a method developed
by Charles Richter.
Figure 1.10A: Seismograph setup.
Figure 1.10B: Typical seismograph.
There are two main criteria related to determine the Richter magnitude of
an earthquake:
The maximum amplitude seismic wave = the height of the tallest one is
measured in mm on a seismogram.
The distance to the epicentre must also be taken into account because the
greater the distance from the earthquake, the smaller the waves get.
The Richter magnitude scale measures the amount of seismic energy
released by an earthquake.
The most commonly used magnitude scale is the Richter scale. There are
other magnitude scales, such as the body wave magnitude, surface wave
magnitude and wave energy magnitude.
Intensity
Intensity is a qualitative measure of the strength of shaking produced by the
earthquake at a location during an earthquake. Intensity is determined from
effects on people, human structures and the natural environment.
Earthquake intensity is a ranking based on the observed effects of an
earthquake in each particular place. Therefore, each earthquake produces a
range of intensity values, ranging from highest in the epicentre area to zero
at a distance from the epicentre.
Two commonly used ones are the modified Mercalli intensity scale and The
Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik (MSK) scale.
Introduction to IS 1893 (Part
2 1):2016
2.1 Introduction
In the past few decades, some of the world’s largest earthquakes have
occurred in and around India. The entire Himalayan belt is considered
prone to great earthquakes of magnitude exceeding 8.0, and in a short span
of about 70 years, four such earthquakes have occurred: 1897 Assam
(M8.7), 1905 Kangra (M8.6), 1934 Bihar–Nepal (M8.4) and 1950 Assam–
Tibet (M8.7). Development of the first seismic zone map and of the
earthquake-resistant features for masonry buildings took place in the 1930s.
Formal teaching and research in earthquake engineering started in the late
1950s. Five moderate earthquakes in the last few years (1988 Bihar–Nepal:
M6.6, about 1004 dead; 1991 Uttarkashi: M6.6, about 768 dead; 1993
Latur: M6.4, about 8000 dead; 1997 Jabalpur: M6.0, about 38 dead and
1999 Chamoli: M6.5, about 100 dead) have clearly underlined the
inadequate preparedness of the country to face damaging earthquakes. In
2015, the Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake) killed
nearly 9000 people and injured nearly 22,000. It occurred at Nepal Standard
with a magnitude of 8.1M. It is important to review the historical
developments of Indian earthquake engineering, the status of seismic codes,
status of code compliance, professional and academic environment for
seismic engineering.
2.2 Importance of Seismic Design Codes
Seismic codes are unique to a particular region or country. They take into
account the local seismology, accepted level of seismic risk, building
typologies, materials and methods used in construction.
7. Buildings with flat slabs are brought under the purview of this
standard.
In 2002 edition, Zone I has been merged upwards into Zone II. In the
peninsular India, some parts of Zones I and II are now in Zone III. At
present, there are only four zones: II, III, IV and V (Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.2 shows a typical ground motion record where ground motion
acceleration is shown on vertical axis and time on horizontal axis. The
largest value of ground acceleration is termed as peak ground acceleration
(PGA). Usually, ground motion is recorded in two mutually perpendicular
horizontal direction and the vertical direction. Hence, PGA value can be
different in different directions. Vertical PGA value is generally taken as a
fraction of the horizontal PGA.
The term zero period acceleration (ZPA) indicates the maximum
acceleration experienced by a rigid structure (zero natural period, i.e., T =
0). An infinitely rigid structure has zero natural period and does not deform,
which means that there is no relative motion between its mass and its base,
and the mass has some acceleration as of the ground. Therefore, ZPA is the
same as the PGA.
Earthquake forces result directly from the distortions induced by the motion
of the ground on which the structure rests. The magnitude and distribution
of forces and displacements resulting from ground motion is influenced by
the mass of the structure and its foundation, as well as the character of the
ground motion. There are few things that we must keep in mind while
working with IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 response spectrum:
2. dynamic method.
Dynamic analysis can be performed either by linear dynamic analysis or by
non-linear dynamic analysis. Structural non-linearity can be solved using a
non-linear dynamic analysis.
1. over strength,
2. ductility and
3. redundancy.
While designing a member in limit state design (LSD) method, we take into
consideration the partial safety factor on material (specifically on steel) and
loading. So, we are always overestimating the force. We are not considering
the ductility of the material – it allows the structure to dissipate the energy
imparted on a structure by allowing the members to undergo inelastic
deformation but ensuring that the members will not collapse. In such case,
the failure mechanism is governed by the formation of plastic hinges; even
if this concept is accepted, it is very difficult to achieve in the case of a
concrete member. More redundant is the structure, more plastic hinge
formation is required to come to the failure condition. Thus, the factor R is
such a factor with which the MCE level response spectrum has to be scaled
– it will come in the denominator.
The generalized response spectrum has a value of 1.0(g) as PGA which
indicates a catastrophe in real-life structure. It must be scaled with the site
condition which is why the Z-zone factor comes into play. We can consider
the highest seismic zone – Zone V. Here the zone factor is 0.36. It
invariably indicates the PGA of that zone is 0.36(g). Thus, zone factor is
such a factor with which the response spectrum has to be multiplied with.
While designing a structure, the designer wants to be in a safer side.
Depending on how important the structure is, the designer would like to
design the building with higher force. Thus, there comes another factor
known as I – importance factor. It has a value of 1, 1.2 or 1.5 for IS 1893
(Part 1):2016.
Response spectrum method: Response spectrum analysis is a more elaborate
type of seismic analysis. Response spectra are plots of maximum response
of single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to a specific
excitation. These peak response values are calculated for various values of
frequency (or period), and for various damping ratios of the SDOF system.
Response may be deformation, pseudo-velocity and pseudo-acceleration
which are most important and can be used for the seismic analysis of
structures. The values may be normalized or un-normalized. So the ‘input
spectral data’ table is the primary data for an response spectrum analysis
(RSA).
If a load case contains input spectral data and other parameters used in
RSA, it is called a response spectrum load case. The analysis that is done on
that load case is called response spectrum analysis.
Since any real structure has multiple DOF, the response spectrum analysis
of a real structure having ‘n’ DOF involves reducing it to ‘n’ independent
SDOF systems. The modal superposition method is used to accomplish this,
and then the maximum modal responses can be combined using statistical
methods such as the square root of the sum of the squares and complete
quadratic combination. These and other combination methods are available
in STAAD.Pro CE.
In this method, the code has specified a factor Ak (clause 7.7.4.5-C) which
is termed as design horizontal acceleration spectrum – it is the same as Ah.
The philosophy of bringing the elastic response spectrum which
corresponds to MCE level to DBE inelastic response spectrum remains the
same.
Now, coming to STAAD.Pro CE, the programme calculates the time period
for different mode and (Sa/g) value is found out. It must be scaled down to
DBE inelastic spectrum. For this reason, the direction factor should be
equal to (Z/2)*(I/R).
Modelling Aspects Using a
3 Software
3.1 Introduction
The shaking that takes place due to earthquake induces inertia forces in a
building where mass is present. These inertia forces are transferred
downwards through horizontally and vertically aligned structural elements
to foundations. The paths along which these inertia forces are transferred
through building are load paths. Buildings may have multiple load paths
running between locations of mass and foundations. Load paths are as much
a concern for transmitting vertical loads (e.g. self-weight and occupancy
load) as for horizontal loads (e.g. earthquake and wind) (Figure 3.1).
Figure 3.1: Structural elements in buildings constituting load paths include
(1) horizontal diaphragm elements laid in horizontal plane, that is, roof
slabs, floor slabs or trussed roofs and bracings; (2) vertical elements
spanning in vertical plane along height of building, that is, planar frames
(beams and columns interconnected at different levels), walls (usually made
of RC or masonry) and planar trusses; (3) foundations and soils, that is
isolated and combined footings, mats, piles, wells, soil layers and rock and
(4) connections between the previous elements.
A continuous load path, or preferably more than one path, with adequate
strength and stiffness should be provided from the origin of the load to the
final lateral load–resisting elements. The path for load transfer is described
in the following.
Inertia forces generated in an element, such as a segment of exterior curtain
wall, are delivered through structural connections to a horizontal diaphragm
(i.e. floor slab or roof); the diaphragms distribute these forces to vertical
components, such as moment frames, braces and shear walls, and finally,
the vertical elements transfer the forces into the foundations. Discontinuity
in load path is not desirable in structures.
Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all three directions – along the
two horizontal directions (X and Z, say) and the vertical direction (Y, say)
(Figure 3.2). Also, during the earthquake, the ground shakes randomly back
and forth (− and +) along each of these X, Y and Z directions. All structures
are primarily designed to carry the gravity loads, that is, they are designed
for a force equal to the mass M (this includes mass due to own weight and
imposed loads) times the acceleration due to gravity g acting in the vertical
downward direction (−Y ). The downward force Mg is called the gravity
load. The vertical acceleration during ground shaking either adds to or
subtracts from the acceleration due to gravity. As factors of safety are used
in the design of structures to resist the gravity loads, usually most structures
tend to be adequate against vertical shaking. However, horizontal shaking
along X and Z directions (both + and − directions of each) remains a
concern. Structures designed for gravity loads, in general, may not be able
to safely sustain the effects of horizontal earthquake shaking. Hence, it is
necessary to ensure adequacy of the structures against horizontal earthquake
effects.
Under horizontal shaking of the ground, horizontal inertia forces are
generated at level of the mass of the structure (usually situated at the floor
levels). These lateral inertia forces are transferred by the floor slab to the
walls or columns, to the foundations, and finally to the soil system
underneath. So, each of these structural elements (floor slabs, walls,
columns and foundations) and the connections between them must be
designed to safely transfer these inertia forces through them (Figure 3.3).
Figure 3.2: Principal directions of a building.
Figure 3.3: Flow of seismic inertia forces through all the structural
components.
Walls or columns are the most critical elements in transferring the inertia
forces. But, in traditional construction, floor slabs and beams receive more
care and attention during design and construction, than walls and columns.
Walls are relatively thin and often made of brittle material like masonry.
The walls are very poor in carrying horizontal earthquake inertia forces
along the direction of their thickness. Failures of masonry walls have been
observed in many earthquakes in the past. Similarly, poorly designed and
constructed reinforced concrete columns can be disastrous.
Generally, floor slabs are not modelled in STAAD.Pro CE. Floor slabs can
effectively be modelled using plate elements. But, having plates in the
models induces a lot of other problems. Discretization of larger elements
into the smaller parts is also required in this process, and the adjoining
beams are also divided. The analysis time gets increased as you have higher
numbers of elements present in the model. The interpretation of analysis
and design results from STAAD.Pro CE for the broken beams becomes
difficult. It can be understood that if floor slabs are not modelled using
plates, the stiffness of the slabs is ignored in the analysis. There are two
distinct load paths in a structure – vertical and lateral (Figure 3.4).
Figure 3.4: Different load paths in structures.
Parameter Description
Where f1, f11 and f12 are three rigid diaphragms located at floor
height ranging between f2 and f3, f21 and f31 and the joints lying in
the plane as indicated by their global Y coordinates, respectively.
4. The mass model (in terms of reference load) must be specified before
specifying floor diaphragm.
10. Base level (or ground floor level or support level) is taken as the
minimum of Y coordinates defined. Different base levels can be
specified using the BASE b1 option in the command. If used, this
option must be the last line of the floor diaphragm system.
VB = Ah × W
where
Ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient for a structure (Clause 6.4.2 )
Z = seismic zone factor [Table 3 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016]
I = importance factor [Table 8 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016]
R = response reduction factor [Table 9 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016]
The fundamental natural period for building can be computed from the
following empirical expression depending on the types of lateral load
resisting system present in the building [Clause 7.6.2 of IS 1893 (Part
1):2016]
1.
2.
3.
where
h = height of the building, in m
Awi = effective cross-sectional area of wall i in first storey of the
building, in m2
Lwi = length of structural wall i in the first storey in the considered
direction of lateral forces, in m
d = base dimension of the plinth level along the considered direction
of earthquake shaking, in m
Nw = number of walls in the considered direction of earthquake
shaking
where
Qi = design lateral force at floor i
Multiplying factor for SA, DF: DF is the user-provided value for different
damping ratio as per Table 3 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2002. It is multiplied with
all the spectral value.
Height of the building, HT: This parameter is to define actual height of the
building to be used for time period calculation. It is a user-defined value
[refer to Clause 7.6.2 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016]. The default height of the
structure computed by the programme is the difference in Y coordinates’
value of the nodes having the lowest and the highest Y coordinates in the
model.
Base dimension in X direction, DX: It is the base dimension of the
building in the X direction at the plinth level for calculating approximate
natural time period along the X direction [refer to Clause 7.6.2(b) or (c) of
IS 1893 (Part 1):2016].
Factor: It is the factor multiplied with the total seismic weight. Default
factor is 1.
Note:
A. ‘Accidental Load’ shall not be included from IS 1893(Part
1):2016 seismic parameter dialogue box to calculate torsion moment
when rigid floor diaphragm is provided.
B. ST is to be provided with DX, DZ, and HT, else the STAAD.Pro CE
will calculate Rayleigh time period.
C. Either DM or DF parameter should be provided to obtain scaled
spectral value.
D. The parameter DT should not be used for underground structure to
reduce Ah. Instead only GL is used.
E. Either SA can be inserted directly, or SS should be provided to
calculate the design acceleration coefficient.
F. Along with GL parameter, HT parameter should be used for
calculating natural time period of building.
G. When vertical motion is considered, (2/3) factor [refer to 6.4.6 of IS
1893 (Part 1):2016] will be considered internally by the programme.
H. Design acceleration coefficient for vertical motion is taken as 2.5
irrespective of natural time period of the structure [refer to 6.4.6 of
IS 1893 (Part 1):2016].
I. In STAAD.Pro, natural torsion is automatically included in analysis
for DEC ≤ 1.0, that is, no additional inherent torsion is applied. If
DEC > 1.0, a twisting moment with modified eccentricity of DEC−1
will act at CM.
J. Refer to Clause 7.8.2 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016
This standard provides empirical formula for time period computation for
the structure having lateral load resisting elements classified in the
aforementioned category. A few examples are covered in this chapter
covering these categories. The detailed workflow is explained under each
problem statement.
IS 1893(Part 1):2016 considers following types of building structure as per
Clause 7.6.2:
RC MRF Building
Reinforced concrete moment resisting bare frame is an assembly of beams
and columns with rigid connection. It is capable of resisting induced and
externally applied forces through flexural strength (bending) of members
and continuity of columns and beams through rigid connections. Moments
are transferred from one element to other through the rigid connections.
Most of the concrete frames can be idealized as MRF due to the inherent
continuity of monolithic construction. In STAAD.Pro CE RC MRF
buildings are denoted by ST 1.
Problem Statement 4.1: Section used for beams and columns: 500 mm ×
500 mm
Material used: Concrete
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: RC MRF building
Rigid diaphragm: Provided at all floor levels
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are given in Figure
4.1A and 4.1B
Compute design base shear (Vb) and design lateral force (Qi) for the given
data.
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to STAAD.Pro CE:
12. After analysing the structure to get the output, select the ‘view output
option’. The output of STAAD.Pro CE is shown in Figures 4.7–4.12.
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to the STAAD.Pro CE:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign ‘Mass Reference Load’ and to insert ‘Seismic Parameters’.
2. Seismic loads are assigned by following steps 6–8 from the solution of
Problem Statement 4.1.
Figure 4.13: Static seismic parameters.
3. To analyse the model and to view output, the output steps 9–10 are
followed from Problem Statement 4.1.
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to the STAAD.Pro CE:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign ‘Mass Reference Load’ and to insert ‘Seismic Parameters’
2. Seismic loads are assigned by following steps 6–8 from the solution of
Problem Statement 4.1.
3. To analyse the model and to view output, the output steps 9–10 are
followed from the Problem Statement 4.1.
Aw is total effective area of walls in the first storey of the building in m2.
where
h = height of the building, in m
Awi = effective cross-sectional area of wall i in first storey of the building,
in m2
Lwi = length of structural wall i in the first storey in the considered direction
of lateral forces, in m
d = base dimension of the plinth level along the considered direction of
earthquake shaking, in m
Nw = number of walls in the considered direction of earthquake shaking
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to STAAD.Pro CE:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed to assign ‘Mass Reference Load’ and to insert
‘Seismic Parameters’ from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Plates are used for modelling Wall.
3. Seismic loads are assigned by following steps 6–8 from the solution of
Problem Statement 4.1.
4. To analyse the model and to view output, the output steps 9–10 are
followed from the Problem Statement 4.1.
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to STAAD.Pro CE:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed to assign ‘Mass Reference Load’ and to insert
‘Seismic Parameters’ from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Plates are used for modelling wall.
3. Width and length of the walls are provided along required horizontal
axis in the ‘Wall Area’ box (Figure 4.29).
4. Seismic loads are assigned by following steps 6–8 from the solution of
Problem Statement 4.1.
Figure 4.29: Wall area information of first storey.
5. To analyse the model and to view output, the output steps 9–10 are
followed from the Problem Statement 4.1.
1. Steps 1–5 are followed to assign ‘Mass Reference Load’ and to insert
‘Seismic Parameters’ from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
4. Seismic loads are assigned by following steps 6–8 from the solution of
Problem Statement 4.1.
5. To analyse the model and to view output, the output steps 9–10 are
followed from the Problem Statement 4.1.
5.1 Introduction
Solution:
Steps followed by the programme:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from Problem Statement 4.1 to assign Mass
Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
3. To analyse the model and to view the output Steps 9–10 are followed
from Problem Statement 4.1.
5.3 HT Parameter
Problem Statement 5.2: Section used for beams and columns are 250 mm
× 300 mm
Material used: Concrete
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: All other buildings
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are given in Figures 5.8A
and B.
Compute Design Base Shear (Vb) for the given data.
Solution:
Steps followed by the programme:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from Problem Statement 4.1 to assign Mass
Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
3. To analyse the model and to view the output Steps 9–10 are followed
from Problem Statement 4.1.
4. The STAAD.Pro CE input file is shown below:
PX and PZ parameters are the natural time period of structure in the X and Z
directions, respectively. It is a user-defined value. PX and PZ parameters
are used when the lower base supports of the structure are at a different Y
coordinate. These parameters override ST (structure type) parameter for
calculating natural time period of the structure (Figure 5.13).
Figure 5.13: PX and PZ parameters should be provided for the structure
whose supports are at different elevation.
Problem Statement 5.3: Section used for beams and columns: 300mm ×
300mm
Material used: Concrete
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Rigid diaphragm: Provided at height 20, 25 and 30 m
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are given in Figures
5.14A–C.
Compute design base shear (VB) for the given data.
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to STAAD.Pro:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from Problem Statement 4.1 to assign Mass
Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
3. To analyse the model and to view the output, the output Steps 9–10 are
followed from Problem Statement 4.1.
4. Seismic parameter for this Problem Statement from the STAAD Editor
5. Output file reported by STAAD.Pro CE for this Problem Statement
(Figures 5.16–5.18).
Figure 5.16: Design base shear and time period in the X direction.
Figure 5.17: Design base shear and time period in the Z direction.
5.5 DM Parameter
IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 states that the value of damping shall be taken as 5%
of the critical damping for the purposes of estimating Ah in the design
lateral force VB of a building as per Clause 7.2.4 irrespective of the material
of construction (namely steel, reinforced concrete, masonry or a
combination thereof of these three basic materials) of its lateral load
resisting system, considering that buildings experience inelastic
deformations under design level earthquake effects, resulting in much
higher energy dissipation than that due to initial structural damping in
buildings. This value of damping shall be used, irrespective of the method
of the structural analysis employed, namely equivalent static method or
dynamic analysis method. The damping factor value to the corresponding
damping ratio is multiplied with the design acceleration coefficient value
(Sa/g). In STAAD.Pro CE, other percentage of damping can be provided; in
such cases the damping factor will be interpolated.
Multiplying factors for corresponding damping percentages as per Table 3
of IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 (Clause 6.4.2).
The following formula is adopted for interpolation between damping values
as given in Table 5.1. Interpolation and/or extrapolation of ground response
acceleration for a mode has been made for determining the spectrum
ordinates corresponding to the modal damping value for use in response
spectrum analysis. The relationship that shall be used for this purpose is
defined by
Sa = Ae−ξ + B/ξ
where
Sa = spectrum ordinate
ξ = damping ratio
Constants A and B are determined using two known spectrum ordinates
Table 5.1 Multiplying factors for obtaining values for other Damping
where
ξ1 < ξ < ξ2.
Problem Statement 5.4: Section used for beams and columns are 250 mm
× 300 mm
Material used: Concrete
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: RC frame building
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are given in Figures
5.19A and B.
Compute Design Base Shear (Vb) for the given data.
Solution:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from Problem Statement 4.1 to assign Mass
Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
Loading: Self-weight.
3. To analyse the model and to view the output, Steps 9–10 are followed
from Problem Statement 4.1.
Figure 5.21: Design base shear and time period in the X direction.
Figure 5.22: Design base shear and time period in the Z direction.
Figure 5.23: Design base shear in the Y direction.
5.6 DF Parameter
In STAAD.Pro CE, the damping factor value can be provided with the help
of DF parameter in the Seismic Parameters dialogue box. Though for IS
1893 (Part 1):2016 the damping ratio value has been restricted to 5% but
different values of damping can be provided for the purposes of estimating
the design acceleration spectrum (Ah). The damping factors corresponding
to different damping ratios are provided in Table 3 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2002,
which is shown in Table 5.1.
Problem Statement 5.5: Section used for beams and columns are 250 mm
× 300 mm
Material used: Concrete
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: RC frame building
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are given in Figures
5.24A and B. Compute Design Base Shear (Vb) for given data.
Solution:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from Problem Statement 4.1 to assign Mass
Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
Loading: Self-weight.
2. IS 1893-2016 seismic parameters are (Figure 5.25):
A. Zone: 0.16
B. Response reduction factor (RF): 3
C. Importance factor (I): 1
D. Rock and soil site factor (SS): 1
E. Type of structure (ST): 1
F. Multiplying factor for SA(DF): 1.40
4. To analyse the model and to view the output, Steps 9–10 are followed
from Problem Statement 4.1.
Figure 5.26: Design base shear and time period in the X direction.
Figure 5.27: Design base shear and time period in the Z direction.
Figure 5.28: Design base shear in the Y direction.
Buildings With Fundamental Time
6 Period Greater Than 4s
Design acceleration coefficient (Sa/g) for different soil types as per clause
6.4.2b of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 is used in response spectrum method of
analysis.
Figure 6.1: Spectra for hard soil to be used for equivalent static analysis.
For rocky or hard soil sites (Figure 6.1),
Problem Statement 6.1: Section used for beams and columns are 250 mm
× 250 mm
Material used: Concrete with density 25 kN/m3
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: All other buildings
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are shown in
Figures 6.2 and 6.3.
Compute the design Base Shear (VB) for the given data.
Figure 6.2: Building plan.
Figure 6.3: Building elevation.
Solution:
Steps to instruct the programme
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign Mass Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters (Figure
6.4).
3. To analyse the model and to view the output, Steps 9–10 are followed
from Problem Statement 4.1.
7.1 Introduction
Various observations show that the failure of several structures results from
the induced vertical earthquake forces. Vertical motion may induce shear
and flexural failure in addition to the possibility of compressive
overstressing or failure due to direct tension. The main effect of the vertical
motion consists of the variation of axial force in the columns. The high
values of compression, or even tension, induced by the vertical excitation
could produce damage in the structure which leads to a decrease of
structural capacity to withstand the horizontal seismic motion, resulting in
an increase of horizontal displacements. Usually, the vertical motion is
weaker than the horizontal motion. On an average, peak vertical
acceleration is one-half to two-thirds of the peak horizontal acceleration.
The vertical acceleration responses are taken about two-thirds of the
horizontal acceleration responses.
Here the first formula is used since it is for buildings governed by IS 1893
(Part 1):2016.
Problem Statement 7.1: Section used for beams and columns are 300 mm
× 450 mm
Material used: Concrete
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: RC MRF building
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are given in Figures 7.1A
and B.
Compute design Base Shear (Vb) for given set of data.
Solution:
Steps to instruct the programme
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign Mass Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
3. To analyse the model and to view the output, steps 9–10 are followed
from Problem Statement 4.1.
Problem Statement 8.1: The section used for beams are 250 mm × 250
mm and for columns are 400 mm × 250 mm.
Material used: Concrete density 25 kN/m3
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: All other buildings
Base dimensions and floor heights of the building are given in Figures
8.1A and B.
Compute the Design Base Shear (VB) for the given data.
Solution:
The steps followed by the programme:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign Mass Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
(Figure 8.2).
Figure 8.3: Design base shear and time period in the X direction.
Figure 8.4: Design base shear and time period in the Z direction.
Seismic Analysis of Structures
9 Having Structural Components
Below the Ground Level
When seismic waves hit the ground surface, these are reflected back into
the ground. The reflection mechanics is such that the amplitude of vibration
at the free surface is much higher (almost double) than that under the
ground. This mechanism allows the design spectrum to be one half in case
the structure is at a depth of 30 m or below. Linear interpolation is resorted
for structures with a depth less than 30 m. The word ‘underground
structures and foundations’ has been mentioned in this clause because the
clause is also applicable for the calculation of seismic inertia force on
foundation under the ground.
Underground structures and buildings the base of which located at depths of
30 m or more computed Ah (design horizontal earthquake acceleration
coefficient) at the base have taken half the value of Ah as mentioned in
Clause 6.4.5, IS1893(part I):2016. This reduced value is used only for
estimating the inertia effects due to masses at the corresponding levels
below the ground. The effects of inertia for the above-ground portion of the
building are estimated based on the unreduced value of Ah. For estimating
the effects of inertia due to masses of structures and foundations placed
between the ground level and 30 m depth, the design horizontal acceleration
spectrum value is linearly interpolated between Ah and 0.5Ah (Figure 9.1).
For the portion of the structure above the ground:
Wi = seismic weight of ith floor above the ground
hi = height of ith floor above the ground
VBs = horizontal base shear above the ground
= Ah · Ws
Problem Statement 9.1: Section used for beams and columns: 350mm ×
450mm
Material used: Concrete
Support condition: All supports are fixed at base
Type of structure: Reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frame
(MRF) building
Ground Level is at 6 m from the base
Figure 9.2: Building plan.
Figure 9.3: Building elevation.
Base dimensions and floor heights of the buildings are given in Figures 9.2
and 9.3.
Solution:
Steps to instruct the programme
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign Mass Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
9. To analyse the model and to view the output, the output Steps 9–10 are
followed.
Figure 9.6: Design base shear and time period above the ground level in X
direction.
Figure 9.7: Design base shear and time period below the ground level in X
direction.
Figure 9.12: Design base shear and time period below ground level in Z
direction.
The seismic forces that act on a structure during an earthquake are related to
inertia and act through centres of mass. These inertia forces are resisted by
elastic forces in the lateral load resisting elements whose resultants pass
through centres of resistance. If the resisting elements in a building are so
distributed that centres of resistance (CR) do not coincide with centres of
mass (CM), lateral seismic forces cause torsional motion in the structure.
Structures with non-coincident centre of mass and centre of resistance are
referred to as asymmetric structures and the torsional motion induced in
them is referred to as natural torsion.
Torsional motion may also result due to a variety of factors other than
known asymmetry. One such factor is the asymmetry that may exist in a
nominally symmetric structure because of uncertainty in the evaluation of
centres of mass and centres of stiffness. For example, the actual distribution
of mass may be different from the one assumed in computations. The
estimation of the stiffness of resisting elements may be inaccurate because
of lack of precise data on the modulus of elasticity, extent of cracking in
concrete, inaccuracy in measuring the dimensions, etc. The torsion resulting
from such asymmetry belongs to the category of natural torsion, but its
magnitude cannot be defined in a deterministic manner and it can only be
assessed in a statistical sense. Another factor is the torsion of structure
caused by ground rotation about a vertical axis. No measurements are
available for ground rotational motion and therefore its effect can be
assessed only in an indirect manner.
Accidental torsion is always present in buildings. It results from uncertainty
in the distribution of mass and stiffness as well as the rotational component
of ground motion. Previous studies have shown that the effect of accidental
torsion can be estimated from a pair of dynamic analyses in which the static
eccentricity is increased or decreased by 0.05b.
As per Clause 7.8 of IS1893-2016 code, provision shall be made in all
buildings for the increase in shear forces on the lateral force resisting
elements resulting from twisting about the vertical axis of the building.
The design eccentricity is taken as a combination of static and accidental
eccentricities and is given by the following equations.
α = 1.5
β = 0.05
δ=1
If the design static eccentricity component of the design eccentricity is
greater than the natural static eccentricity (α > 1), then an additional
torsional moment of the value of (α − 1)esi × Fi is introduced at the centre
of mass to achieve the full torsional condition. Please refer to Figure 10.1.
The value of β × bi × Fi is added or subtracted to the additional natural
torsion to incorporate the effect of accidental torsion.
If α = 1.5, δ = 1.0 and β = 0.05, then STAAD.Pro CE parameters to be
defined are DEC = 1.5 and ACC = 0.05 in one load case and DEC = 1.0 and
ACC = −0.05 in another load case to include both natural and accidental
torsion.
Compute design base shear (Vb), design lateral force (Qi) and torsional
moment (MY) for the given data.
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to STAAD.Pro CE:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed to assign Mass Reference Load and to insert
Seismic Parameters from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Figure 10.7: Seismic load definition and load generation with torsional
parameters in STAAD.Pro CE input editor.
Soft storey buildings are known for their poor performance during
earthquakes. Typical examples for such irregularity are the buildings on
stilts. In the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, most of the multistorey buildings that
collapsed had soft ground storey. According to the definition of soft storey
defined in IS 1893(Part-1):2016, a soft storey is a storey whose lateral
stiffness is less than the storey above. In general, multistorey buildings in
metropolitan cities require open taller first storey for parking of vehicles
and/or for retail shopping, large space for meeting room or a banking hall.
Due to this functional requirement, the first storey has lesser lateral stiffness
as compared to upper storey, which are stiffened by masonry infill walls
which has good strength in compression. This characteristic of building
construction creates ‘soft’ storey problems in multistorey buildings. It is
one of the vertical irregularities as per Table 6 of IS 1893(Part-1):2016.
Increased flexibility of first storey results in extreme deflection, which in
turn leads to concentration of forces at the second storey connections
accompanied by large plastic deformation. In addition, most of the energy
developed during earthquake is dissipated by the columns of the soft storey.
In this process the plastic hinges are formed at the end of the columns,
which transform the soft storey into a mechanism. In such cases the
collapse is unavoidable. It is recognized that this type of failure results from
the combination of several other unfavourable reasons such as torsion,
excessive mass on upper floors, P − Δ effects and lack of ductility in the
bottom storey. Therefore, the soft storey deserve a special consideration.
In STAAD.Pro CE soft storey checking is a process by which designers
check lateral stiffness of a storey with that of the storey above. This
command is applicable only when rigid floor diaphragm is provided.
The software is currently equipped with the facility to consider the in-plane
stiffness of slabs as rigid diaphragm. Lateral stiffness of a floor is
calculated by the program only when the floor is modelled as rigid
diaphragm since it functions as transferring storey shears and torsional
moments to lateral force-resisting members during earthquake.
Consider a multistorey building:
The points are master nodes. The storey stiffness is defined as the inverse of
inter-storey drift when a unit load is applied at that storey only.
The unit load applied is along X, Z and θY.
1. Steps 1–5 are followed to assign Mass Reference Load and to insert
Seismic Parameters from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
12.1 Introduction
2. Mass and stiffness are evenly distributed with building height, thus
giving a regular mode shape.
and
3. The programme calculates Sa/g for each mode utilizing time period
and damping for each mode.
4. The programme calculates the design horizontal acceleration
spectrum value Ak for each mode.
6. The peak lateral seismic force and storey shear force at each floor in
each mode is calculated.
8. The peak response quantities are then combined as per the specified
method (square root of summation of squares (SRSS), complete
quadratic combination (CQC), absolute sum method (ABS), closely
spaced method (CSM) or TEN) to get the final results.
This process is rigorously followed for each mode, and any mode can be a
torsional mode. The implication of having a torsional mode in first few
modes is an indication of the fact that your floors may be torsionally weak,
and you need to take precaution for that.
The programme can calculate centre of mass (CM) and centre of resistance
(CR) if rigid diaphragm is defined in the model in conjunction with mass
reference load cases. The programme forcefully applies the lateral seismic
loading at the CM. Thus, inherent torsional effect coming for static
eccentricity (esi, i.e., difference between CM and CR) is automatically
considered at the analysis itself as the programme is forcefully applying
seismic load at CM instead of CR.
The design base shear computed from RSA should be compared with the
base shear obtained from equivalent static analysis.
The design base shear, VB_RS, calculated from the RSA in STAAD.Pro
CE, is compared with the base shear, VB_SS, calculated by the empirical
formula for the fundamental time period based on Clause 7.2.1 (equivalent
static analysis). If VB_RS is less than VB_SS, all of the response quantities
are amplified by (VB_SS/VB_RS) as per Clause 7.7.3(a) for each of the
orthogonal plan directions and by maximum of [(VB_SS/VB_RS)X,
(VB_SS/VB_RS)Z. when considering response spectrum load in the vertical
direction based on Clause 7.7.3(b).
where
λk = peak response quantity in mode k
Nm is the number of modes considered
where
λ = estimate of peak response quantity
λi = response quantity in mode i (with sign)
λj = response quantity in mode j (with sign)
ρij = cross-modal correlation coefficient
CSM (Closely Spaced Method): CSM as per IS:1893 (Part 1): 2016
procedures.
If building has a few closely spaced modes, then net peak response quantity
λ* due to these closely space modes alone shall be obtained as
where λc = peak response quantity in closely spaced mode c. The
summation is for closely spaced modes only. Then this peak response
quantity λ* due to closely spaced modes is combined with those of
remaining well-separated modes by method described previously.
ABS (Absolute Sum Method): This method is very conservative and
represents a worst-case combination.
GRP: Closely spaced modes grouping method.
TEN: Ten per cent method of combining closely spaced modes [NRC Reg.
Guide 1.92 (Rev. 1.2.2, 1976)].
Subsoil class: STAAD.Pro CE uses this parameter to generate response
spectrum curve. The curve (time period vs acceleration) is plotted
automatically by the programme for the soil type mentioned in Clause
6.4.2a of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016. The site-specific response spectral data can
also be provided for generation of response spectrum curve by selecting
Subsoil Class as Custom. This spectral data pair is considered as lookup
table for finding spectral acceleration corresponding to the modal time
period considered in the RSA.
Spectrum type: STAAD.Pro CE provides two spectrum types: acceleration
and displacement. This should be provided along with site-specific spectral
data.
Interpolation type: Two types of interpolation are available in STAAD.Pro
CE – linear and logarithmic. Time periods of the structure are obtained for
each mode by solving characteristic equation. These modal time periods
may not exactly match with the periods specified in the spectrum input; in
this case, interpolation is required between available spectral values.
Damping type: There are three ways to specify damping in RSA:
Damping: This parameter is used when the damping ratio is same
for all modes. As discussed in Chapter 4 (Section 4.1), for IS 1893
(Part 1):2016 the damping considered in the analysis should be 5%
of the critical damping. STAAD.Pro CE allows the following
damping method to be considered in the analysis.
CDAMP: Composite damping is denoted by CDAMP. Composite
damping is a weighted average damping ratio, which is based on the
strain energy and damping ratio of the various materials used in the
structure, and also the spring supports of the structure if spring
damping is specified.
MDAMP: The MDAMP method is used when the dynamic analysis
is performed using a known set of modal damping ratios or ones
calculated by the programme based on damping ratios that are
known for two specific modes.
Direction factor: The direction indicates along which the spectrum load is
applied, and the factor is the fraction of the spectral value which is inserted
as shown in Figure 12.1. The direction factor in X, Z and Y is ((Zone
factor/2) × (Importance factor/Response Reduction factor)) = ((Z/2) ×
(I/R)). After the spectral value is obtained for each mode from the lookup
table, it is multiplied by the direction factor.
Torsion parameter: To consider torsional effects in the analysis, the
following parameters are to be used with values pertaining to Clause 7.8.2
of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016.
Accidental Eccentricity, ECC: Accidental torsion accounts for the
additional torsional moment on a floor due to a shift in the CM from its
actual location to either side by a distance equal to 5% of the building
dimension orthogonal to the direction of the earthquake. Ground rotation
about vertical axis of a structure also plays a major role in inducing torsion.
These factors are specified as (0.05) and (−0.05) in Clause 7.8.2 of IS 1893
(Part 1):2016 for calculating design eccentricity.
Figure 12.1: IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 Response Spectrum parameters.
Other:
Scale: This is the normalization factor by which the second number
set of spectral data pair will be multiplied if the spectrum data are
normalized set. Default value for this parameter is 1. If the spectral
data are generated by the programme as per Clause 6.4.2.1 of IS
1893 (Part 1):2016 based on the specified soil type, then the
programme automatically multiplies the generated spectral
acceleration value by (g) because the generated data have the form
(Sa/g). Therefore, in that case the user does not need to specify a
SCALE FACTOR.
Missing mass: For RSA, STAAD.Pro CE uses only as many modes
as defined by the CUT OFF MODE SHAPE command, or a lesser
number in case it cannot calculate as many as specified through that
command. Most design codes require 90% or more than 90%
cumulative mass participation (SUMM value reports in output) in
considered direction. MISSING MASS command is required when
the programme is unable to achieve that percentage of mass
participation in considered direction using CUT OFF MODE
SHAPE and/or CUT OFF FREQUENCY command. Those modes
that are left out of the dynamic solution can be accounted for using
this facility. Initially the modal combination results are calculated
without the missing mass mode, and then the result is combined via
modal combination method with the missing mass result. Alongside
the missing mass term, there is a box in which the spectral
acceleration (in the current units) can be specified for the missing
mass mode. This will not be factored by SCALE.
ZPA: This is applicable only if the MISSING MASS correction is
used in the response. If the spectral acceleration is not entered with
the MIS parameter (MISSING MASS command) the ZPA = Zero
Period Acceleration value (default 33 Hz) is used to look up the
spectral acceleration (of the missing mass mode) from the input
curve (spectral displacement or acceleration vs time period). If
nothing is specified for ZPA, STAAD.Pro uses a frequency of 33
Hz.
Note:
A. If the subsoil class is selected as hard soil or medium soil or soft
soil, spectrum type and interpolation type parameter should not be
included.
B. The spectrum type options, that is acceleration (ACC parameter) or
displacement (DISP parameter), and interpolation type options, that
is linear (LIN parameter) and logarithmic (LOG parameter), should
only be used when sub soil type is set to “Custom”.
C. STAAD.Pro CE generates mass matrix only once, and it is
applicable for all other response spectrum load cases. The
programme ignores the masses defined under other response
spectrum load cases.
Note: G, H, I and J from Section 4.1 are applicable for response
spectrum load case also.
where i =1,…, n
λ = ω2 and {xi} = mode shape vector. On doing a modal analysis, we get
frequency of a mode and corresponding mode shape. In STAAD.Pro CE
output file, time period and corresponding frequencies are reported for each
considered mode.
Postprocessing Reports:
By clicking on Dynamics tab from the Postprocessing mode, Time period
(in seconds), Frequency (in Hz), Mass Participation Factor (in
percentage) in three orthogonal direction and Mode Shapes for each mode
are reported at the right-hand side of the window as shown in Figure 12.2.
Both tables are given in Microsoft Excel format.
The animated mode shape can be viewed from the Animation option under
Results tab as shown in Figure 12.3A. The scale of the MODE SHAPES
can be adjusted from the Scales tab under the same window as shown in
Figure 12.3B.
The animated mode shapes for different modes can be viewed from the
drop-down list of the Mode option under the Results tab and the active
mode shape can be seen too at the extreme right corner as shown in Figure
12.4.
This section deals with discussion on different commands that can be used
in RSA.
These commands can be specified from the dropdown list available under
Miscellaneous Commands, in Figure 12.5, steps are provided to include
CUT OFF commands from GUI. CUT OFF commands should be specified
after SUPPORT specification (Figure 12.6), if those are provided from
input editor.
CUT OFF MODE SHAPE is specified as 10 for a model (Figure 12.6), and
corresponding STAAD.Pro CE output file is shown in Figures 12.7A and B.
Figure 12.5: CUT OFF command from GUI.
Figure 12.6: CUT OFF command is provided from input editor.
If IMR 3 along with Start load case 100 is used, the program will generate
first three modal response load cases with a starting load 100.
The input editor looks like
Mode Select
The structural response obtained from a spectrum analysis is the one
resulting from all the considered modes calculated by the programme. This
command allows specification of a reduced set of active dynamic modes.
All modes selected by this command remain selected until a new MODE
SELECT is specified. This command is used to limit the modes used in
dynamic analysis to the modes listed in this command and deactivate all
other modes that were calculated but not listed in this command. If this
command is not entered, then all modes calculated are used in the dynamic
analysis.
General format:
MODE SELECT mode-list
This command instructs the programme to calculate the response of the
structure only using modes 1, 2, 3 and 4. Rest of the mode will have no
contribution in the analysis.
Note: If the structural response is required for combination of only modes 2,
4 and 6, then it should be specified as
Figure 12.12: Time period of the structure for all six modes.
Figure 12.13: Calculation of modal weight considering only first four
modes.
Figure 12.15: Calculation of modal base action for first four modes.
SET Commands
SET command should be used in the input file after UNIT command and
before the first JOINT command.
SET PARICIPATION FACTOR: SET PARICIPATION FACTOR or SET
PART FACT command is used to print mode participation factor along
three global directions for each considered mode.
Modal participation factor, Pk in mode k of a structure is defined in the code
IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 as the amount by which natural mode ‘k’ contributes
to overall oscillation of the structure during horizontal and vertical
earthquake ground motion.
As per Clause 7.7.5.4b of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016, Modal participation factor,
Pk of mode k is given by
where
ϕik = mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k
Wi = seismic weight of floor i of the structure
n = number of floors of the structure
SET PART FACT command is not available in the GUI. It can be inserted
from the STAAD.Pro CE input editor before the first JOINT Command
(Figure 12.17).
Mode participation factor reports in the STAAD.Pro CE output file as
(Figure 12.18)
SET PRINT 17: If the SET PRINT 17 command is used, then this
calculation of modal base action is broken down into the contributions to
the base summation from each floor for each mode. This command is also
not available in the GUI, in the following figure this command is provided
in input editor:
In Figure 12.19, Floor Modal Base Action is reported on using SET PRINT
17 command.
In Table 12.1, a sample example is shown to calculate modal base action.
Figure 12.19: Floor Modal Base Action and Modal Base Action in
STAAD.Pro CE output.
Modal Base Action Height (m) Floor Modal Base Action for Mode 2
25 60.05
20 70.14
15 56.82
10 38.32
5 16.86
0 0
∑ 242.19
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign Mass Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters.
Figure 12.27: Table of modal weight and generalized weight for each
mode.
Figure 12.31: Modal base action–base shear in the X direction for each
mode.
Figure 12.32: Mass participation factor and base shear in the X direction.
Figure 12.33: Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah, base shear and
minimum design lateral force calculation by static method in the X
direction.
Figure 12.38: Mass participation factor and base shear in the Z direction.
Figure 12.39: Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah, base shear and
minimum design lateral force calculation by static method in the Z
direction.
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign Mass Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
0 1.013
0.03 1.44
0.04 1.6
0.05 1.76
0.058 1.867
0.059 1.867
0.06 1.92
0.061 1.92
0.062 1.92
0.065 1.973
0.07 2.027
0.071 2.08
0.074 2.133
0.084 2.24
0.094 2.4
0.104 2.56
0.114 2.507
0.12 2.507
0.121 2.507
0.124 2.507
0.126 2.507
0.133 2.507
0.601 2.507
0.604 2.507
0.617 2.507
0.622 2.507
0.632 2.507
0.667 2.507
0.767 2.187
0.867 1.92
0.967 1.707
1.067 1.547
1.167 1.44
1.267 1.333
1.367 1.227
1.467 1.12
1.567 1.067
1.667 1.013
1.767 0.96
1.867 0.907
1.967 0.853
2.067 0.8
2.167 0.747
2.267 0.747
2.367 0.693
2.467 0.693
2.567 0.64
2.667 0.64
2.767 0.587
2.867 0.587
2.967 0.587
3.067 0.533
3.167 0.533
3.267 0.533
3.367 0.48
3.467 0.48
3.544 0.48
3.559 0.48
3.666 0.48
3.765 0.427
3.865 0.427
3.965 0.427
4.017 0.427
Figure 12.49: IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 Response Spectrum parameters.
Figure 12.52: Table contains Sa/g value and design horizontal acceleration
spectrum for each mode in the X direction for 5% damping.
Figure 12.53: Table containing spectral acceleration value multiplied by g
(acceleration due to gravity-provided SCALE parameter).
Figure 12.54: Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah, base shear and
minimum design lateral force calculation by static method in the X
direction.
Compute design base shear (Vb) and storey shear force at floor level (Vi)
and torsion moment for the given data and compare the base shears
obtained from dynamic analysis and static analysis (Figure 12.56).
Solution:
Steps to be instructed to the STAAD.Pro:
1. Steps 1–5 are followed from the solution of Problem Statement 4.1 to
assign Mass Reference Load and to insert Seismic Parameters
7. Torsion parameters DEC and ECC values are provided as 1.5 and
0.05 for calculating design eccentricity as per equation (10.1) (Figure
12.58).
Figure 12.65: Peak additional torsion in the X direction for load case
RESPONSE SPECTRUM X2.
Figure 12.67: Peak additional torsion in the Z direction for load case
RESPONSE SPECTRUM Z1.
Figure 12.68: For load case RESPONSE SPECTRUM Z2 calculation of
design eccentricity as per equation (10.2).
Figure 12.69: Peak additional torsion in the Z direction for load case
RESPONSE SPECTRUM Z2.
Total floor weight of the structure = floor load intensity × area of each
floor × number of floors
VBmin = ρ% × W
As per Clause 7.4.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016, total Seismic weight at first,
second, third floor:
Self-weight of the beam = 23.5616 × 0.5 × 0.5 × [{3 × (5 + 6)} + {3
× (4 + 5)}] kN
= 353.424 kN
Self-weight of the column = (23.5616 × 0.5 × 0.5 × 9 × 5) kN
= 265.068 kN
Floor weight of the structure = (2 × 11 × 9) kN
= 198 kN
Total seismic weight at first, second, third floor = (353.424 + 265.068
+ 198) kN
= 816.492 kN
Using the equation from Clause 7.6.3a Design lateral force along three
orthogonal directions,
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
where
h = height of the building, in m
Awi = effective cross-sectional area of wall i in first storey of the
building, in m2
Lwi = length of structural wall i in the first storey in the considered
direction of lateral forces, in m
d = base dimension of the plinth level along the considered direction
of earthquake shaking, in m
Nw = number of walls in the considered direction of earthquake
shaking
Along X and Z axes approximate natural time period of the structure:
where wi = width of the ith wall.
Since, Ta_x for ST 4 > Ta_x for ST 5 and Ta_z for ST 4 > Ta_z for ST 5
(SA/g) = 2.5
Along Z,
For hard soil and for range 0.4 s < Ta < 4 s
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Along Z,
For hard soil and for range 0.4 s < Ta < 4 s
Calculation of design horizontal seismic coefficient:
As per Clause 6.4.2 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016:
Along X:
Along Z,
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Along Z direction,
Along Z,
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
(SA/g) = 2.5
Zone: 0.36
Response reduction factor (RF): 3
Importance factor (I): 1.2
Rock and soil site factor (SS): 1
Damping ratio (DM): 0.05
Period in X direction (PX): 0.348568 s
Period in Z direction (PZ): 0.426907 s
Base dimension along X direction, dx: 15 m
Base dimension along X direction, dz: 10 m
Height of the building, h: 15 m
Along Z direction,
(SA/g) = 2.5
Along Z direction:
For hard soil and for range 0.4 s < Ta < 4 s
Along Z direction:
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Along X direction,
Along Z direction,
Along X direction,
Along Z direction,
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
A.11 Solution of Problem Statement 5.5: DF Parameter
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Along X direction,
SA/gx = 0.25
Along Z direction,
For hard soil and for 0.40 s < Taz < 4.00 s
Along X direction,
Along Z direction,
Calculation for the design seismic acceleration spectral value Av:
As per Clause 6.4.6 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016, the value of SA/g is fixed to
2.5 for the calculation of Av:
Seismic weight calculation and design base shear calculation can be done
using the process explained in Solution of Problem Statement 4.1.
Along Z direction,
For hard soil and for
Along X direction,
Along Z direction,
Calculation for minimum design lateral force:
As per Table 7 of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016, percentage of minimum design
horizontal lateral force for Zone III is 1.1%, that is, 0.011.
Since the value of percentage of minimum design lateral force is greater
than and , that is,
Zone: 0.16
Response reduction factor (RF): 3
Importance factor (I): 1.2
Rock and soil site factor (SS): 1
Type of structure (ST): RC MRF building
Damping ratio (DM): 0.05
Ground level (GL): 6
Height of building (HT): 6
Solution:
Calculation of approximate natural time period in X and Z axes:
(SA/g) = 2.5
VBmin = ρ% × W
Using Equation (9.2) table of design lateral force along three orthogonal
directions
(SA/g) = 2.5
Total floor weight of the structure = area of each floor × load intensity ×
number of floor
= 1887.75 kN
VBmin = ρ% × W
Table of design lateral force using equation given in Clause 7.6.3 of IS 1893
(Part 1):2016
where
QXi = design lateral force in X direction
CM = centre of mass
CR = centre of rigidity or centre of stiffness
esi = static eccentricity of floor i, distance between centre of mass and
centre of resistance = CM-CR
bi = floor plan dimension of floor i, perpendicular to the direction of force
That is why in the first case a twisting moment with modified eccentricity
of (DEC-1) = (1.5-1) = 0.5 and in the second case a twisting moment with
modified eccentricity of (DEC-1) = (1-1) = 0 will act at CM. So, the value
of design eccentricity in the first case will be (0.5esi + 0.05bi) and in the
second case will be (-0.05bi).
Floor
For load in X direction
level
Floor
For load in Z direction
level
Φik = mode shape coefficient along i degree of freedom for kth mode
For Mode 1,
Along X direction,
Along Y direction,
MY1 = modal mass in Y direction
Wyn = load applied at nth node in Y translational direction
Wy1, Wy2, …, Wy8 = 10 kN
Yn = mode shape coefficient at nth node in Y translation direction
Along Z direction,
For Mode 1,
Along X direction,
Design lateral force at each floor in each mode: peak lateral force ϕik at
floor i in mode k is given by
where
AK = design horizontal acceleration spectrum value using natural period of
oscillation TK of mode k obtained from dynamic analysis.
As, VBx>Vbx
As, VBz>Vbz
As per Clause 7.7.2a of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 multiplying factor = (VBz /
Vbz) = (6.832 / 4.619) = 1.479
Along Y direction,
The calculations performed to find out base shear in X direction can be
repeated
Multiplying factor as per Clause 7.7.2b of IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 =
maximum of ((VBx/Vbx),(VBz/Vbz)) = (1.9526,1.479) = 1.9526
Bibliography
Blume, J.A. 1970, ‘The motion and damping of buildings relative to seismic
response spectra’, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
vol. 60, no. l, pp. 231–59.
Bolt, B.A. 1988, Earthquakes, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 282
pp.
Bruce, A.B. 2004, Earthquakes, 5th ed., W.H. Freeman and Company, New
York.
Buckle, I.G. 2000, ‘Passive control of structures for seismic loads’, 12th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand.
Castro, G. and S.J. Poijlos 1977, ‘Factors affecting liquefaction and cyclic
mobility’, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE,
vol. 106, no. GT6, pp. 501–6.
Chowdhury, R.N. 1978. Slope Analysis, Elsevier, New York, 423 pp.
Christian, J.T., J.M. Roesset, and C.S. Desai 1977, ‘Two- and three-
dimensional dynamic analyses’, In C.S. Desai and J.T. Christian
(Eds.), Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, McGraw Hill
Book Company, New York, pp. 683–718.
Colaco, J.P. 1971, ‘Preliminary design of shear walls for tall buildings’,
ACI Journal, vol. 5, pp. 156–176.
Craig, R.R. Jr. 1990, Structural Dynamics, John Wiley, New York, 1981.
Dutta, T.K. 2010, Seismic Analysis of Structures, John Wiley & Sons, 454
pp.
Florin, V.A. and P.L. Ivanov 1961, ‘Liquefaction of saturated sand soil’,
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering, Paris.
Goel, R.K., ‘Performance of buildings during the January 26, 2001’, Bhuj
Earthquake, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA.
Mcguire, R.K. 1977, ‘Seismic design spectra and mapping procedures using
hazard analysis based directly on oscillator response’, Journal of
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 5, pp. 211–34.
Medhekar, M.S. and S.K. Jain 1993, ‘Seismic behaviour design and
detailing of RC shear walls, Part 1: Behaviour and strength’, Indian
Concrete Journal, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 311–8.
Murty, C.V.R and A.W. Charleson 2010, Earthquake Design Concepts,
NICEE, India, pp. 684–37.
Richart, F.E., J.R. Hall, and R.O. Woods 1970, Vibrations of Soils and
Foundations, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Riddell, R. and J.E.D.L. Llera 1996, ‘Seismic analysis and design: current
practice and future trends’, 11th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Mexico.
Seed, H.B. and I.M. Idriss 1982, Ground Motions and Soil Liquefaction
During Earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,
Berkeley, CA, 134 pp.
Shrikhande, M., J.D. Das, M.K. Bansal, A. Kumar, S. Basu, and B. Chandra
2001, ‘Strong motion characteristics of Uttarkashi earthquake of
October 20, 1991 and its engineering significance’, In O.P. Varma
(Ed.), Research Highlights in Earth System-Science: Seismicity, vol. 2,
Indian Geological Congress, Roorkee, India, pp. 337–42.
Surtees, J.O. and A.P. Mann 1970, ‘End plate connections in plastically
designed structures’, Conference on Joints in Structures, Institution of
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Thakkar, S.K., R.N. Dubey, and P. Agarwal 1996, ‘Damages and lessons
learnt from recent Indian earthquakes’, Symposium on Earthquake
Effects on Structures, Plant and Machinery, New Delhi.
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Delhi.
A
Absolute sum method (ABS), 12-3, 12-5
Acceleration, 12-9
peak ground acceleration (PGA), 2-5–2-6
spectral acceleration coefficient, 4-6
spectrum, 2-9, 7-1–7-4
zero period acceleration (ZPA), 2-5–2-6
Accidental eccentricity, 12-6
Accidental torsion, 4-7, 10-1
Assam earthquake of 1897, 2-2
B
Base
dimensions, 4-6
shear, 5-4, 5-7, 5-8, 12-10
BASE, 3-7
Buildings
base shear with RC Structural wall, A-5–A-7
DF parameter, A-15
DM parameter, A-13–A-15
DX DZ parameter, A-10–A-12
earthquake-resistant, 2-1–2-3
elevation, 5-2, 5-6
force flow path in, 3-3–3-4
fundamental time period greater than 4 s, 6-1–6-6, A-16–A-17
height, 4-6
HT parameter, A-12
PX and PZ parameter, A-12–A-13
RC MRF, 4-8–4-16, A-1–A-4
RC-steel composite MRF, 4-17–4-18, A-4
with RC structural walls, 4-20–4-27
steel MRF, 4-18–4-20, A-5
time period, A-7–A-9
C
Centre of mass (CM), 10-1, 12-3
Centres of resistance (CR), 10-1
Closely spaced method (CSM), 12-3, 12-5
Complete quadratic combination (CQC), 12-3, 12-4
CUT OFF FREQUENCY, 12-13–12-15
CUT OFF MODE SHAPE, 12-13–12-15
D
Damping
ratio, 4-5–4-6, 12-9
type, 12-5–12-6
Depth of foundation, 4-6
Design basis earthquake (DBE), 2-6–2-9
Design eccentricity, 10-2, 12-10
Design horizontal acceleration spectrum, 2-9
Design seismic acceleration spectral value, 7-1–7-2
DIAPHRAGM, 3-7
Diaphragm modelling, 3-6
Dip slip, 1-5–1-6
Direction factor, 12-6
Ductility, earthquake-resistant building, 2-2
Duration of primary tremor, 1-7.
See also Earthquakes
Dynamic analysis
commands for, 12-13–12-52
IS 1893 (Part I):2016
seismic parameter for response spectrum analysis, 12-4–12-12
response spectrum, 12-2–12-4
Dynamic eccentricity, 12-7
Dynamic weight, 12-9
E
Earth and interiors, 1-3–1-4
Earthquakes. See also Specific earthquakes effects, 1-1
energy, 1-8
engineering problems and prospects, 1-2–1-3
faults, 1-5
force flow path in buildings, 3-3–3-4
measurement parameters, 1-8–1-9
observation, 1-10
predictions, 1-3
seismology, 1-3–1-12
Earthquake-disaster mitigation, 1-2
Earthquake-resistant building, 2-1–2-3
Eccentricities, 10-2
accidental, 12-6
design, 12-10
dynamic, 12-7
Epicentral distance, 1-9
Equivalent static method, 2-8–2-9
base shear determination, 4-2–4-3
base shear vertical distribution, 4-4
buildings with RC structural walls, 4-20–4-27
IS 1893 (Part 1):2016 seismic parameter, 4-4–4-8
minimum design earthquake horizontal lateral force, 4-3–4-4
RC MRF building, 4-8–4-16
RC–steel composite MRF building, 4-17–4-18
seismic load cases, parameters used in, 4-7–4-8
steel MRF building, 4-18–4-20
structure type, 4-8–4-28
underground structure, 4-4
vertical earthquake effects, design, 4-3
I-2F
Faults and dip slip, 1-5–1-6
Focal depth, 1-9
Focal region, 1-9
Foundation, depth of, 4-6
G
Geographic delineation, 2-4
Gorkha earthquake of 2015, 2-1
Graphical User Interface (GUI), 11-4
Gravity load, 3-3
Ground level, 4-6, 9-2
H
Hazard assessment, 2-2
HEIGHT, 3-7
Height of building, 4-6
I
Importance factor, 4-5
Individual modal response, 12-15–12-17
Inertia forces, 3-2, 3-3
Intensity, 1-12
International Building Code 2000 (USA), 2-6
Inter-plate earthquakes, 1-5
Inter-plate interactions, 1-4
Interpolation type, 12-5
Inherent torsion, 4-7
IS 1893 (Part 1):2016
design philosophy
design horizontal acceleration spectrum, 2-9
dynamic analysis, 2-8
equivalent static method, 2-8–2-9
limit state design (LSD) method, 2-8
response reduction factor, 2-8
response spectrum analysis (RSA), 2-9
response spectrum load case, 2-9
response spectrum method, 2-9
single degree of freedom (DOF) (SDOF) systems, 2-9
structural non-linearity, 2-8
history, 2-2–2-4
K
Koyna earthquake of 1967, 2-4
L
Lateral force–resisting system, 3-1, 12-7
Lateral load–resisting system, 3-1
Lateral load transfer mechanism, 3-5–3-6
Lateral seismic forces, 10-1
Lateral seismic loads, 12-2–12-3
Latur earthquake of 1993, 2-4
Limit state design (LSD) method, 2-8
Linear interpolation, 9-1
Load paths, 3-2–3-3
in structures, 3-5
Load transfer, 3-2–3-3
M
Magnitude, 1-10–1-12
Mass participation factor, 12-9
Mass reference load, 5-3
MASTER, 3-7
Maximum considered earthquake (MCE), 2-6–2-9
Measuring instruments, 1-9–1-10
Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik (MSK) scale, 1-12
Mercalli intensity scale, 1-12
Minimum base shear criteria, 8-1–8-4, A-17–A-18
Missing mass, 12-8
Missing weight, 12-9
Modal base action, 12-9–12-10
Modal weight, 12-9
Modelling aspects
diaphragm modelling, 3-6
earthquake force flow path in buildings, 3-3–3-4
general format, 3-7–3-8
load paths, 3-2–3-3
STAAD.Pro, load-path consideration in, 3-4–3-6
Mode select, 12-17–12-19
Mode shape, 12-1, 12-10–12-12
Modified Mercalli (MM) scale, 2-4
Multiplying factor for accidental torsion moment, 4-7
for natural torsion moment, 4-7
for spectrum analysis, 4-6
N
Natural torsion, 4-7, 10-1
O
Oceanic waves, 1-8
P
Peak additional torsion, 12-10
Peak ground acceleration (PGA), 2-5–2-6
Period
in X direction, 4-6
in Z direction, 4-6
Plate tectonics, 1-4–1-6
Polarized transverse waves, 1-8
Q
Quetta earthquake of 1935, 2-2
R
Rayleigh waves, 1-8
Reinforced concrete (RC) bare moment resisting frame (MRF) buildings, 4-
5, 4-8–4-16
Response reduction factor, 2-8, 4-5
Response spectrum analysis (RSA), 2-9, 4-1, 12-2–12-4
Response spectrum load cases, 2-9, 12-8
Richter magnitude scale, 1-12
Rigid diaphragm, 11-1
Rock and soil site factor, 4-5
S
Scale, 12-7–12-8
Sea-floor spreading, 1-4
Seismic analysis
structural components below the ground level, A-19–A-22
vertical motion in, A-17
Seismic coefficient, 2-4
Seismic design codes, 1-2, 2-1–2-2
Seismic inertia forces, 3-4
Seismic parameters, 5-3
DF parameter, 5-15–5-18
DM parameter, 5-12–5-15
DX and DZ parameters, 5-1–5-4
HT parameter, 5-4–5-8
PX and PZ parameter, 5-8–5-12
Seismic waves, 1-1, 1-6–1-8
Seismic zone
factor, 2-4
map, 2-4–2-5
Seismograph, 1-9–1-11
Seismology
earth and its interiors, 1-3–1-4
earthquake measurement parameters, 1-8–1-9
intensity, 1-12
magnitude, 1-10–1-12
measuring instruments, 1-9–1-10
plate tectonics, 1-4–1-6
seismic waves, 1-6–1-8
Seismoscopes, 1-10
SET Commands, 12-19–12-52
Signed response spectrum results options, 12-7
Single degree of freedom (DOF) (SDOF) systems, 2-9
Site-specific hazard assessment, 2-4
Soft storey, 11-1–11-6
Spectral acceleration coefficient, 4-6
Spectrum analysis, A-25–A-37
Spectrum type, 12-5
Square root of summation of squares (SRSS), 12-3, 12-4
STAAD.Pro
CE input editor file, 11-5
load-path consideration in, 3-4–3-6
Static seismic parameter under load definition, 5-11
Stiffness, earthquake-resistant building, 2-2
Storey
soft storey, 11-1–11-6
stiffness, 11-2, 11-4
Strength, earthquake-resistant building, 2-2
Structural configuration, earthquake-resistant building, 2-1
Structural non-linearity, 2-8
Structures
considering torsional provision, 10-1–10-15
structural components below the ground level, 9-1–9-7
torsional provision, A-22–A-25
type of, 4-5
underground structure analysis, 9-2–9-7
Subsoil class, 12-5
Surface waves, 1-8
T
Tectonic plates, 1-4–1-5
Time history method, 12-1
Torsion
accidental torsion, 4-7, 10-1
natural torsion, 4-7, 10-1
parameter, 12-6
peak additional torsion, 12-10
structure considering torsional provision, 10-1–10-15
Tremor, primary, 1-7
V
Vertical motion, acceleration spectrum, 7-1–7-4
W
Wave’s propagation velocities, 1-6
X
XRANGE, 3-7
Y
YRANGE, 3-7
Z
Zero period acceleration (ZPA), 2-5–2-6
Zone factor, 4-4
ZRANGE, 3-7