CPAR
SCULPTURE
In contrast to painting, sculpture has three
dimensions - height, width, and depth. It is
created by either carving, modeling, or
assembling parts together.
GENERAL KINDS OF SCULPTURE
FREE-STANDING
This is a kind of sculpture that can
independently stand in space. It has a flat
horizontal base. All its sides contribute to the
overall form of the sculpture. Guillermo
Tolentino's Oblation is a classic example of this
kind of sculpture.
RELIEF
This kind of sculpture does not have a flat
horizontal base. The form is projected from a
flat surface. There are two types of relief - low
relief or bas-relief, and high relief. The form of a
low relief projects slightly from the flat surface,
in contrast to the high relief.
TYPES OF SCULPTURE
ASSEMBLAGE
This sculpture is formed by putting together
materials,such as found objects, pieces of paper,
sponges, wood scraps, and other materials.
KINETIC SCULPTURE
This is considered as a sculpture in motion
because the entire sculpture or some parts of
the sculpture are moving with the wind or are
vibrating with the surrounding air. A mobile is
said to be the simplest form of a kinetic
sculpture.
WELDED SCULPTURE
Creating these sculptures involve the process of
connecting sheets of metal together by using an
acetylene or electric torch. Most sculptures of
Eduardo Castrillo are welded sculptures.
SYMBOLIC SCULPTURE
A good example of symbolic sculpture is the
interpretation of Abdulmari Imao on okir design,
which is a Maranao design tradition that is
typically used in woodcarving. Ima produced
four contemporary series of the okir: the
sarimanok, the sari-mosque, the sari-okir and
calligraphic sculptures.
VISUAL ART FORMS
ADVERTISING ART
This refers to using paid space or time in any of
the media to inform and influence the public.
This is used to encourage the public to patronize
certain goods and services, or to support
policies or persons. The following can be used in
advertising art: animation, photography,
computer- generated graphics, neon signs,
posters, mascots, total product improvement,
and total corporate promotion.
BAMBOO ART
This refers to works made of bamboo that may
be used for everyday purposes or for
decorations or ornaments. Thick bamboo is
typically used for building sturdy structures,
decorations, furniture, containers, and writing
materials. On the other hand, thin bamboo is
used in creating musical instruments and
personal accessories.
BASKETRY
This refers to the art of creating containers by
weaving, plaiting, or braiding materials into
hollow three-dimensional shapes that can either
be used for carrying, storage, and trapping
animals.
BOOK DESIGN
Book design involves structuring and
reproduction of bound pages that are filled with
text and/or images, and are protected by hard
or soft covers.
COSTUMES
These are garments, hairstyles, and accessories
that are worn by individual members or groups
in a particular society. These may vary according
to class, sex, age, civil status, occupation, rank,
and personal taste of an individual.
EMBROIDERY
This refers to the art of stitching ornaments on
cloth by hand.
FOOD ART
This involves packaging and/or presentation of
food in an artistic way. This is different from
Western garnishing, which involves adding
decorative touches. This is because food art
involves enhancing the food itself or its
packaging in an artistic way.
FURNITURE
These are decorative and functional objects
which are typically found in a public or private
dwelling or building. These are also known as
muebles or kasangkapan.
KOMIKS AND EDITORIAL CARTOONS
Both komiks and editorial cartoon involve
illustrations of stories or events. However, an
editorial cartoon is a single-frame illustration
that may either makes fun of political leaders or
institutions, or comments on current events.
The komiks, on the other hand, may use single
or multiple frames with conversations of people
or animals placed inside "balloons."
LEAF ART
Leaf art is used in religious rituals, food
wrapping, and even as a form of modern artistic
expression. This makes leaf art different from
basketry. The palaspas that is used every Palm
Sunday is an example of leaf art.
MAT WEAVING
This refers to the art of "plaiting strips of organic
fibers into mats.“ These mats, locally known as
banig, are cool, light, and portable compared to
fixed beds.
METALCRAFT
This includes all objects made from metal using
the processes of brass casting and
blacksmithing, tinsmithing, or goldsmithing and
silversmithing.
• Brass casting and blacksmithing- This process
involves casting and forging pieces of brass or
bronze. Tools, containers, weapons, and other
items can be created using this process. Anting-
anting or amulets are also created using this
process.
• Goldsmithing and silversmithing- These
processes involves the use of gold and silver in
creating objects and ornaments.
• Tinsmithing- Tinsmithing can be easily seen in
creating jeepneys, kalesas, and cariton or ice-
cream cart.
CONCEPTUAL ART
In this type of multimedia, a visual artist
"ideates or sets up a situation, placing
philosophical value in the process itself, while
negating the importance of craftsmanship in
arriving at a finished art object."
• Installation Art- In this type of multimedia, the
artist puts together materials and objects in an
exhibition space to cast a new experience or
idea.
PAPER ART
This involves the processes of cutting, pasting,
recycling, and/or constructing of objects from
paper. Paper art used to be limited with folk
paper art such as taka and higante from
Angono, parol, pastillas wrappings, and kites.
However, contemporary artists such as Glenn
Bautista, Santiago Bose, Petite Calaguas, Impy
Pilapil, and Manuel Rodriguez Sr. ventured into
paper art and raised it to a new level.
PERSONAL ORNAMENT
These are objects that are worn on the human
body. Jewelry falls under this form. These are
worn either to enhance a part of the body of
the wearer, to exhibit rank or status, or to
symbolize ritualistic and emotional states.
Jewelry made in the Philippines is typically
described as symmetrical and exhibits formal
proportion, and having a strong sense of
rhythm.
PHOTOGRAPHY
This refers to the process of producing images
using a light-sensitive chemical plate or film.
Photographs are taken to serve as portraits and
as propaganda. Photographs are also used to
serve as documentation for travel and research.
Aside from these, photography is useful in
covering events, as well as for advertising and
fashion. Lastly, a photograph is highly useful
medium for an artist.
POTTERY
Pottery is a general term for decorative and
useful objects made from clay and set off at
high temperatures. This is frequently
interchanged with "ceramics." However, it is
important to note that application of ceramics is
wider and even includes industrial use. There
are three types of pottery. These are:
• Earthenware or Terracotta- This type of
pottery is made from clay and is usually fired at
1,700-2,100°F.
• Stoneware- This type of pottery is made from
clay and feldspar. Stoneware is usually fired at
2,220-2,230°F.
• Porcelain- This type of pottery is made from
kaolin, a special type of clay that is extra fine
and white, and feldspar. Porcelain is fired at
2,500-
ARCHITECTURE
- considered to be one of the most
functional branches of the visual arts.
- involves designing the form of a building
while allowing the building to serve its
function.
- It is considered to be the "art to
inhabit."
FORM OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
DOMESTIC BUILDINGS AND HOUSES
APARTMENT- This refers to a building composed
of many residences called units. This is usually
built in populated urban areas. Nowadays, in
order to maximize the use of space and because
of the increased buying power of the
population, condominiums were developed.
These condominiums are larger offshoots of
apartments. Most of the units in a
condominium are used as residences, but others
are also used as business and commercial
spaces
BAHAY NA BATO- Built in many areas during the
19th and 20th centuries, the bahay na bato is
considered to be a residence of the wealthy. A
typical two-story bahay na bato generally has a
ground floor that is made of brick or stone, and
has a wooden upper level. The windows at the
level have grilles, while the windows at the
upper level have sliding shutters. The roof of a
typical bahay na bato slants on four sides. The
features of the bahay na bato may be different
in every region.
BARONG-BARONG- The barong-barong are
houses of the landless poor that are built on any
land or area. These are usually found near the
esteros, riverbanks, and bayshores; spaces along
high walls, railroad tracks; spaces near
abandoned buildings, and garbage dumps; or
any vacant lot. Some of these barong-barong
are built under bridges. People usually build
these houses near the places of livelihood.
There are also other people who prefer building
their houses on wide vacant lots in order to use
these lots in raising animals, planting
vegetables, or undertaking a small business.
BUNGALOW- This refers to a one-story house
with a wide front porch and large windows. It
may also have a terrace, which may be roofed or
not.
ETHNIC HOUSES
BAHAY KUBO-considered as an ethnic house of
Christian peasant families living in the lowland
areas. This is typically owned by families
belonging in low income groups. The bahay
kubo has pile construction and a roof sliding in
all sides, which is typical in a traditional ethnic
house. However, the bahay kubo has sliding
windows for ventilation.
HOUSEBOAT- The houseboat is basically a boat
that also serves as a dwelling. The Badjaos or
Sama Laut typically reside in houseboats.
One-and-a-half story house- The one-and-a-half
story is characterized by an upper level or story
covering just a half of the lower level. This may
also become a split-level house if half of the
ground level is higher in such a way that it is
halfway between the ground level and the
upper level.
SPLIT-LEVEL HOUSE- The split-level house in the
Philippines has two main levels. The lower level
houses the kitchen, living and dining areas,
while the upper level has the bedrooms. These
levels are separated by about half or less-than-
half a story.
TSALET - refers to a suburban house that has
one story, a two- story house with living
quarters on the upper level, or an elevated one-
story house. The term tsalet came from the
term "chalet" which refers to a peasant house in
Switzerland that has upper levels jutting over
the lower levels, a steep roof and a decorated
gable.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
MARKET (PALENGKE) -refers to a place or a
building for buying and selling goods. This is also
referred to as tindahan, and tiyangge.
Nowadays, the palengke has evolved into the
supermarket, which puts the wet market and
the grocery together in the same complex.
Buildings that house banks, business offices,
and factories- These buildings, especially those
created during the 1950's, have plain wall
surfaces and large windows. These also have
bold rectangular forms and clean lines. There
are even some buildings that do not exhibit
symmetry of form.
Government buildings
CAPITOL (KAPITOLYO)- This refers to the
building of the provincial government. Most of
the kapitolyo in the country use columns and
pediments in the exterior of the buildings.
Town hall (munisipyo)- This refers to the
building of the municipal government. The
offices of the mayor, the municipal council, the
municipal court and jail, and other important
offices such as the municipal registrar's office
are located here. There are some instances,
however, when the municipal court and jail are
housed in a separate building called the
tribunal.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
Later, mausoleums were developed and used by
the wealthy. Nowadays, memorial parks, which
have wide green areas covering the vaults, and
columbariums, which are buildings for storing
cremated remains, are developed.

SCHOOL (ESKWELAHAN)- refers to a place

where young people are educated to become
productive members of the community. The
most common style of the eskwelahan is
American-influenced, which featured a concrete
structure elevated on stilts. This building also
have windows with awnings that would give the
entire building good ventilation. The classrooms
in the building are linked together by veranda
located both at the front and rear part of the
building.

KAMALIG -the Tagalog term for a building used

for storing grain. This is considered to be the
most economically significant structure among
the tribes in Northern Philippines. In fact, the
kamalig is typically raised from the ground and
is being protected from rats and pests. In some
provinces, especially those in the lowland areas,
the bahay kubo or nipa hut can be used as a
form of kamalig. However, nowadays,
warehouses made with galvanize- iron sheets
and steel frames are built by the government for
storing grain bought from local farmers or from
other countries. The entrance of this huge long
building is located at the center of the long side.

MASJID- The masjid or mosque refers to a place

of worship of the Muslims. A typical Philippine
mosque has the following features: a tower
called minaret, a prayer niche called mihrab the
dome, arches that are reinforced with pillars,
and a pulpit called mimbar. However, the
mimbar is low compared to the mimbar in
African and Western Asian mosq

CEMETERY (SEMENTERYO) - place where people

bury the dead. It has other names, such as
kampo santo, pantyon, and libingan. A cemetery
had a small chapel and vaults or nichos
surrounding the chapel.