WEEK 4

1. Describe the physical

and chemical changes in
rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature
(metamorphism).
 WEEK 4
2 . C O M PA R E A N D C O N T R A S T
T H E F O R M AT I O N O F T H E
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
IGNEOUS ROCKS.
Metamorphism
Metamorphism
is the process of change in the form and
structure of rocks due to intense heat
and pressure.
It comes from the Greek word
metamorphoun meaning transform or
change shape.
Metamorphism means “change in
form”.
Metamorphism can involve changes in
the physical and chemical properties of
rocks in response to heat, pressure, and
chemically active fluids.
Metamorphic rocks are commonly
formed underneath the earth.
Types of Metamorphism:
C -ontact
R -egional
Contact Metamorphism
is the process where the country
rock adjacent to the igneous
intrusions is altered by the high heat
coming from the intrusions.
Country rocks are rocks
surrounding the igneous intrusions.
Igneous intrusions form when
molten magma moves and seeps
through fractures and in between
crystals of rocks. The zone of
metamorphosis that surrounds the
intrusions is called halo or aureole.
Heat as the main factor: occurs when a pre-existing
rocks get in contact with a heat source (magma)

Occurs on a relatively small scale: around the

vicinity of intruding magma

Creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks (e.g.

hornfels)
Examples of non-foliated
metamorphic rocks are hornfels,
marble, quartzite, and anthracite.
Regional Metamorphism
is the most common type of
metamorphism that occurs in broad
areas (regional/ large scale).
•It refers to large-scale
metamorphism, such
as what happens to
continental crust along
convergent tectonic
margins (where plates
collide).
The collisions result in the formation of long
mountain ranges. The force of the collision
causes rocks to be folded, broken, and stacked
on each other, so not only is there the
squeezing force from the collision, but from
the weight of stacked rocks.
Pressure as main factor: occurs in
areas that have undergone deformation
during orogenic event resulting in
mountain belts.
The deeper rocks
are within the
stack, the higher
the pressures and
temperatures, and
the higher the
grade of
metamorphism
that occurs.
Rocks that form
from regional
metamorphism
are likely to be
foliated because
of the strong
directional
pressure of
converging
plates.
Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks
are phyllite, gneiss, schist, and slate.
Types of Metamorphism:
C -ontact
R -egional
..\..\..\..\Downloads\Metamorphic Rocks.mp4
OT H E R T Y P E S O F
M E TA M O R P H I S M
Other Types of Metamorphism:

B-urial
S -ubduction
D ynamic
BURIAL
METAMORPHISM
It occurs when
sediments are buried
deeply enough that
the heat and pressure
cause minerals to
begin to recrystallize
and new minerals to
grow but does not
leave the rock with a
foliated appearance.
As metamorphic processes go, burial
metamorphism takes place at
relatively low temperatures (up to
~300 °C) and pressures (100s of m
depth).
SUBDUCTION
METAMORPHISM
At subduction zones,
where ocean lithosphere
is forced down into the
hot mantle, there is a
unique combination of
relatively low
temperatures and very
high pressures.
The high pressures are to be
expected, given the force of
collision between tectonic
plates, and the increasing
lithostatic pressure as the
subducting slab is forced
deeper and deeper into the
mantle.
DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM
It is the result of very high
shear stress, such as occurs
along fault zones.
Dynamic metamorphism occurs at
relatively low temperatures compared
to other types of metamorphism and
consists predominantly of the physical
changes that happen to a rock
experiencing shear stress.
It affects a narrow
region near the
fault, and rocks
nearby may
appear
unaffected.
Other Types of Metamorphism:

B-urial
S -ubduction
D ynamic
 WEEK 4
2 . C O M PA R E A N D C O N T R A S T
T H E F O R M AT I O N O F T H E
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
IGNEOUS ROCKS.
Types of Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rock got its name from a
Latin word “ignis” which means
fire.
The parent material of igneous rocks
is usually magma.
Lava is magma that pushes up
through the Earth's crust to the
surface.
When magma and lava cool and
harden, they create igneous rocks.
There are many
varieties of igneous
rocks and they are
given names based
upon two things:
texture (how big
the crsytals are) and
composition (what
they made of).
Texture
It refers to the general
appearance of an
igneous rock. The
texture of an igneous
rock is strongly
affected by the rate of
cooling of the magma
that results in the
formation of crystals.
Composition
It refers to the
elements in the
magma that directly
affect the kind of
mineral that is
formed when the
magma cools.
The types of igneous rocks depend
on where they solidified and
hardened.
Two Types of Igneous Rocks
1.Intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic

2. Extrusive igneous rocks or

volcanic
Rock Formation
Extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks
both form when hot molten material
crystallizes.
Cooling Time
Extrusive rocks cool quickly
because they are at the surface of
the Earth.
Intrusive rocks take a lot longer to
cool because the temperature under
the Earth's surface is a lot higher.
Intrusive Igneous
Rock cools slowly
and take thousands
or even million of
years to solidify.
Extrusive rocks usually last much
longer in the destructive
environment at the earth’s surface
because they formed there.
Intrusive rocks typically break
down quickly when exposed to the
elements because it is not their
natural habitat.
Crystal Size and Texture
Extrusive rocks cool quickly, so they only
have time to form very small crystals or
none at all.
Intrusive rocks grow larger crystals
because they take longer to cool.
Extrusive rocks
are usually fine-
grained or
glassy while
intrusive rocks
are coarse-
grained.
Extrusive
rocks may
contain
trapped
bubbles of
gas called
vesicles.
Mineral Proportions
Igneous rocks can also be classified
into four, regardless of whether they
are extrusive or intrusive rocks.
Mineral Proportions
F -elsic

I -ntermediate

M -afic

U -ltramafic
Felsic
rocks that are high in silica like rhyolite
and granite
Intermediate
Mafic
Ultramafic
Common Examples of
Igneous Rocks
Intrusive
Igneous Rocks
1.Granite
2.Gabbro
Granite
It is one of the most
important rocks in
the crust. It is also
the most common
rock type. It is a
light-colored and
coarse grained rock.
Gabbro
It is dark-colored
igneous rock often
times called “ black
granite”. The dark color
is due to a higher
content of iron and the
magnesium but with a
lower content of
quartz.
Extrusive
Igneous Rocks
1.Basalt
2.Obsidian
3.Pumice
4.Scoria
Basalt
As a specific rock, it
is usually dark-
colored, hard, fine-
grained and with
high specific gravity.
This is due to the
high content of iron
and magnesium and
some feldspar.
Obsidian
It is formed from lava
which is also dark-
colored but glassy,
meaning it has no
crystal. During early
times, these rocks
were used for
weapons and tools
was by shaping them
into pointed and
sharp-edged objects.
Pumice
It is characterized by
the presence of many
air holes. This is
because gas bubbles
are trapped in the
rock during the
cooling process
leaving tiny bubbles.
Scoria
It is formed in the
same manner as
pumice, but it has
larger holes and is
much denser and
darker.