Database Concepts and Skills for Big

Data
Le Duy Dung (Andrew)
SQL – Part 5
Joining Tables – Inner Join
S Q L Art Course Database Example

• Using SQL to recreate the given list

S Q L Art Course Database Example

• Using SQL to recreate the given list

Source: Figure 1-15: : Database Concepts (Part I – Chapter 1)

Why use Joins?
• Breaking data into multiple tables enables more efficient storage,
easier manipulation, and greater scalability.

• Questions: If data is stored in multiple tables, how can we retrieve that.

data with a single SELECT statement?
Ø The answer is to use a join, which is a mechanism used to associate, or join,
tables within a SELECT statement.
Ø You can join multiple tables so that a single set of output is returned and the
join associates the correct rows in each table on the fly.
Creating a Join
• You must specify all the tables to be included and how they are
related to each other
<Example>
SELECT ItemDescription, ItemCost, CompanyName
FROM ITEM, VENDOR
WHERE ITEM.VendorID = VENDOR.VendorID;
 SELECT ItemDescription, ItemCost, CompanyName

Creating a Join FROM ITEM,VENDOR

WHERE ITEM.VendorID = VENDOR.VendorID;

• The SELECT statement starts by specifying the columns

ItemDescription, ItemCost from one table ITEM and the column
CompanyName from another table VENDOR.

• The FROM clause has two tables, that are being joined in this SELECT
statement.
 SELECT ItemDescription, ItemCost, CompanyName

Creating a Join FROM ITEM,VENDOR

WHERE ITEM.VendorID = VENDOR.VendorID;

• The tables are correctly joined with a WHERE clause that instructs
the DBMS to match VendorID in the ITEM table with VendorID in the
VENDOR table.

• Note that the columns are specified as: ITEM.VendorID and

VENDOR.VendorID. This fully qualified column name is required as the
DBMS can not tell which VendorID columns you are referring to.
The importance of WHERE clause
• When you join two tables, you are actually pairing every row in the
first table with every row in second table.

• The WHERE clause acts as a filter to include only the rows that match
the join condition.

• Without the WHERE clause, every row in the first table will be paired
with every row of second table. (Try this yourself!)
Inner Joins
• The example join earlier is called an equijoin- a join based on the
testing of equality between two tables. This kind of join also called an
inner join.
• In fact, you may use a slightly different syntax for these joins,
specifying the type of join explicitly.
<Example>
SELECT ItemDescription, ItemCost, CompanyName
FROM ITEM INNER JOIN VENDOR
ON Item.VendorID = Vendor.VendorID;
Joining multiple tables
• SQL imposes no limit to the number of tables that may be joined in
a SELECT statement.
• The basic rules for creating the join remain the same. First, list all the
tables, and then define the relationship between each.
<Example>
SELECT SaleID, Customer.FirstName AS CustFirstName ,
Employee .FirstName AS EmpFirstName , Total
FROM SALE, CUSTOMER, EMPLOYEE
WHERE SALE.CustomerID = CUSTOMER.CustomerID
AND SALE.EmployeeID = EMPLOYEE.EmployeeID
AND Total > 1000;
Joining multiple tables
• Remember subqueries?
<Example>
SELECT * FROM ITEM
WHERE ItemID IN (SELECT ItemID
FROM SALE_ITEM
WHERE SaleID IN (SELECT SaleID
FROM SALE
WHERE EmployeeID = 2));

Can you use join SQL quer y to get the same results?
Creating advanced joins
• Using table aliases
SELECT ItemDescription, ItemCost, VendorID
FROM ITEM as I, SALE as S, SALE_ITEM as SI
WHERE S.EmployeeID = 2 AND S.SaleID = SI.SaleID AND SI.ItemID = I.ItemID;

• To shorten the SQL syntax

• To enable multiple uses of the same table within a single SELECT
statement
Creating advanced joins
• Self Join
Let’s imagine you want to send an email to all customers who are from the same city
as the customer with the phone number is 206-524-6877.

Using subqueries
SELECT CustomerID, LastName, FirstName, City
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE City in (SELECT City FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE Phone = ‘206-524-6877’);
Creating advanced joins
• Self Join
Let’s imagine you want to send an email to all customers who are from the same city
as the customer with the phone number is 206-524-6877.

Using subqueries
SELECT CustomerID, LastName, FirstName, City
FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE City in (SELECT City FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE Phone = ‘206-524-6877’);
Creating advanced joins
• Self Join
Let’s imagine you want to send an email to all customers who are from the same city
as the customer with the phone number is 206-524-6877.

Using self join:

SELECT c1.CustomerID, c1.LastName, c1.FirstName, c1.City
FROM CUSTOMER as c1, CUSTOMER as c2
WHERE c1.City = c2.City AND c2.Phone = ‘206-524-6877’;
QnA!