UNIT 2 : PROPERTIES OF

MATERIAL
 2.1 DISSOLVING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• CORRECTLY USE THE SCIENTIFIC TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH DISSOLVING

• INVESTIGATE THE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

• PRACTISE MEASURING MASS AND VOLUME

 WHAT IS A
SOLUTION?
✓ WHEN SOME SALT IS PLACED INTO THE
WATER AND STIR THE WATER WITH THE
SALT, THE SALT DISAPPEARS.

✓ THE SALT IS DISSOLVING. THE SALT THAT

DISSOLVES IS CALLED SOLUTE.

✓ THE WATER (SUBSTANCE THAT IT

DISSOLVES INTO) IS CALLED SOLVENT.

✓ THE SOLUTION IS THE MIXTURE OF THE

SOLUTE AND THE SOLVENT.
 • AT THE BEGINNING THE SALT CRYSTALS ARE VISIBLE BECAUSE IT IS
MADE BY LOT VIBRATING PARTICLES TOGETHER THAT ARE TIGHTLY
PACKED TOGETHER.
• THE WATER PARTICLES SLIDE PAST ONE ANOTHER , THEY BUMP
INTO SALT PARTICLES AND SEPARATE THEM FROM EACH OTHER.
THE SALT PARTICLES GET MIXED UP WITH THE WATER PARTICLES.
• EVENTUALLY ALL THE SALT PARTICLES ARE SEPARATED. THE SALT
WHAT IS A PARTICLES ARE NO LONGER IN GROUPS AND ARE TOO SMALL TO
BE SEEN.
SOLUTION?
 WHAT IS A
SOLUTION?
a. ALL THE SOLUTIONS ARE TRANSPARENT.
TRANSPARENT MEANS YOU CAN SEE
THROUGH THEM.

b. LIQUIDS THAT ARE NOT TRANSPARENT

ARE NOT SOLUTIONS. THE NOT
TRANSPARENT ARE CALLED OPAQUE

c. MASS OF THE SOLUTION=MASS OF THE

SOLVENT + MASS OF THE SOLUTE
 2.2 SOLUTIONS AND SOLUBILITY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• MAKES SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS

• COMPARE THE NUMBER OF SOLUTE PARTICLES IN SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS

• INVESTIGATE SOLUBILITY

• COMPARE THE SOLUBILITY OF VARIOUS SOLUTES

 SOLUTIONS

• WHEN SALT IS PLACED INTO THE WATER, THE

SALT (SOLUTE) DISSOLVES IN THE WATER
(SOLVENT)
• WHEN A SOLUTION HAS A LOT PARTICLES
OF SOLUTE , THE SOLUTION IS CALLED
CONCENTRATED
• WHEN A SOLUTION HAS FEW PARTICLES OF
SOLUTE, THE SOLUTION IS CALLED DILUTE
 • SUGAR AND SALT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF SUBSTANCES THAT
CAN BE DISSOLVED IN WATER. SO WE CALL THEM SOLLUBLE
• ON THE OTHER HAND, IRON FILINGS DO NOT DISSOLVED IN
WATER. SO IRON FILINGS ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER
• IF WE KEEP ADDING SALT IN THE WATER, AT SOME POINT THE
SALT WON’T BE ABLE TO DISSOLVE IN THE WATER,HENCE THE
SOLUTION BECOMES SATURATED
SOLUBILITY
 COMPARING SOLUBILITY

• SOME SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES ARE MORE Solute Solubility in grams of solute

SOLUBLE THAN OTHERS. per 100g of the solvent at
20℃
• FOR EXAMPLE IN 100𝑐𝑚3 (OR 100𝑔 ) OF
WATER YOU CAN DISSOLVE 74 GRAMS OF
Sodium chloride 36
CALCIUM CHLORIDE BUT YOU CAN ONLY
DISSOLVE 7 GRAMS OF POTASSIUM Copper sulfate 32
CHLORATE.
Calcium chloride 74
• THIS MEANS THAT CALCIUM CHLORIDE IS
MORE SOLUBLE IN WATER THAN POTASSIUM Potassium chlorate 7
CHLORATE.
Lead chloride 1
 TEMPERATURE AND SOLUBILITY

• GREATER MASS OF SOLUTE CAN BE EXERCISE

DISSOLVED IN HOT WATER THAN IN THE
36 GRAMS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVES
SAME VOLUME OF COLD WATER.
IN 100G OF WATER AT 20 ℃
• HENCE AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES ,
THE SOLUBILITY OF THE SOLUTES A)HOW MUCH SALT WILL DISSOLVE IN 300
INCREASES GRAMS AT 20 ℃

• HIGHER TEMPERATURE , THE PARTICLES HAVE B)HOW MUCH SALT WILL DISSOLVE IN 25
MORE ENERGY THEREFORE THE VIBRATE GRAMS OF WATER AT 20 ℃
MORE AND MOVE
 OTHER SOLVENTS

• THERE ARE SOLVENTS OTHER THAN WATER.

• SUBSTANCES THAT ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER ,DISSOLVE IN OTHER SOLVENTS
• OIL PAINTS IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER, BUT IT IS SOLUBLE IN METHANOL
• NAIL POLISH IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER, BUT IT IS SOLUBLE IN ACETONE
 2.3 PLANNING A SOLUBILITY INVESTIGATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• PLAN AN INVESTIGATION, CONSIDERING ALL THE VARIABLES
• CARRY OUT AN INVESTIGATION
 DISSOLVING SALT IN WATER

• PUT A WATER OF VOLUME 50𝑐𝑚3 IN A CONTAINER. MEASURE

THE VOLUME WITH A MEASURING CYLINDER.
• THE TEMPERATURE OF THE WATER AT 20 𝑜𝐶. MEASURE THE
TEMPERATURE WITH A THERMOMETER
• COUNT THE NUMBER OF SPATULAS OF SALT DISSOLVE IN THE
WATER.
• THEN REPEAT THE SAME EXPERIMENT FOR DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURES 20 𝑜𝐶 - 80 𝑜𝐶.
• KEEP THE VOLUME THE WATER THE SAME
• FOR EVERY TEMPERATURE WE COUNT THE NUMBER OF SPATULAS
OF SALT DISSOLVED IN THE WATER. THE NUMBER OF SPATULAS
DEPENDS ON THE TEMPERATURE.
 VARIABLES

• THE VOLUME OF THE WATER REMAINS THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENT SO IT IS A CONTROL VARIABLE.
• CONTROL VARIABLE IS THE VARIABLE THAT REMAINS CONSTANT DURING AN EXPERIMENT.
• IN THE EXPERIMENT WE CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE, SO THE TEMPERATURE IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE VARIABLE THAT WE CHANGE.
• THE NUMBER OF SPATULAS IS THE VARIABLE THAT DEPENDS ON THE TEMPERATURE, HENCE THE NUMBER OF SPATULAS IS
THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THA VARIABLE THAT DEPENDS ON THE INDEPENDENT.
• WHEN WE PLOT A GRAPH THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ALONG THE HORIZONTAL AXIS AND THE DEPENDENT
ALONG THE VERTICAL AXIS
 2.4 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• USE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY TO SEPARATE DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES
• INTERPRET CHROMATOGRAMS
• USE SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE ACCURATELY
COLOURS IN
INK
• BLACK INK LOOKS LIKE IT IS ONE
COLOUR BUT IT IS ACTUALLY A MIXTURE
OF DIFFERENT COLOURS.

• WE CAN SEPARATE OUT THE

COLOURED INKS BY USING THE PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY

• (EXPLANATION OF THE PHOTO)

• THE RESULTING IMAGE IS CALLED

CHROMATOGRAM.

• THE DIFFERENT COLOURED INKS ARE

SEPARATED BECAUSE THE WATER
DISSOLVES THEM.
COLOURS IN
INK
• WATER IS THE SOLVENT
• AS THE WATER MOVES UP THE PAPER,
IT CARRIES THE INK PARTICLES WITH
IT
• DIFFERENT INK COLOURS ARE
CARRIED DIFFERENT DISTANCES
BEFORE THEY ARE LEFT BEHIND ON
THE PAPER.
• THE MORE SOLUBLE THE INK IS ,THE
FURTHER ITS PARTICLES ARE CARRIED.
• PERMANENT MARKER IS NOT
SOLUBLE IN THE WATER, HENCE
ALCOHOL IS USED AS SOLVENT
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
 PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
• CHROMATOGRAPHY IS USED ALSO FOR THE
FOOD DYES.
• SOME FOOD DYES CONTAIN ONE SUBSTANCE
THEREFORE THEY ARE A PURE SUBSTANCE
• FOR EXAMPLE, THE FOOD DYE Q (PICTURE) IS A
PURE SUBSTANCE
• OTHER FOOD DYES ARE A MIXTURE OF
SUBSTANCES
• THE FOOD DYES P, R, AND S ARE NOT PURE
SUBSTANCES