Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Lecture-4
Chapter-7: Dielectric Properties of Materials
▪ Dielectric is a material in which charge can be stored by the
polarization of the molecules.
▪ The increase in the capacitance is due to the polarization of the
medium.

Figure-7.1: Parallel plate capacitors with different dielectric media

𝑄0 𝐴ɛ0 𝑄 𝐴ɛ 𝐶 ɛ
𝐶0 = = 𝐶=𝑉= ɛ𝑟 = =
𝑉 𝑑 𝑑 𝐶0 ɛ0

Dipole Moment
▪ When a positive charge (+Q) is separated from a negative
charge (-Q), there is an electric dipole moment.
▪ When an atom is placed in an electric field, it will develop induced
dipole moment. It occurs for non-polarized molecule.
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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

α = coefficient of polarization
= polarizability

Polar and Non-Polar Dielectrics

▪ Non-polar molecule: symmetrical distribution of charge
▪ Polar molecule: asymmetrical distribution of charge

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Polarization
▪ It is the separation of positive and negative charges in a system,
so that there is an electric dipole moment per unit volume.

i. Electronic polarization
ii. Ionic polarization
iii. Dipolar polarization
iv. Interfacial polarization

Electronic Polarization
If 𝐸 = 0, 𝑃 = 0,
Electrostatic force,
𝐹𝑒 = 𝑍𝑒𝐸 _____(1)
Restoring Force,
𝐹𝑟 = −𝛽𝑥 ______(2)
In equilibrium position,
net force,
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐹𝑟
The induced dipole
moment (𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 )
depends on the electric
field (𝐸) and polarizability (𝛼),
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝛼𝐸
𝛼 is dependent on displacement of electron and called 𝛼𝑒 ,
∴ 𝑃𝑒 = 𝛼𝑒 𝐸 ______(3)

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

From figure, 𝑍𝑒𝐸 = 𝛽𝑥 _____(4)

𝑍𝑒𝐸
𝑥= _____(5)
𝛽
The magnitude of induced dipole moment 𝑃𝑒 is,
𝑍2𝑒 2𝐸
𝑃𝑒 = (𝑍𝑒)(𝑥 ) = _____(6)
𝛽
The net negative charge density (𝜌𝑒 ) [Example 7.1]
−𝑍𝑒
𝜌𝑒 = _____(7)
4 3
𝜋𝑟
3 0
𝜌𝑒 gives rise to restoring field (𝐸𝑟 ) at distance,
𝜌𝑒 (−𝑥 ) −𝑍𝑒 −𝑥 𝑍𝑒𝑥
𝐸𝑟 = = × = ____(8)
3𝜀0 4 3 3𝜀0 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03
𝜋𝑟
3 0
From (2), (4) and (8),
−𝑍𝑒(𝑍𝑒𝑥 )
=> 𝐹𝑟 = −𝛽𝑥 = −𝑍𝑒𝐸𝑟 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03
(𝑍𝑒)2
=> 𝛽 = _____(9)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03
From (6),
(𝑍𝑒)2 𝐸
=> 𝑃𝑒 = 2 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03 𝐸
(𝑍𝑒)
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03
𝑃𝑒
=> = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03 = 𝛼𝑒 ____(10)
𝐸
From (3),
𝑃𝑒 = 𝛼𝑒 𝐸
∴ 𝛼𝑒 ≈ 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

▪ After removing the electric field, there is only restoring force,

which always acts to pull the electrons toward the nucleus.

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟,

𝑑2 𝑥 β
+ ( ) 𝑥 = 0 _____(11)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑧𝑚𝑒
After the removal of the electric field, the electronic charge cloud
executes simple harmonic motion about the nucleus with a natural
frequency.
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
ω0 = oscillations/resonance frequency

𝑑𝑥
At, t=0, =0
𝑑𝑡

Displacement at any time, 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑥0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡

𝑑2 𝑥
Acceleration, = −𝜔02 𝑥0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 _____ (12)
𝑑𝑡 2

From equations (11) and (12),

𝛽
−𝜔02 𝑥0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 + ( )𝑥 = 0
𝑍𝑚𝑒
At 𝑥 = 𝑥0 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔0 𝑡 = 1 at 0o,
𝛽
𝜔02 =
𝑍𝑚𝑒
∴ 𝛽 = 𝑍𝑚𝑒 𝜔02 _______ (13)
From equations (6) and (13),

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

𝑍2𝑒 2
𝑃𝑒 = ( )𝐸
𝑍𝑚𝑒 𝜔02
From equation (3), 𝑃𝑒 = 𝛼𝑒 𝐸
𝑍2𝑒2
∴ 𝛼𝑒 𝐸 = ( )𝐸
𝑍𝑚𝑒 𝜔02
Static electronic polarizability,
𝑍𝑒 2
𝛼𝑒 =
𝑚𝑒 𝜔02

Relation between Electronic Polarizability and

Atomic Radius

𝛼𝑒 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
(𝑍𝑒)2
𝛽=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03

(𝑍𝑒)2 𝑥
𝐹𝑟 = −(𝑍𝑒)𝐸𝑟 = = −𝛽𝑥
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟03

Mathematical Problem

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Polarization Vector
▪ When a material is placed in an electric
field, the atoms and the molecules of the
material become polarized.
▪ Bound charge cannot move like free
charges. It is induced by external
electric field and vanishes when electric
field is removed.

𝒑𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐 + 𝒑𝟑 + ⋯ … … … … + 𝒑𝒏
𝑷=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑷 = 𝑁𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒈

Polarized Surface Charge Density

𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑝 𝑑 𝑄𝑝
|𝑃⃗| = = = = σ𝑝
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐴𝑑 𝐴
If 𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 is the component of P normal to the surface where the
polarization charge density is: 𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = σ𝑝

Derivation of Dielectric Constant

Polarization induced in a dielectric medium,
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝛼𝑒 𝐸 ______ (1)
𝑃 = 𝑁𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑁𝛼𝑒 𝐸 ____ (2)
𝑃 = 𝜒𝑒 𝜀0 𝐸 ____ (3)

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

𝑄 𝑄0
𝐶= , 𝜎0 =
𝑉 𝐴
𝜀0𝐴
=> 𝐶 = => 𝐶𝑑 = 𝜀0 𝐴 => 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀0
𝑑

Electric field (E) between the plates (d) and potential difference
(V):
𝜎𝑑 𝑄𝑑
∴ 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 = = ____(4)
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴
𝑄
∴ 𝜎=
𝐴
(2) and (3) => 𝑃 = 𝑁𝛼𝑒 𝐸 = 𝜒𝑒 𝜀0 𝐸
𝑁𝛼𝑒
=> 𝜒𝑒 = ______ (5)
𝜀0

From (4) => 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑

𝑉 𝑄0 𝑄0 𝜎0
=> 𝐸 = = = = _____ (6)
𝑑 𝐶0 𝑑 𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0

Total charge on plate, 𝑄 = 𝑄0 + 𝑄𝑝

𝑄 𝑄0 𝑄𝑝
=> = +
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
=> 𝜎 = 𝜎0 + 𝜎𝑝 = 𝐸𝜀0 + 𝑃 = 𝐸𝜀0 + 𝜒𝑒 𝜀0 𝐸
=> 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀0 (1 + 𝜒𝑒 )______(7)
𝜀 𝑄 𝜎 𝐸𝜀0 (1 + 𝜒𝑒 )
∴ 𝜀𝑟 = = = = = 1 + 𝜒𝑒
𝜀0 𝑄0 𝜎0 𝐸𝜀0
=> 𝜎 = 𝜎0 𝜀𝑟
=> 𝜎 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝐸 ______(8)
From (7) and (8) => 𝐸𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 = 𝐸𝜀0 (1 + 𝜒𝑒 )
=> 𝜀𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑒
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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

𝑁𝛼𝑒
=> 𝜀𝑟 = 1 +
𝜀0
𝜀𝑟 → Relative permittivity or dielectric constant
𝜒𝑒 → Electric susceptibility

Lorentz Local Electric Field

▪ The actual field experienced by a molecule in a dielectric is
defined as the local field.
▪ 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑐 depends on:
i. Free charges on plates
ii. Arrangement of polar molecules
iii. Amount of polarization on the materials
iv. Crystal structure
𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸𝑒𝑥 + 𝐸𝑝𝑜𝑙 + 𝐸𝐿 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟

Local electric field produce from the atoms inside the sphere.
𝑈 𝑃
∴ 𝐸𝑒𝑥 = ; 𝐸𝑝𝑜𝑙 = −
𝑑 𝜀0
Lorentz shows that 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 0 for isotropic materials and for pure
𝑃
sphere, 𝐸𝐿 = 𝑁𝑃
𝜀𝑟 𝜀0

𝑁𝑃 is depolarization factor for 𝑃 𝑃

∴ 𝐸𝐿 = =
3𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 3𝜀0
Thin plate, N = 1 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜀𝑟 = 1]
Needle, N = 0
Sphere, N =1/3
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

𝑉 => 𝐸𝜀0 = −𝑃
=> 𝐸 =
𝑑 𝑃
𝜌1𝑜 = 𝐸𝜀0 + 𝑃 => 𝐸 = −
𝜀0

𝑃 𝑃 𝑈
𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 0 + − +
3𝜀0 𝜀0 𝑑
𝑈 𝑃
Here, − is just the field we used from Maxwell equation and
𝑑 𝜀0
called E0.
𝑃
∴ 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸0 + ________(1) [7.5]
3𝜀0
called Lorentz field.

Clausius-Mossotti Equation
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝛼𝐿 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑐 ______(2)
𝑃 = 𝜒𝑒 𝜀0 𝐸 ________(3)
=> 𝑃 = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸 ______(4) [∵ 𝜀𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑒 ]
𝑃 = 𝑁𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑁𝛼𝑒 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑐 ______(5)
(4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (5) => 𝑁𝛼𝑒 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑐 = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
𝑃
𝑢𝑠𝑒 (1) => 𝑁𝛼𝑒 (𝐸 + ) = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
3𝜀0
(𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
=> 𝑁𝛼𝑒 {𝐸 + } = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
3𝜀0
3𝐸 + (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝐸
=> 𝑁𝛼𝑒 { } = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
3
3 + 𝜀𝑟 − 1
=> 𝑁𝛼𝑒 { } = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0
3
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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

𝜀𝑟 + 2
=> (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 = 𝑁𝛼𝑒 ( )
3
𝜀𝑟 − 1 𝑁𝛼𝑒
=> =
𝜀𝑟 + 2 3𝜀0

Mathematical Problem

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Electronic Polarization: Covalent Solids

▪ When an electric field is applied, the negative charge
distribution associated with these valence electrons becomes
readily shifted with respect to the positive charges of the ionic
Si cores.
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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

▪ Why Si crystal show high dielectric constant? Answer:

Ionic Polarization
▪ In ionic polarization, the applied field displaces the positive and
negative ions in opposite directions, which results in a net
dipole moment per ion.

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

▪ In the absence of an applied field, the solid has no net

polarization.
𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑃+ − 𝑃− = 0
▪ In the presence of a field £ along the x direction,
𝑃+ in the +x direction increases to 𝑃+ ′
𝑃_ in the -x direction decreases to 𝑃− ′

It follows electronic polarization:

𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝛼𝑖 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑐 ______(1)
𝑃 = 𝜒𝑒 𝜀0 𝐸 ________(2)
=> 𝑃 = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸 ______(3) [
∵ 𝜀𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒𝑒 ]
𝑃 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑐 ______(4)
(3)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4) => 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 𝐸
= (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
𝑃
[𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑐 = 𝐸0 + ]=
3𝜀0
𝑃
> 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 (𝐸 + )
3𝜀0
= (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
(𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
=> 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 {𝐸 + } = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
3𝜀0
3𝐸 + (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀
=> 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 { } = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 𝐸
3𝜀
3 + 𝜀𝑟 − 1
=> 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 { } = (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0
3

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

𝜀𝑟 + 2
=> (𝜀𝑟 − 1)𝜀0 = 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 ( )
3
𝜀𝑟 − 1 1
=> = 𝑁𝛼
𝜀𝑟 + 2 3𝜀0 𝑖 𝑖

Dipolar Polarization
▪ When an electric field E is applied, E tries to align the dipoles
parallel to itself.
Torque on the dipole,
𝜏 = 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ________(1)
=> 𝜏 = 𝑄𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑝0 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ______(2)
𝜃
𝑊 = ∫ 𝜏. 𝑑𝜃
0

Work done by the field in rotating dipole by 𝑑𝜃,

𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏. 𝑑𝜃
No work for 𝜃 = 0 [P.E. = 0]
𝜃 = 180 [P.E. = maximum]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
So, 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∫0 𝜏. 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑝0 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑝0 𝐸[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
0
= −𝑝0 𝐸(−1 − 1) = 2𝑝0 𝐸

1 1
Average dipole energy, 𝐸𝑑𝑖𝑝 = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 2𝑝0 𝐸 = 𝑝0 𝐸
2 2
5
Average thermal dipole energy, 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾𝑇 = 𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑇
2

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Degree of Freedom

Each of these terms represents an independent way in which the

molecule can be made to absorb energy. Each method by which a
system can absorb energy is called a degree of freedom.

Boltzmann Statistics to Find Dipole Potential

Energy
▪ Average dipole moment along the
E-field:
𝐸𝑑𝑖𝑝 𝑝0 𝐸
𝑝𝑎𝑣 ∝ 𝑝0 ∝ 𝑝0
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 5
𝐾𝑇
2
𝑝0 → magnitude of dipole moment
𝑝0 𝐸 → average dipole energy
5
𝐾𝑇 → average thermal energy
2

Using Boltzmann statistics for the distribution of dipole energies

among the molecules,
2 𝑝02 𝐸 1 𝑝02 𝐸
∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑣 ∝ , 𝑝𝑎𝑣 = = 𝛼𝐷 𝐸𝐿𝑜𝑐
5 𝐾𝑇 3 𝐾𝑇
∵ 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝛼𝑒 ,

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Dipolar orientational polarizability (temperature dependent),

1 𝑝0 2
α𝐷 =
3 𝐾𝑇
Langevin function, 𝐿(𝑥 ) =
1
coth(𝑥 ) − 𝑥 =
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥3
− = 3 − 45
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥

Frequency Dependent Total Polarization

At Audio frequency, (~103 𝐻𝑧)
α= α𝑒 + α𝑖 + α𝑑 + α𝑠
At Radio frequency, (~106 𝐻𝑧)

α= α𝑒 + α𝑖 + α𝑑

At Microwave frequency, (~109 𝐻𝑧) α= α𝑒 + α𝑖

At Visible/UV frequency, (~1012 𝐻𝑧) α= α𝑒

Relaxation Time
▪ It is the time delay in molecular polarization with respect to a
changing electric field in a dielectric medium.
τ = relaxation time between collisions

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

τ𝑒 < τ𝑖 < τ𝑑
1
Rate of relaxation time ( ) > frequency of applied electric field:
τ
Polarization occurs
1
Rate of relaxation time ( ) < frequency of applied electric field:
τ
No Polarization occurs

Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Materials

▪ Dipoles alignment cannot respond high frequency electric field
due to following reasons:
i. Thermal stimulation tries to randomize the dipole orientation.
ii. The molecules rotate in a viscous medium by virtue of their
interactions with neighbors.

▪ At high frequencies, as the field cannot induce a dipole moment.

▪ At low frequencies, the dipoles can respond rapidly to follow the
field and 𝛼𝐷 has its maximum value.
▪ So, behavior of 𝛼𝐷 as a function of frequency is important to
determine the dielectric constant, ε𝑟 by the Clausius-Mossotti
equation.

Derivation of Polarizability as a Function of

Frequency
Instantaneous dipole moment,
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑗ω𝑡

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

At, 𝑡 = 𝑡0 , 𝑃𝑡0 = α𝑑 (0)E

Rate of change of dipole moment,
𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑡0 − 𝑃
=
𝑑𝑡 τ
α𝑑 (0)
α𝑑 (ω) =
1+𝑗ωτ

α𝑑 is a complex number. ɛ𝑟 =ɛ′𝑟 − 𝑗ɛ′′

𝑟

▪ The real part represents the relative

permittivity.
▪ The imaginary part represents the energy lost in the dielectric
medium.

Real and Imaginary Part of Relative Permittivity

▪ α𝑑 is a complex
number, that
indicates that P
and E are out of
phase.
▪ At low frequency,
ωτ ≪ 1 : α𝑑 (ω) =
α𝑑 (0) P is in phase
with E.
▪ At high frequency, ωτ ≫ 1: The rate of relaxation (1/τ) is much
slower than the frequency of the field and p can no longer follow
the variations in the field.

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Debye Equations
1. Derive the Debye equations using the concept of frequency
dependence polarizability.

2. Using the Debye equations find the expression of loss tangent.

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

(𝜀𝑟𝑑𝑐 − 𝜀𝑟∞ )(𝜔𝑡)

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 =
𝜀𝑟𝑑𝑐 + (𝜀𝑟∞ )(𝜔𝑡)2

3. Explain the Cole-Cole plot.

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Frequency Dependent Real and Imaginary Part

▪ Dielectric loss tends to be higher in materials with higher
dielectric constants.

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥, 𝑛 = √ɛ𝑟

Equivalent Circuit of Dielectric Medium

𝐴ɛ0 ɛ′𝑟
𝐶=
𝑑
𝐴ωɛ0 ɛ′′𝑟
𝐺𝑝 =
𝑑
Now,
𝜀𝑟 = 𝜀𝑟 ′ − 𝑗𝜀𝑟′′
𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜀(𝜔)
𝑌 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑑 =
𝑑
𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 (𝜔) 𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜀0 {𝜀𝑟′ (𝜔) − 𝑗𝜀𝑟′′ (𝜔)}
= =
𝑑 𝑑

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 ′(𝜔) 𝜔𝐴𝜀0 𝜀𝑟′′ (𝜔)

= + = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 + 𝐺𝑝
𝑑 𝑑
𝐴𝜔𝜀0 𝜀𝑟′′ 𝜔𝐴𝜀0 𝜀𝑟′ 𝜀𝑟′′ 𝜀𝑟′′
𝐺𝑝 = = = 𝜔𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 [dielectric loss]
𝑑 𝑑𝜀𝑟′ 𝜀𝑟′

Dielectric Loss
▪ Dielectric loss is the electrical energy lost as heat in the
dielectric medium during the polarization, process by the
presence of applied electric field.
𝑉2 2 2
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑌𝑉 = 𝑗ω𝐶𝑉 +
𝑅𝑝

▪ The real power dissipated in the dielectric medium is related to

1
𝑟 and show peaks at ω=
ɛ′′
τ
ɛ′′
▪ Loss tangent, 𝑡𝑎𝑛δ = 𝑟
ɛ′𝑟

▪ Dielectric loss per unit volume,

𝑉2 1 𝑉 2 𝜔𝜀0 𝜀𝑟′′ 𝐴 1
𝑊𝑣𝑜𝑙 = × = × = ω𝐸 2 ɛ0 ɛ′𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛δ
𝑅𝑃 𝑑𝐴 𝑑 𝑑𝐴

Dielectric Resonance
1
▪ At ω = , the relaxation peak occurs in the curve and dielectric
τ
medium shows maximum power dissipation. This process is
known dielectric resonance.

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Mathematical Problem

25
Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

26
Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Piezoelectric Effect

▪ Piezoelectric crystals are electromechanical transducers

because they convert an electrical signal, an electric field, to a
mechanical signal,
strain, and vice versa.
▪ Electric potential which
is produced by the
displacement of
charges, appears
across certain surfaces
of crystal by application
of mechanical force.
This effect is called the
piezoelectric effect.

Ex: Quartz, 𝐵𝑎𝑇𝑖𝑂3

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Centrosymmetric Material
▪ This unit cell has a center
of symmetry at O,
therefore no net
polarization in the unit cell
and P = 0.
▪ By applying stress, the
unit cell is strained, but center of mass of positive and negative
charges still
coincides and P=0.

Non-Centrosymmetric Material
▪ Piezoelectric material has non centrosymmetric crystal
structure that leads to the
generation of polarization
vector.
▪ The direction of the induced
polarization depends on the
direction of the applied
stress.
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗 𝑇𝑗

𝑇𝑗 is the applied mechanical

stress along j direction.
𝑃𝑖 is the induced polarization along i direction.
𝑑𝑖𝑗 are called the piezoelectric coefficients.

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Lecture-4: Dielectric Properties of Materials

Pyroelectricity
A temperature change induces a
change of polarization in the crystal
is called pyroelectricity.
𝑑𝑃
𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑝 =
𝑑𝑇
Ferroelectricity
▪ Possesses finite spontaneous polarization due to separation of
positive and negative charges in the crystal.
▪ Above approximately 1300 C,
the crystal structure of
BaTiO3 has a cubic unit cell,
therefore, the barium
titanate crystal exhibits no
permanent polarization and
is not ferroelectric.
▪ Below 1300 C, the structure
of barium titanate is
tetragonal, therefore the
crystal possesses a finite
polarization vector P and is ferroelectric.
▪ The critical temperature above which ferroelectric property is
lost, in this case 1300 C, is called the Curie temperature (Tc).
▪ All ferroelectric crystals are also piezoelectric, but the reverse is
not true: not all piezoelectric crystals are ferroelectric.

29