6 ARC3031 Trussed Systems Case Studies

8.11.
2022
ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER
FRAMED ‐ TRUSSED SYSTEMS

CASE STUDIES
November 9 ‐ 10, 2022
30 St Mary Axe
30 St Mary Axe
High Rise Office Tower
Architects: Norman Foster and
Partners, London
Structural engineers: Arup, London
Sustainability: London’s first
sustainable skyscraper
Construction:
Commenced in 2001
Completed in December 2003
Opened in April 2004
Structural syst.: diagrid
Glazing: laminated safety glass
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30 St Mary Axe
30 St Mary Axe
The building has become an iconic symbol of London and is one of the city's most
widely recognized examples of contemporary architecture.
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30 St Mary Axe
Form: circular, aerodynamic form

Storeys: 41 storeys
Height: 180 m tall
Additional information: 33 office floors
30 St Mary Axe
The diagonal tubular steel struts and horizontal

tiles on the façade create a rigid tube – referred to
as a diagrid.
The complex steel frame is built up of a series of

two – storey A – frames.
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Diagrid structural system
30 St Mary Axe
The diagrid provides vertical support to the floors to create a column ‐ free
space within.
Two concentric rings of load bearing columns carry the circular plan form.
These consist of two 508mm diameter tubular steel diagonal struts with wall
thickness from 32 to 40 mm; a 250/250 mm SHS tie and steel nodes.
The frames are connected to the core by means of rolled steel radial down‐
stand beams and composite floor slabs that brace the lattice horizontally.
The lines of the diagonal lattice grid are also adopted in the façade design,
with the storey –height glazing articulated into triangular and rhomboid
elements.
This system allows the differences in circumference between one floor and
the next to be accommodated by simple means.
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1. Bar 30 St Mary Axe

2. Meeting rooms
3. Offices
4. Library
5. Reception
1
6. Entrance Level 40
3 3
4
5
2 2
6
2
Level 21 Entrance level
9. Ties: 300/250 mm steel SHS

30 St Mary Axe Secondary floor beam: steel I
beam 540 mm
Floor beam with sliding support:
22. Sliding window: 2x5 mm
steel I beam 540 mm
laminated safety glass
Threaded roads for limiting
23. Stale air from the extensions M36
offices through the 50 mm node
elevated floor element 65 mm steel plate for tangential
connection
15. Glazing: 10 mm toughened

glass, 16 mm cavity, 2x5 mm
16. Fresh air intake in every floor
17. Column cladding: 3 mm

aluminium plate
24. Fresh air 18. Condensation drainage

into offices
through 19. 160 mm composite slab
suspended 21. Stale air exhausted into
ceiling the cavity of double façade
20. Air supply / air extract
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30 St Mary Axe
7. Diagonal struts: 273 – 580/40 mm diameter, 11. Floor beam with sliding support: steel I beam
steel tube 540 mm
8. Bearer for the glazing: 60 mm steel plate 12. Threaded roads for limiting extensions M36
9. Ties: 300/250 mm steel SHS 13. 50 mm node
10. Secondary floor beam: steel I beam 540 mm 14. 65 mm steel plate for tangential connection
Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport
Airport terminal
Madrid
Architects: Richard Rogers

Partnership, London
Estudio Lamela, Madrid
Structural engineers:
Anthony Hunt Associates,
London
TPS, Croydon mit OTEP/HCA,
Madrid
Construction: 2000 – 2004
Opened to the service: 2006
Structure: branching
columns
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1. Existing terminals
2. New terminal
3. Satellite
Site plan
4. Parking block
5. Airport service
6. Automatic luggage check – in
7. Shops
Terminal: level 1 8. Departures / boarding area
Satelite: level 2
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Section c‐c
4. Parking block
5. Airport service
6. Automatic luggage check – in
7. Shops
8. Departures / boarding area
9. Local transport
10. Check – in area

Structure
The scale of the building is more than a kilometer on length.
The architectural design demanded a structure that would be both modular and
elegant and that would emphasize the strongly linear concept.
For the main buildings, an infinitely extendable, repetitive structure was chose,
consisting of large scale modules based on 18x9 m structural grid.
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19. Welded steel main beam: 500/30
mm flange, 15 mm web, 690 ‐1440
mm deep
20. 100 mm steel channel section
21. 60/60/4 mm steel SHS
22. Steel I beam 500 mm
23. 60/40/2 mm steel RHS
24. 12/20/20/1 mm galvanized steel
cover strip
25. 100/5 mm bamboo strips
Load path scheme
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Branching columns
Branching columns
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Roof structure
The main terminal and satellite building, with their linear layout and clear spatial
sequences, are distinguished by rows of narrow, wave like roof elements supported
by central, branching columns.
This gull – wing profiles are designed to follow the stress pattern.
The primary beams, at 9 m centers, consist of tapering, curved steel plate girders
1.50 m deep over the central area of each bay, reducing to 1.10 m in depth over
the canyons and 75 cm over the external column supports.
Curved secondary steel beams at roughly 3.50 m centers span between the
primary girders, which in turn support purlins and the roof cladding.
The primary vertical support to the roof is in the form of tapering V columns laid
out in pairs at 18 m centers. These consist of pairs of oval shaped hollow sections
which diverge to form a Y shape.
Roof structure
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Glazing structure
The linear features of the building suggested that the design of the supporting
structure to the glazed façades should be predominantly horizontal, with no
significant vertical elements.
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Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport 1. Steel main beam: 500/30 mm

flange
2. Stainless steel section
3. 45 mm steel fixing plate
4. Stainless steel forked head
5. Anodized aluminium section
6. 38 mm (diameter) stainless steel
rod
7. Low‐E glazing: 12 mm toughened
glass; 12 mm cavity, 12 mm
8. Polished stainless steel cross –
coupling
9. Polished stainless steel fixing
disc
10. Polished cast stainless steel
compression bar
11. Polyurethane foam filling
12. 76 mm (diameter) steel tube
with steel flat
13. Neoprene section
14. 80 mm (diameter) stainless steel
bolt
15. Naturally anodized aluminium
cover strip
16. Naturally anodized to air supply
duct
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BMW Welt
Location: Munich
Construction: 2003 ‐ 2007
Architects: COOP HIMMELB(L)AU,
Vienna
Wolf D. Prix / W. Dreibholz & Partner ZT
Structural engineers: Bollinger +
Grohman, Frankfurt a. M.
Function: multifunction; exhibition /
events center, restaurants, plant,
museum, Olympic stadium
Sustainability: Roof is fitted with
approximately 6300 m2 PV panels.
Structural syst.: space truss
Glazing: heat – strengthened glass +
thoughened glass
BMW Welt
1. BMW Welt
2. BMW museum
3. BMW headquarters
4. BMW plant
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5. Entrance
BMW Welt 6. Double cone
7. Hall with car exhibition
8. Car delivery area
9. Exclusive delivery area
10. Restaurant
11. Auditorium
BMW Welt
Resting on very few supports, the building with its waves and fluent forms
creates an impression of light and weightlessness.
This challenging design was only feasible by choosing steel as the main
structural material.
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BMW Welt
BMW Welt
Building’s structure: the double cone of
the building leads to a continues ring
girder, which – as a triangular space truss
made out of hollow sections – serves to
stiffen the construction. The ring girder
evenly distributes the load of the roof
structure and the modified post and beam
construction of the double cone transfers
this load to the foundations. On account of
dynamic twist the construction consists of
individually made rectangular tubes.
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BMW Welt 13. Edge girder, 356 mm steel tube
14. Flange sheet, 30 mm panel

joint
15. Roof girder, steel I beam 360

mm (IPE 360)
16. Edge profile on double cone

façade, 200/200 steel SHS
17. Façade of double cone,

300/100 mm steel RHS in part
with integrated heating /
cooling, sprinkler system,
electrical ducting
18. White glass, 2x6 mm heat‐

strengthened glass + 16 mm
cavity + 8 mm toughened glass
BMW Welt
Roof structure
The roof structure is based on a 5x5 m module and is made up of a top
and bottom steel grid interconnected to form a space frame.
In spite of the structure’s complexity, the framework is manufactured from

standard rolled sections. A structural depth of approx. 8 m allows a max
span of 60 m to be achieved.
The cloud like roof form, a double cone of steel and glass which supports
16000m2 roof construction.
The core and 11 rocker columns are supported only on this double cone
(4000 t weight).
The spherical bearings provide resistant free support to the rocker

columns and thus avoid imposing additional stresses o the roof.
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BMW Welt
1. 1000/1650 mm PV modules, waterproof membrane, 180 mm thermal
insulation, vapour barrier, sheet steel, 160 mm trapezoidal sheet metal
2. Steel I beam 140 3. Upper girder steel I

mm (IPE140) for beam 300 mm (IPE 300)
technical installation
5. 3D framework steel I beam 300

mm (IPE 300)
6. Cross beam, 260 mm
steel tube
4. Constructional façade design: 3 mm 7. Connection of roof
perforated high grade steel attached by structure to façade,
angle irons to flat steel and fixing profile displaceable in vertical
direction
8. 2 mm perforated high grade steel
BMW Welt
9. Posts 320/120 folded, welded out of 15 mm steel

plate, heated / cooled
10. 200/80 mm
triangular beam
welded out of 10
mm steel plate,
heated / cooled
11. 2x8 mm float glass + 16 mm cavity +
toughened safety glass 10 mm
12. Tubular steel, heating circuit with

hexagon cap nut
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BMW Welt
Construction
Most of the connections were bolted
using high strength bolts and were
prefabricated in the workshop, which
meant that only large elements had to
be put together on the building site.
BMW Welt
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Metropol Parasol
Structure: Concrete, timber,

steel
Site area: 18000 m2
Footprint area: 5000 m2
Total floor area: 12670 m2
Height: 28.50 m (4 floors)
Architect: J. Mayer H. Architects

Location: Seville, Spain
Design: 2004 – 2005 (competition)
Construction: 2005 – 2011
Program: Archeological site, farmers market, elevated plaza, multiple bars and
restorants. The Redevelopment of the Plaza de la Encarnacion
Metropol Parasol
Structure
One of the largest and most innovative

bonded timber‐constructions with a
polyurethane coating.
The structure grow out of the

archaeological excavation site into a
contemporary landmark.
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Metropol Parasol
Defining a unique relationship between the historical and the contemporary city.
"Metropol Parasols" mix‐used character initiates a dynamic development for culture and
commerce in the heart of Seville and beyond.
Metropol Parasol
Level 2: plaza balcon
Level 3: sky walk
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Metropol Parasol
South elevation
East elevation
Metropol Parasol
West elevation
Section
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Metropol Parasol
Section
Section
Metropol Parasol
Functional perspective
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Metropol Parasol
Computer aided design
Model
Metropol Parasol
Computer aided design
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Metropol Parasol
3 D Models
Metropol Parasol
Isometric timber structure
Timber structure and minimal joists
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Metropol Parasol
Construction details
Metropol Parasol
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Metropol Parasol
Metropol Parasol
Building details
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Metropol Parasol
Building details
Japanese Pavilion, Hannover Expo 2000
Location: Hannover, Germany
Architect: Shigeru Ban, Frei Otto

The structural proof engineer:
Prof. Stefan Polonyi
Structure: Architects originally

envisioned a purely paper tube
structure, the German building
authorities insisted on the addition
of a wooden structure.
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Concept
‘Environment' was the Hannover Expo's theme and the concept of the
Japan Pavilion was to create a structure whose materials could be recycled
when it was dismantled.
Shigeru Ban designed a curvy paper tunnel supported by a matrix of

recycled paper tubes, to make the construction as low‐tech as possible, the
joints were affixed with tape.
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The paper tubes were laid out flat on a temporary scaffold used to push the paper
grid into the final shape over 3 weeks.
The pre-curved timber structure was then lifted into position and connected.
Strucutre
It took three weeks to assemble the

building 72m long, 35m wide and
15.5m high , on a plot of 5,450 m² ,
crenate an exhibition area of 3.015m ²
and administrative offices.
The main structure of the pavilion was made of pressed paper tubes that
facilitated their subsequent demolition and recycling . The secondary structure
and was wooden .
The wavy shape consisted cardboard tubes 440 12cm in diameter, with a length
of 40 m.
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Drawing – Shieguru Ban
Roof structure:
The building is covered with a specially designed, recyclable paper

membrane roof.
PVC is the most common substance for tent‐like structures, especially in

Europe. However, because it emits dioxins when burned, Shigeru Ban came
up with his own water resistant and fire retardant paper roofing, which is
also light penetrating, a waterproof bag used by a delivery service .
The manufacturer of the bag, confirmed the possibility of developing

something similar to what was needed.
Ban said:
‘We only used a small amount of concrete, which is difficult to dispose of.
instead, we created a foundation from wooden boxes with sand‘.
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Paper membrane
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Paper tube grid Wooden board partition
All information is based on the free access web sites and published
documents.
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8.11.

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

FRAMED ‐ TRUSSED SYSTEMS

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Form: circular, aerodynamic form

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

The diagonal tubular steel struts and horizontal

The complex steel frame is built up of a series of

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Diagrid structural system

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

1. Bar 30 St Mary Axe

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

9. Ties: 300/250 mm steel SHS

15. Glazing: 10 mm toughened

16. Fresh air intake in every floor

17. Column cladding: 3 mm

24. Fresh air 18. Condensation drainage

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

9. Ties: 300/250 mm steel SHS 13. 50 mm node

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

Architects: Richard Rogers

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

Terminal: level 1 8. Departures / boarding area

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

Load path scheme

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport 1. Steel main beam: 500/30 mm

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

Terminal 4, Bajaras Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2022 – 2023 FALL SEMESTER