REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLE

RENZO DIWA
2020-4-0388
BLOCK B
AUGUST 30, 2023
Identify different elements and principles incorporated in a building’s interior and exterior (give atleast 10 example).

1. Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France):

Elements:

 Flying Buttresses: These external supports allowed for taller and thinner walls, creating expansive
stained glass windows.

 Pointed Arches: A characteristic feature of Gothic architecture, these arches add verticality and
elegance.

 Rose Windows: Large circular windows with intricate stained glass designs, contributing to the
cathedral's luminous interior.

Principles:

 Gothic Architecture: Characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses,
emphasizing verticality and light.

 Vertical Emphasis: Tall proportions and pointed arches draw the eye upward, creating a sense of
transcendence.

 Proportion: Careful attention to proportions contributes to the cathedral's harmonious and awe-
inspiring ppearance.
2. St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow, Russia):

Elements:
 Onion Domes: Distinctive bulbous domes with vibrant colors and patterns.

 Colorful Facades: Intricate and vividly painted facades featuring geometric patterns and religious
motifs.

Principles:

 Rhythm: The repetition of onion domes and decorative elements creates a dynamic visual rhythm.

 Movement: The complex forms and vibrant colors evoke a sense of motion and energy.

 Contrast: The juxtaposition of various colors, shapes, and textures creates a striking and memorable
visual contrast.
3. Chrysler Building (New York City, USA):

Elements:

 Art Deco Ornamentation: Elaborate and geometric decorative details, including stainless steel eagles
and ornamented friezes.

 Terraced Crown: A distinctive tiered spire with setbacks, culminating in a shining tip.

Principles:

 Elegance: The Art Deco style emphasizes luxury and glamour through intricate ornamentation.

 Vertical Emphasis: The building's height and upward-reaching elements capture the essence of New
York's skyline.

 Ornamentation: Decorative details enhance the building's visual appeal and celebrate craftsmanship.
 4. Casa Batlló (Barcelona, Spain):

Elements:

Organic Forms: Curved lines and undulating shapes inspired by nature.

Mosaic Tiles: The colorful "trencadís" mosaic technique used for facade decoration.

Curved Lines: Fluid and dynamic lines create a sense of movement and liveliness.

Principles:

Organic Architecture: Casa Batlló's design is influenced by natural forms and organic principles.

Expressiveness: The building's unique features and unconventional design reflect the artistic freedom of
Modernisme.

Innovation: Antoni Gaudí's innovative approach to form and structure is showcased in the building's design.
 5. Petronas Towers (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia):

Elements:

Twin Towers: Identical towers connected by a skybridge, symbolizing unity and balance.

Stainless Steel Cladding: Reflective material enhancing the towers' modern appearance.

Principles:

Symmetry: The twin towers create a sense of balance and harmony in their design.

Modernity: The towers' sleek and futuristic design represents Malaysia's progress and modernization.

Height: The towers' record-breaking height makes them iconic and visually dominant in the skyline.
 6. Hearst Tower (New York City, USA):

Elements:

Glass Curtain Wall: The innovative use of glass in the facade, emphasizing transparency and natural light.

Texture (Diagonal Bracing): Exposed diagonal bracing creates a distinctive visual feature on the exterior.

Principles:

Transparency: The glass facade showcases the building's interior and reflects a sense of openness and
communication.

Sustainability: The tower's green features and LEED Gold certification align with environmental principles.

Modernity: The combination of glass and exposed structure reflects contemporary architectural trends.
 7. Brandenburg Gate (Berlin, Germany):

Elements:

Neoclassical Design: Inspired by ancient Greek and Roman architecture, featuring Doric columns and a grand
central arch.

Principles:

Monumentality: The gate's grand scale and classical design symbolize power and national identity.

Symmetry: The gate's balanced composition adds a sense of order and formality.

Symbolism: As an iconic historical structure, the gate carries deep cultural and historical significance.
 8. Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany):

Elements:

Twin Spires: The cathedral's twin spires dominate the skyline, reaching toward the heavens.

Pointed Arches: A hallmark of Gothic architecture, these arches contribute to the cathedral's vertical emphasis.

Principles:

Vertical Emphasis: The cathedral's towering spires and pointed arches draw attention upward, creating a sense
of awe.

Gothic Architecture: The cathedral exemplifies the intricate and ornate style of Gothic design.

Unity: The consistent use of design elements throughout the cathedral creates a cohesive and harmonious whole.
 9. Marina Bay Sands (Singapore):

Elements:

SkyPark: A distinctive cantilevered rooftop structure housing gardens, pools, and observation decks.

Modernist Design: A sleek and contemporary architectural style.

Principles:

Innovation: The SkyPark's unique design and use of space contribute to the building's iconic status.

Iconic Silhouette: The rooftop structure forms a recognizable and memorable silhouette on the Singapore
skyline.

Modernity: The building's cutting-edge design reflects Singapore's aspirations as a global city.
 10. The Shard (London, UK):

Elements:

Glass-Clad Pyramid: A distinctive glass exterior with faceted surfaces.

Principles:

Futurism: The Shard's modern design reflects a sense of progress and forward-thinking.
Vertical Emphasis: The tower's height and tapered form create a strong vertical presence.

Reflection: The glass exterior reflects the surrounding environment, integrating the building with its context.