APSC 131 Chemistry and Materials: Equa�on Sheet

Elemental Basics Material Proper�es

Oxida�on State Coulomb’s Law Thermal expansion Electrical resis�vity
𝐾𝐾e ∙ 𝑞+ ∙ 𝑞− Δ𝐿 1 Δ𝑉 𝐴 𝐴
𝐹= = 𝛼 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝜌𝑒𝑒 = = = 𝑅𝑅
𝑟+ + 𝑟− 2 𝐿 𝜎𝜎𝑒𝑒 𝐼 𝐿 𝐿
Slater’s rule Formal Charge Hooke’s law Δ𝜌𝑒𝑒 = 𝜌𝑒𝑒,𝑖 − 𝜌𝑒𝑒 = Α𝑐𝑐𝑖 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑖 − 𝜌𝑒𝑒
𝑞 = 𝑁𝑁e,v − 2𝑁𝑁LP − 𝑁𝑁B
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑘𝑥 𝜎𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝜌 = 𝜌 + Δ𝜌
𝑒𝑒,𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒
Molecular Electrons Bond Order Strain Conduc�vity
𝑁𝑁e,delocalized 𝑙 − 𝑙0 𝐴 − 𝐴0
BO = 𝜀𝑧 = 𝜀𝑟 = 𝜎𝜎𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛𝑞𝑀
ev = ev,𝑖 − 𝑞total 2 ∙ 𝑁𝑁bonding regions 𝑙0 𝐴0
𝜎𝜎𝑒𝑒 = 𝑞 𝑛e 𝑀e + 𝑛h 𝑀h
Stress
Shielding (𝑺𝒆) 𝐹 Boltzmann probability
𝜎𝜎 = −𝐸g
Group 𝑛group 𝑛group , 𝑙 < 𝑙max 𝑛−1 <𝑛−1 𝐴0 2 𝑘𝑘 B 𝑇
𝑛 = 𝑛0 𝑒𝑒
Duc�lity
1s 0.30 − − − 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑜 Average molecular weight
%EL = × 100%
𝐿𝑜
𝑛s, 𝑛p 0.35 − 0.85 1
𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴𝑓
%RA = × 100%
𝑛d or 𝑛𝑓 0.35 1 1 1 𝐴𝑓
Thermodynamics
Shape 𝐀𝐗 𝐦𝐄𝐧 Hybridiza�on Geometry Bond Angle Arrhenius Equa�on Latent Energy (Latent Heat)
−𝐸A
𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴 e 𝑅𝑅𝑇 ∆H = ∆Hf,phase 2 – ∆Hf,phase 1
Linear AX 2 sp 180°
Gibbs Energy of Ac�va�on Energy (Heat) of Reac�on
Bent
AX 2 E,
sp2 , sp3 < 180°
‡ ‡
∆G ≡ ∆H - T∆S
‡
∆Hreaction = ∆Hf,products – ∆Hf,reactants
AX 2 E2
Trigonal State Func�ons
AX 3 sp2 120° 𝐺 ≡ 𝐻 − 𝑇𝑆
planar
Trigonal 𝐻 ≡ 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉
AX 3 E sp3 < 120° Sensible Heat
pyramidal
𝑞𝑣 = 𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑣 Δ𝑇 = 𝑛Δ𝑈 𝑞conv = ℎ𝐴Δ𝑇 𝑞rad = 𝜎𝜎𝐴Τ 4
°
Tetrahedral AX 4 sp3 109.5 𝑞𝑝 = 𝑛𝑐𝑐𝑝 Δ𝑇 = 𝑛Δ𝐻 Δ𝑇
𝑞cond = −𝑘𝑘𝐴
Trigonal Δ𝑥
AX 5 sp2 90° , 120°
bipyramidal
 Selected Physical Constants
Avogadro’s
6.022 ∙ 1023 mol−1
constant (𝑁𝑁A )
Planck’s
6.626 ∙ 10−34 J s
constant (ℎ)
Speed of
2.998 ∙ 108 m s −1
light (𝑐𝑐)
Elementary
1.602 ∙ 10−19 C
charge (𝑒𝑒)
Boltzmann 1.38 ∙ 10−23 J K −1
constant (𝑘𝑘B ) 8.62 ∙ 10−5 eV K −1
Gas constant 8.314 kPa L mol−1 K −1
(𝑅𝑅) 0.08206 atm L mol−1 K −1
Stefan-
Boltzmann 5.67 ∙ 10−8 Wm−2 K −4
Constant (𝜎𝜎)
Coulomb
2.3 × 10−28 Nm2
Constant (𝐾𝐾e )