Summarization of CCNA2 from

Module 1 to Module 4(Team 2)

Lecturer: Chhit Sokna

Teaching Assistant: Saray Kunly

Group members

• Yeng Visal
• Sor Sophanarith
• Sot Sochetra
• Reth SereyPiseth
 Module 1: Basic Device Configuration

• Switch Boot Sequence: After the switch is powered on:

 Step 1: Do POST program stored in ROM, it checked the CPU subsystem, tests the CPU,
DRAM and the flash drive that make up the file system.
 Step 2: Load Boot loader software that is stored in ROM.
 Step 3: The boot loader performs low-level CPU initialization.
 Step 4: The boot loader initializes the flash file system on the system board.
 Step 5: The boot loader locates and loads default IOS operating system software image
memory.
• The switch attempts to automatically boot by using information in the BOOT environment
variable.
• When the system crashes, we can only access the boot loader to recover from a system crash:
 Step 1: Connect PC by console port to switch. Configure terminal emulation.
 Step 2: Unplug the switch power cord.
 Step 3: Reconnect the power cord, press and hold down the Mode button.
 Step 4: continue pressing until the LED change color.
 Step 5: The boot loader switch: prompt appears in the terminal emulation software on the
PC.
• Duplex communication:
- Full duplex: send and receive data simultaneously.
- Half duplex: send or receive data one at a time.
- AUTO-MDIX: connect two devices without require crossover cable.
- To examine AUTO-MDIX use the command show controllers ethernet- controller in #.
• The command to configure duplex type and speed on switch:

• Switch LED indicator

 System LED(SYST): show whether the system is receiving power and functioning properly
or not.
 Redundant Power System (RPS): Show RPS status
1. If LED off RPS off
2. If LED green RPS is connected and ready to provide backup power.
3. If LED blinking green RPS is connected but unavailable
4. If amber RPS is in standby mode or in fault condition
5. If blinking amber the internal power supply fails and RPS is providing power.
 Port Status (STAT): Tell you about network port status.
  Port Duplex (DUPLEX): Tell you about Duplex mode (Full, Half)
 Port Speed (SPEED): Tell you about speed mode (10MB, 100MB, 1GB)
 PoE: Tell you about PoE mode and status of ports.
• Network access Layer issues:
1. Input errors: Total number of errors.
2. Runts: smaller than minimum size of frame (<64byte)
3. Giant: greater than maximum size of frame (>1518byte)
4. Collision: number if retransmitted messages because of Ethernet collision.
5. Late Collision: occur after 512 bits of frame have been transmitted.
• Telnet use TCP port 23 and SSH use TCP port 22.
• Loopback is logical interface; it is automatically up as long as router works.
• Loopback interface is used for testing connectivity between IOS cisco device.
• Some useful switch verification command:

• There a four filtering parameters that can be configured after the pipe( | ) which is section,
include , exclude, begin.
 Module 2: Switching Concepts

• The two-term associate with frames entering and leaving an interface is:
1. Ingress: This is used to describe the port where a frame enters the devices.
2. Egress: This is used to describe the port that frames will use when leaving the devices.
• The switch forward is based on ingress and destination MAC address, and it use destination
MAC address to determine egress interface.
• A switch builds MAC or CAM table by recording the MAC address into a table along with the
port it received.
• The switch uses 2 steps to process frame when it gets to the switch.
 Step 1: Learn: Examine Source MAC address.
- Add the source MAC if not in MAC table.
- Resets the time out setting back to 5mn if source on table.
 Step 2: Forward: Examine Destination MAC address.
- If the destination MAC address exits in table, it will forward to specific port.
- If the destination MAC address is not on the table, it will send a broadcast message to
know the port where it should be sent.
• Switch uses software ASICs to make very quick forward decisions.
• The method the L2 switch use to make forwarding decision are:
 Store and forward switching: make forward decision when the entire frame Is received and
check the frame error using CRC if there no problem it will send it.
 Cut thorough switching: begin forwarding process after Destination MAC address of
incoming frame and the egress port have been determined and does not check if the frame
have any error or not.
• Collision domain: is the network segment that shares the same bandwidth between devices.
• Collision occurs when two or more device within collision domain try to communicate in the
same time.
• A broadcast domain extends across all L1 or L2 devices on a LAN. Only a L3 devices (Router)
will break broadcast domain also called a MAC broadcast domain.
• The feature of switch that alleviate congestion are as followed:
 Fast port speed: may have up to 100Gps port speed.
 Fast Internal Switching: use fast internal bus or shared memory to improve performance.
 Large frame buffers: allow for temporary storage while processing large quantities of frames.
 High Port Density: provides many ports for devices to be connected to LAN with less cost.
This also provides for more local traffic with less congestion.
 Module 3: VLANs

• VLANs provide segmentation and organizational flexibility in a switched network.

• VLANs improve network performance by separating large broadcast domains into smaller one.
• Using VLANs network administrator can implement access and security policies according to
specific grouping of users.
• Some Benefit of using VLANs:
1. Smaller broadcast domain
2. Improved Security
3. Improved IT efficiency
4. Reduced Cost
5. Better performance
6. Simpler management
• VLAN 1 is the following: the default VLAN, the default native VLAN, the default management
VLAN and cannot be deleted.
• Types of VLAN:
1. Data VLAN: are VLANs configured to separate user traffic.
2. Native VLAN: this is used for trunk link only. All frames are tagged on an 802.1Q trunk link
except for those on the native VLAN.
3. Management VLAN: used for SSH/Telnet VTY traffic and should not be carried with end
user traffic.
4. Voice VLAN: for voice transmission and to use it, it requires assured bandwidth, High QoS
priority, ability to avoid congestion and delay less than 150ms from source to destination.
• VLAN trunks allow all VLAN traffic to propagate between switches and a trunk is a point-to-
point between 2 network devices.
• The VLAN tag field:
1. Type: referred to as tag protocol ID (TPID)
2. User Priority: that supports and prioritizes the important data.
3. Canonical Format Identifier (CFI): can support token ring frames on Ethernet.
4. VLAN ID: VLAN identifier.
• The basic of 802.1Q trunk is:
1. Tagging is typically done on all VLANs.
2. The use of a native VLAN was designed for legacy use, like the hub in the example.
3. VLAN1 is native VLAN unless changed.
4. Both ends of a trunk link must be configured with same native VLAN and each trunk is
configured separately, so it is possible to have a different native VLANs on separate trunk.
• In Voice VLAN we need to turn on QoS and we can do that by using the mls qos trust cos
command in the interface you want it to activate.
• The show vlan summary command displays the count of all configured VLANs.
• The Range of VLANs:
 1. Normal Range VLAN 1-1005
 Used in small to medium sized businesses.
 1002-1005 are reserved for legacy VLANs.
 1, 1002-1005 are auto created and cannot be deleted
 Stored in the vlan.dat file in flash.
 VTP can synchronize between switches.
2. Extended Range VLAN:
 Used by Service providers and are in running-config.
 Support fewer VLAN features and require VTP configuration.
• The command to configure trunk:

• Dynamic Trunking Protocol characteristics are as follows:

 On by default in Catalyst 2960 and 2950 switches.
 Can be turned off with the nonegotiate command and can also be turned back on.
 To enable trunking from a Cisco switch to a device that does not support DTP, use the
switchport mode trunk and switchport nonegotiate interface configuration mode
commands.
 To re-enable dynamic trunking protocol, use the switchport mode dynamic auto command.
• The negotiated interface Modes we can use after switchport mode.

• Use the show dtp command to determine the current DTP mode.
• DTP configuration options are as follows:
 Module 4: Inter-VLAN Routing

• Inter-VLAN routing is the process of forwarding network traffic from one VLAN to another
VLAN.
• There are 3 types of inter-VLAN routing:
- Legacy inter-VLAN routing is the old method (doesn’t scale well).
- Router-on-a-stick: for small to medium network.
- Layer 3 switch using (SVIs): for medium or big network (it scales very well).
• Legacy inter-VLAN routing: Multiple router interface and used connecting to a switch port in
difference VLANs.
• Router-on-a-stick requires only one physical Ethernet interface to router traffic between
multiple-VLANs.
• Layer 3 switch using (SVIs): route traffic between different VLAN on layer 3 switch.
• Routing configuration on layer 3 switch:
 Step1: create VLAN and assign port.
 Step2: enable IP Routing by using command ip routing.
 Step3: assign IP add to SVIs for each VLAN (IP add that assigned to VLAN use as default-
gateway).
 Step4: verify Routing configuration (show ip route).
 Step5: Verify connectivity (ping).
• Troubleshoot Inter-VLAN Routing:
 Missing VLAN: It can happen because of:
1. Wasn’t created.
2. Was deleted.
3. Not allowed on trunk
 Switching trunk port issues:
1. Verify by command (show interface trunk, show running-config interface
[interface ID])
 Switch Access issues
1. Use command show vlan brief, show interface X switchport or show running-
config interface X command to verify the interface VLAN assignment.