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The benefits and challenges of Implementing Smart hospital projects: A

systematic Review

Conference Paper · January 2023

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 The benefits and challenges of Implementing
Smart hospital projects: A systematic Review
Eveth Nkeiruka Nwobodo-Anyadiegwu, Mira Njing Ditend, Alice Kabamba Lumbwe
Department of Quality and Operations Management
University of Johannesburg
Johannesburg, South Africa
evethn@uj.ac.za, alicel@uj.ac.za
Abstract—Humans have always tried to look after
themselves and their families since the beginning of time. The
more the fourth industrial revolution is spreading and
transforming practically every industry, the more it is difficult
for any discipline to avoid adapting and changing key strategies
and processes. Engineering techniques to deliver healthcare
services coinciding with the development of medical equipment
that requires less human interaction are gaining popularity
around the world. Clinical processes, management systems, and
infrastructure in smart hospitals are optimized, redesigned, or
built entirely new. The aim of this study is to explore the benefits
and challenges of smart hospital deployment. A Methodical
Literature Review was used where 42 existing publications were
analysed. The research databases and keywords were iteratively
considered. The review analysis revealed that while the
healthcare sector seeks new ways to improve internal
procedures, personnel efficiency, productivity, and
communication to achieve better results, it must maintain a
laser-like focus on improving care quality. By adding smart
technology into the care framework, it will boost patient
satisfaction and improve patient care. Smart healthcare
provides patients with more efficient and preventive care.
Doctors may not have to wait for the patient to need medical
help before they can help. They can now use technological
monitoring gadgets to prevent critical hygienic issues from
occurring.
Keywords—Smart hospital, smart healthcare, Internet of
Things, review
I. INTRODUCTION
Health care is a basic need and fundamental right of every
human being [1]. Since the dawn of ages, humans have
always strived to take care of themselves and their people.
Thus, the concept of health care was born by great gurus such
as Hippocrates and Leonardo da Vinci who laid the
foundation of health care as we know it today [2][3].
Nowadays, with the fourth industrial revolution taking
over and changing the routine of almost every industry in the
world, it is hard for any discipline not to adapt and change
core strategies and processes. The health sector was not left
behind, with novel technologies and equipment added almost
daily [4]. Worldwide, the interest is shown in engineering
approaches to deliver healthcare services that concur with the
development of medical devices that need less human
interaction. This accomplishment is achieved by using the
Internet of Things (IoT), which connects physical objects and
the internet [5].
Recent technologies have transformed care processes and
the outcomes produced by the health sector, for instance,
patient safety. Smart healthcare is also a contributor to the
socio-economic development of several countries in the
world. For example, 20% of the US GDP is dedicated to
health expenditures. While integrating technological features
in healthcare is a priority for certain countries, others lag in
this regard [6].
A. Problem statement
Healthcare should be cost-effective, of high quality, and
guaranteed to everyone as a right. With the continuous
increase of operational medical costs and higher customer
expectations, achieving the latter with a traditional healthcare
scope is almost impossible. With the introduction and
integration of smart healthcare, a shift from being hospital-
centered toward patient-centered is created. Novel
technologies and pieces of equipment are introduced to favor
the best patient health outcome. Despite these benefits, there
are still significant barricades imposed by political and
economic agendas in some world regions to fully invest in
integrating smart healthcare in hospitals [4].
Due to socio-economic factors like poverty, lack of
infrastructure, and capacity development, the sub-Saharan
African region has been relatively absent in the domain of
healthcare. At the same time, exceptions exist, for example,
the use of Smart Wearable Mobile devices and cloud
computing in South African healthcare [7].
B. Aim of the study
The paper aims to explore the benefits and challenges of
the implementation of smart hospital projects.
The impact of implementing smart hospital projects will
be presented through a systematic review of various case
studies worldwide.
C. Scope of the study
The scope of the paper is not limited to a specific region
of the world, but an emphasis on Africa and South Africa is
made. In addition, this study did not include digital
technologies for natural and pharmaceutical development,
traditional EHR (Electronic Health Record) and EMR
(Electronic Medical Record) development, traditional
healthcare force chain operation, or healthcare threat and
insurance.
II. METHODOLOGY
The investigation is carried out using a Methodical
Literature Review. The search was undertaken on previous
relevant publications. To identify those existing publications,
the research databases and keywords were considered. The
following are the keywords used to identify relevant research:
“Smart hospital”, “smart health care”, and “benefit and
challenges”.
These keywords were found in the title of the research,
the abstract, and the entire publication. A custom
modification strategy was used to further verify the citations
that were left behind in the databases.
 Between 2016 and 2022, 80% of the papers were
published in peer-reviewed English-language journals,
conference proceedings, and book chapters (to date). This
was done on purpose to keep the focus on recent acceptable
research. Emerging information technologies relevant to
healthcare systems and medical devices were also
considered.
The title and abstract reading of all the relevant papers
was done in the first pass of filtering, using qualitative criteria
such as application, regency, and credibility. Then the
exclusion and inclusion criteria (Table I) were also applied:
TABLE I. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
Studies written in English. Non-English studies.
Publications from 2016 to 2022 Publication before 2016
Research relevant to the topic. Research not relevant to the topic.
Research that focuses primarily
on the benefits and challenges of - and devices, the Internet of Things, and RFID, just to mention
implementing smart hospital.
Following that, a complete review of the pre-selected
publications. After some deliberation, the final filtering of
articles was decided. The data grafts were developed through
consensus and iterative review prior to the automated hunt.
The author information, paper title, publishing time and type,
the exploratory approach used, evaluation, and findings were
all included in the draft. Figure 1 depicts the flow diagram for
the process of paper selection:
Research aim
The paper aims to explore the benefits and challenges of the
implementation of smart hospital projects.
Databases: Emerald insight, Elsevier, Science direct Springer, and
Scopus.
Keywords: “Smart hospital”, “smart health care”, and “benefits and
challenges”
(n= 98 after removing duplicates)
Application of inclusion & exclusion criteria
(n= 62)
Studies that do not provide benefits or challenges of implementing
smart hospitals, smart health care, after reading the title and abstract
Exclusion of full-text articles not related to this research topic.
42 articles were included in the review analysis
The results are reported
Fig. 1. Flow diagram for the research publication selection process
III. REVIEW ANALYSIS
A. Smart Healthcare definition
Health care is one of the basic human needs before
modern medicine as we know it; humans studied plants and
herbal remedies to heal and take care of their bodies. Since
the introduction of industry 4.0 in 2011, its impacts have been
felt in our daily activities, and no field has remained
unchanged [8]. Hence, the concept of smart health care has
been introduced. As a relatively new field, few literature
examples have been written, making it difficult to define it
categorically. Nevertheless, some authors tried to bring a
more insightful approach to smart healthcare, allowing us to
picture the concept better. Smart health care can also be
defined as the discipline that includes most of the industry 4.0
pillars, massive data analysis, the Internet of Things (IoT),
wireless sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID), and
many others [9]. In Addition, smart care can allow doctors to
monitor patients’ vitals even when they are not in physical
contact [9]. Smart health care can be considered a preventive
and personalized care system compared to the reactive
traditional healthcare system [10].
With the inputs above on smart health care, it is safe to
say that smart healthcare is this new discipline of medicine
that embraces industry 4.0 pillars which include smart tools
a few [11]. Smart healthcare has the purpose of providing
more efficient and preventive care to patients. This means
that doctors do not have to wait for the patient to require
medical attention to assist, and they can now prevent critical
sanitary situations from happening by utilizing technological
monitoring devices [12].
B. Evolution of the health care sector
Smart hospitals are just components of Health care 4.0, an
application of industry 4.0 pillars in the health sector. In the
same way, there have been four industrial revolutions
(Industry 1.0 - industry 4.0), and there have also been four
transitions in the health sector (Health care 1.0 – Healthcare
4.0). The first revolution in the health care sector (Health care
1.0) involved a basic encounter between the patient and the
doctor. The patient would consult the doctor for treatment and
prescriptions. This system has been the oldest in health care.
The second revolution (Health care 2.0) has seen significant
development by introducing medical equipment such as
ultrasound, imaging test equipment, and monitoring
equipment. The invention of computers has paved the way for
the third revolution (Health care 3.0), where computer
networks and telehealth have been widely used. During this
transition, patients can consult with doctors using computers
without meeting them face to face. With the fourth industrial
revolution emerging, Health care 4.0 was also introduced.
The use of most of the industry 4.0 pillars led to the
introduction of smart hospitals and clinics where patients use
wearables monitoring devices to monitor their vitals, RFID is
used to control medical samples, and IoT is used to manage
physical buildings [6].
C. Smart healthcare: a global perspective
Clinical processes, management systems, and maybe
even infrastructure are all optimized, redesigned, or built-in
in smart hospitals. All of which are enabled by a digital
networking infrastructure of networked assets to give a
valuable service or insight that was not before conceivable or
available to improve patient care, experience, and operational
efficiency [13].
Delivering a meaningful insight service, which was
previously impossible or unavailable, is a vital component for
smart hospitals. This is what elevates a hospital's digital
capabilities to the level of true smartness. It is not enough to
digitize or make the hospital paperless (although this is a
tremendous accomplishment). Data, insight, and access are
three critical components of the smart hospital system. Even
now, data is collected, albeit not necessarily from all medical
systems, but it is not aggregated to extract "smart"
information, which can be done by feeding it in to analytics
or machine learning tools. This data must be accessible to the
user — a doctor, a nurse, facility personnel, or any other
stakeholder — via a desktop, smartphone, or another
handheld device interface, allowing them to make critical
decisions more quickly and efficiently. Operations, clinical
duties, and patient-centricity are all handled by these
components [13].
D. Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely used to
connect accessible medical resources and provide geriatric
and chronic illness patients with trustworthy, effective, and
smart healthcare [14]. They go on to say that smart healthcare
can improve the performance of public services and medical
infrastructure by allowing real-time data to be collected and
analyzed swiftly, as well as recognizing and responding to
sudden and unexpected situations. Thanks to the smart
perception within an IoT, resources in the medical center may
be handled and controlled correctly [15].
The Internet of Things (IoT), which allows data collection
and exchange, has a wide range of applications in daily life,
including healthcare. Healthcare-related IoT (H-IoT) is a
group of prospective next-generation technologies in the
healthcare area that promises to improve healthcare by
providing data-driven insights. While effective in practice,
new data problems have arisen as a result of the opaque
black-box systems [16].
IoT applications and devices are expanding to fulfill the
demands of a technology world as the smart building market
grows. In the healthcare industry, IoT innovation
opportunities are always changing. Medical facilities come
with their own set of issues and perks. Environmental
controls and security solutions, as well as wearable sensors
and cloud-connected medical equipment, are all examples of
IoT applications in healthcare. The influence of IoT in
healthcare has a favorable impact on the patient experience
[17].
1) Benefits of adopting IoT in healthcare.
Patient comfort and convenience are improved as a result
of the Internet of Things, resulting in higher patient
satisfaction and faster recovery times. Physicians may use
IoT healthcare devices, wearable technologies, and data
access to better monitor patients and give better-informed
therapy [18] [19] [20]. Patients, physicians, and staff are safer
with IoT security support systems [21]. UV light sanitation
systems keep environments clean and help to keep people
healthy [22].
Telemedicine, according to the International Society for
Telemedicine and eHealth, is defined as the delivery of
healthcare services by all healthcare providers. It makes use
of information and communication technology to share
accurate data for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
disease and injury. Telemedicine can provide a welcome
relief from the haphazard nature of patient records.
Simultaneously, it can reduce the patient's traveling costs and
remove any correspondence barriers that many rural
healthcare clinics confront in an emergency [23].
2) Challenges of adopting IoT in healthcare.
Users' security and privacy may be jeopardized by IoT
devices. Unauthorized access to IoT devices could put
patients' health and personal information at risk [24]. For
entities operating in separate domains, to build confidence for
digital health transactions, inter-realm authentication is
required. Shibboleth is a federated identity solution that
allows users to authenticate entities both within and outside
of organizations [25][26]. Health Information Exchange
(HIE) improves healthcare delivery by allowing varied
healthcare institutions to safely and reliably communicate
patient information electronically. Currently, HIE is built
using the Internet of Things 99 ways to implement the
following potential solutions: trade facilitated by the
consumer exchange that is directed and exchange that is
based on a query [27][28][29]. Communication is one of the
most difficult aspects of establishing smart or connected
health. Many gadgets now include sensors for data collection,
and they frequently connect with the server in their native
language. Because each manufacturer has its own protocol,
sensors from different manufacturers may or may not be able
to communicate with one another. Because of the fragmented
software environment and privacy concerns, valuable data is
usually isolated on data islands, undercutting the core reason
behind IoT [30].
E. Smart healthcare in Africa
Resilience comes in a variety of forms. Globally, there is
a constant push for efficiency and cost reduction, increased
bacterial resistance, climate change, and future energy and
water scarcity resilience. There is growing recognition that
the environment in which patients are treated and cared for
plays an important role in their recovery. These factors are
just as essential in Africa, but they `are rare and typically
exacerbated by outdated and overburdened healthcare
facilities, as well as tight finances for new construction or
renovations [31]. There are various barriers to smart health
adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa, including poverty, scarcity
of human resources, a lack of existing infrastructure,
connectivity deficiency, high connectivity expenses, lack of
capacity development, and policy issues [32].
Lately, the healthcare application of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) in Africa has only seen a few pilots and test
cases [33]. A partnership including researchers and a social
enterprise has been developing an AI planning application to
improve the scheduling of community health workers
(CHWs) in African communities [34].
Ubenwa is a Nigerian start-up that uses signal processing
and machine learning to improve the diagnosis of birth
asphyxia in low-resource settings [35]. In addition, A study
in Zambia investigated the use of artificial intelligence to
diagnose diabetic retinopathy. It showed significant and
promising results when compared with human assessments.
It was clinically acceptable in detecting referable diabetic
retinopathy [36]. The computer-aided diagnosis of
pulmonary tuberculosis from chest radiographs has been
tested in a pilot study in Tanzania and Zambia using
CAD4TB software. The results were impressive, as CAD4TB
performed well compared to human diagnosis [33][37][38].
A group of five high school girls developed an app based
on open-source software developed by MIT to identify fake
drugs in Nigeria. In 2018, they won a Silicon Valley
contest for their stellar idea. In 2019, a
Nigerian pharmacist and architect Adebayo Alonge won the
grand prize at the Hello Tomorrow Global Challenge for
his artificial intelligence hyperspectral platform for
authenticating drugs [33] [39][40].
F. Healthcare in South Africa
There are numerous elements that makeup healthcare
sector systems to be complex or resulting. The health system
in South Africa is primarily public, with a small but rapidly
increasing private sector. In the South African health sector,
there is a wide range of services available, from free primary
health care to highly specialized and high-tech treatments
available in both the public and private sectors. In some
places, however, the public sector is overburdened and under-
resourced because it serves about 80% of the population. The
private sector, on the other hand, is mostly commercial in
nature and caters to the middle and upper classes, the majority
of whom are members of medical plans. The majority of the
country's health professionals work in the private sector [41].
Institutions in the public sector have suffered from bad
management, underfunding, and failing infrastructure as a
result of this two-tiered system, which is inequitable and
inaccessible to a wider proportion of South Africans. With
the full weight of sicknesses faced by the public sector, such
as tuberculosis, the health care system must be revitalized and
restructured [42].
In South African hospitals and other parts of the world,
old paper-based systems are still used to archive patient
information. If a doctor or a caretaker needs to access it, it
will require more labor [43]. When using paper-based
methods, information can only be retrieved in one location,
which might be a problem if the person is out of town and the
other hospital does not have medical data. When repetitive
testing is required, this takes a lot of time, resources, and
money. In healthcare, data storage must be improved. In other
nations, cloud storage is one of the storage options for
medical records [44]. Authorized parties, doctors, and
caregivers can access medical records from anywhere using
cloud storage. The advantages include ease of access, low
cost, increased productivity, and efficiency, all of which lead
to scalable cost savings.
Existing Medical Services Integration Strategies for
Portable Wearable Gadgets and Distributed Computing
There has been a significant amount of research on flexible
medical care and remote monitoring [45]. One concept
launched a year and a half ago in South Africa, is Undertaking
Masiluleke, a mobile wellbeing drive that promotes
HIV/AIDS awareness, training, and treatment. It presently
sends between 1 and 2 million messages every day to South
Africans, providing data or instructing them to phone the
public Guides wellness line [46][47].
IV. KEY FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Benefits
As the world continues to be transformed by smart
technology, healthcare has become a proactive technology
adopter, owing to the massive influence technology has
shown in increasing patient safety and reducing healthcare
costs. Smart healthcare has also become a reality due to the
Internet-enabled smart gadgets, which allow patients to
receive medical treatment from anywhere on the planet.
Smart healthcare's most common advantages are streamlining
the work process, improving healthcare decisions with more
data, allowing patients to interact electronically with their
healthcare providers, and ensuring that machines are
operational [9].
The benefits of smart health are the provision of a smooth
hospital experience, reduced error rates, efficient time usage,
improved communication, better-extended care, better safety,
and security. While the healthcare industry looks for
alternative methods to improve internal procedures,
employee efficiency, productivity, and communication to
achieve better results, it must become laser-focused on
enhancing care quality. Only by incorporating smart
technology into the care framework will these institutions
improve patient satisfaction and elevate patient care to new
heights.
As a result, the demand for large-scale solutions such as
the Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing, and Fog
Computing, which connect heterogeneous devices to transmit
and process large amounts of data without requiring explicit
human-to-human and human-to-machine interactions, is
growing at an exponential rate. Furthermore, merging HPC
paradigms with BANs and smart healthcare services offers
several key benefits, including scalability, storage, and
processing to handle both online and offline data streams.
The following are the major benefits of smart healthcare
that have been identified [48]:
 Wide availability.
 Instant and reliable treatment.
 Cost reduction.
 Effectiveness of medicine and disease control.
 Easy usage.
 Improved communication.
B. Challenges
There are several obstacles to overcome, such as the
infrastructure and skills required to integrate smart health
technologies into regular operations. Sharing sensitive
information about patients via the internet raises severe
security and privacy concerns. When collecting data from
patients, security is a difficult need to meet. In smart
healthcare, confidentiality is a critical security requirement.
A cyber-attack on the smart healthcare system is possible.
The practitioners' reluctance and unwillingness to employ
these new technologies in medical practice is a serious barrier
[9].
Hospitals are also facing issues such as a lack of financial
resources because of cost pressure. 18 countries spend less
than US$ 10 per capita on health each year, while 31
countries spend less than US$ 20 per capita. According to a
recent short assessment of six East, Central, and Southern
African countries, the average government budget for ICT in
health for the next three years will be US$ 0.32 per capita per
year, compared to US$ 55 in the US [32].
Numerous issues plague Africa. The high cost of
telemedicine, limited deployment of telecommunications
infrastructure, absence of health policy and enabling
legislation for telemedicine, and the scarcity of health
professionals are all obstacles to its adoption and
development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The following are the major challenges of implementing
smart healthcare [48]:
 Scalability and interoperability.
  Higher power consumption.
 Low latency tolerance.
 Need for a user-friendly device.
 Security and privacy.
 Computational Intensity.
C. The impact of Smart healthcare
Smart hospitals use information and communication
technology-based settings, particularly those based on IoT
optimization and automated operations, to improve existing
patient care procedures and add new features. The demands
of the three core services supplied by smart hospitals, namely
services for medical staff, patients, and administrators, must
be considered while making hospital management decisions.
By combining multiple digital technologies based on the
Internet of Things, the information platform in hospital
management unites digital devices, intelligent buildings, and
employees. This technology can also be used to identify and
monitor patients in hospitals, track instruments, and
biological material, and supervise medical staff on a regular
basis. Smart healthcare is utilized in the pharmaceutical
industry for drug manufacturing and distribution, inventory
management, anti-counterfeiting, and other activities.
A unique radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag can
be issued to each user to ensure that hospital resources are
circulated in a secure, dependable, stable, and efficient
manner, and the data can be stored in a database that can be
tracked and retrieved via mobile devices in terms of decision-
making, the establishment of an integrated management
platform may facilitate activities such as resource allocation,
quality analysis, and performance analysis, as well as lower
medical costs, maximize resource utilization, and aid
hospitals in making development decisions. Patients can use
a variety of services to improve their patient experience,
including physical examination systems, online
appointments, and doctor-patient contacts. These
computerized technologies lower the amount of time it takes
for patients to obtain medical treatment, cut patient wait
times, and provide more individualized care [49].
The development of mature concepts and systems has
evolved from the emergence of smart healthcare. However,
with the rise of new technologies and challenges, there is still
a lot of room for progress and a lot of work to be done. Smart
healthcare is now lacking in macro direction and
programmatic papers, resulting in a lack of clarity in
development goals and, as a result, a waste of resources.
Furthermore, medical institutions must improve data integrity
and establish common standards across departments and
organizations. There are also compatibility difficulties
between different systems and devices. Smart healthcare,
from the patient's perspective, lacks appropriate legal
constraints, raising worries about personal information and
privacy breaches. Some customers have difficulty navigating
technology.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusion
The internet of things (IoT) is changing the way we think
about and deliver health care. There are rapid advancements
in information communication technology, and there is no
doubt that implementing smart hospital projects provides
major benefits to all health care stakeholders (affordable
health care, cost-effective health services, and so on).
The critical areas where smart healthcare implementation
has had a huge impact were discussed, including data
collection, analysis of patient outcomes, and medicals, to
name a few. The major benefits that are driving the processes
of digital healthcare adoption nationally and internationally
were also discussed. In addition, some possible solutions
were exploited to enable even faster digital healthcare
deployment, as well as the challenges of impoverishment.
While the healthcare industry is becoming more
interested in harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT) and big
data technologies to improve efficiency, some difficulties
must be overcome before digital health care can become a
mainstream reality. Certain smart healthcare technologies are
still in their early stages of development and require large
resources to maintain and improve. There is the possibility of
an unknown risk if it is used inappropriately. To summarize,
smart hospitals' future directions include system integration,
refinement, and automation [18].
B. Recommendations for future studies
Further studies are needed to properly comprehend the
direct and indirect consequences of the shift to smart hospital
initiatives. With the economic, social, legal, and ethical
elements of smart health care services in mind, further study
should be conducted to shed light on the solutions that may
be adopted to make smart health project adoption more user-
friendly and cost-effective. In addition, future studies should
also elaborate further on the latest healthcare technologies
and the ways in which these are impacting the hospital of the
future.
This study has some limitations; these limitations are gaps
future smart hospitals or smart healthcare research can
explore. Therefore, this study suggests the following for
future studies:
The review of this study used a few databases. Despite the
fact that these databases contain outstanding peer-reviewed
publications, they do not contain all peer-reviewed
publications on the topic of this study. Future systematic
review research could broaden the database scope to gain
more insight into this problem.
The review included peer-reviewed English papers; a
few book chapters were also reviewed. To maintain the high
quality of the publications examined. However, book
chapters may contain valuable information that should be
included in future studies. Therefore future research should
consider more books or book chapters on this topic.
The above limitations are important because they offer a
clear picture of the current state of this research topic and a
clear direction on the areas that need to be addressed in future
research.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the following students
from the University of Johannesburg: Tafadzwa Chapwanya,
Sepitsi Montgomery Chepape, Boitumelo Herminah
Chiloane, N.N. Dingiso, and Unathi Diniso, for their
contribution to this study.
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