Building Blocks of Leadership: Shaping Leadership among Nursing Students

Arriane Gail M. Estanislao123, Vinz Raymond C. Cureg123, Daniella S. Joves123, Angelica Mae D.
Luanzon123, Clifford Ashley V. Maguelang123, Micah A. Pangandaman123, Jesther Niel F. Siojo123,
Marlon Lacerna Jr.1234

1
College of Nursing
2
Research Development and Innovation Center
3
Our Lady of Fatima University

4
Research Adviser

December 2022
BSN 3-B-2
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Endorsement

This thesis entitled: “Building Blocks of Leadership: Shaping Leadership among Nursing
Students” prepared by Arriane Gail M. Estanislao, Vinz Raymond C. Cureg, Daniella S. Joves,
Angelica Mae D. Luanzon, Clifford Ashley V. Maguelang, Micah A. Pangandaman, Jesther Niel
F. Siojo of BSN 3-B-2, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Nursing has been examined and now recommended for oral examination.

This is to certify Arriane Gail M. Estanislao et.al are ready for oral examination.

Marlon Lacerna Jr.

Adviser

Certificate of Originality

This is to that the thesis: “Building Blocks of Leadership: Shaping Leadership among
Nursing Students” presented by Arriane Gail M. Estanislao, Vinz Raymond C. Cureg, Daniella S.
Joves, Angelica Mae D. Luanzon, Clifford Ashley V. Maguelang, Micah A. Pangandaman,
Jesther Niel F. Siojo of BSN 3-B-2 has been examined by the panel of examiners with a grade of
__.

Joselito P. Habac
Panel Chairperson

Cora P. Quinto Shiella May P. Edquibal

Panel Member Panel Member

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….... 3

2.0 Background of the Study …………………………………………………………………… 3
2.1 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………… 3
2.2 Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………. 4
2.3 Research Paradigm …………………………………………………………………... 8
2.4 Research Questions ………………………………………………………………….. 8
2.5 Hypothesis …………………………………………………………………………… 9
3.0 Research Methods …………………………………………………………………………. 10
3.1 Research Design ……………………………………………………………………. 10
3.2 Research Locale ………………………………………………………………...….. 10
3.3. Population and Sampling ………………………………………………………….. 10
3.4 Research Ethics …………………………………………………………………….. 11
3.5 Research Instruments ………………………………………………………………. 11
3.6 Data Collection …………………………………………………………………….. 11
3.7 Data Analysis and Plan …………………………………………………………….. 12
4.0 Data Analysis and Statistical
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations
References ……………………………………………………………………………………… 14

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1.0 Introduction
Leadership has been viewed as one of the most promising roles that a person could ever
bring off. Leaders are important, and so are followers, as they work together to signify the intent
to achieve one goal – which always embark on progression and development of new practices.
According to John Maxwell (July 2013), “Leadership is influence - nothing more, nothing less”
whereby he pointed out that being a leader should always have the goal and the plan to achieve a
very good result. In that very sense, it will mark the beginning of something new and that would
definitely define you, your leadership, and the contribution that you have made.
Nursing profession has always been defined as the caring profession according to Jean
Watson’s Caring Science Theory. Moreover, it is honored as the spirit-filled practice of helping
people through recovery and life sanctification. Therefore, nursing practice is a wide variety of
medical related initial assessments before making critical considerations with the help of a
medical allied team. In addition to this, the nursing and leadership development have been
entwined together for the longest time, and has not been involved in any impropriety in the
medical and healthcare field. In fact, nursing leadership is very much welcomed and assimilated
to any other form of leadership that co-exists with professional work.
In the face of being known for being empathetic and caring as a student nurse in the field
of training and practice, there are factors that the researchers would like to focus on. Specifically
in ascertaining the Building blocks of leadership that shapes the leadership among nursing
students. In this study, the researchers focused on identifying the differences of the student
leaders on being a leader and a student nurse at Our Lady of Fatima University - Antipolo
Campus. This research signifies the intent to find out how nursing student leaders hone one’s self
as a student nurse and a student leader in a time-bounded environment. The study also seeks to
find out what type/s of leaders are commonly produced in the practice of nursing. This marks the
aim to know how much the environment in nursing school may have caused an effect in shaping
the leadership of the future nurses.
Moreover, the overall implication of this study is to present relevant, timely and specific
information about the progression of nursing leadership among student nurses. The research also
wants to give the readers the knowledge on what type/s of leaders are/are developed in the
practice of nursing, and how they may have been contributing in the progress of healthcare in the
country.

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2.0 Background of the Study

2.1. Theoretical framework
The theoretical grounds of this research came from the two (2) theories related to
leadership including: Nursing Care Leadership Theory and Casagra Transformative Leadership
Theory.
The utilization of the nursing care leadership theory by Ida Jean Orlando is being
defined when a person with a positive outlook in life glimpses the relationship between effort and
performance. This theory also applies best to nursing management in patient care and in
leadership. Student nurses are to execute best practices in performing academically, in
organizing, and honing leadership skills in the field of nursing. In relation to our research study,
the roots of this theory relates to how nursing students deal and manage pressure of being a
student and a leader inside the academic world. There is also a psycho-spiritual model coined
after the name of the investigator, Sr. CArolina S. AGRAvante is called the “Casagra
Transformative Leadership Theory”. This model consists of three components which are the (1)
Servant-Leadership Spirituality, (2) Self-Mastery, and the (3) Special Expertise Level from when
combined, it forms the personality of the contemporary professional nurse who will meet the
challenges of the current social climate.
With these theories, the researchers embodied the perspectives of the respondents
regarding nursing leadership, analysis of the data gathered, and came up with a comprehensive
conclusion concerning the Nursing Leadership among Student Nurses at Our Lady of Fatima
University - Antipolo.

2.2. Literature review

One of the essential aspects of college life is student leadership. Many
organizations offer leadership training to help their students in developing their leadership skills.
A variety of talents related to leadership can be acquired through education, experience, practice,
and reflection throughout time. For historians, psychologists, political scientists, practitioners,
and specialists in organizational behavior from other domains, leadership has been a popular
topic. (Vohra et al., 2015).
Ololube (2017) cited that leadership is a process of influencing followers to
achieve the desired expectations. The success of any teaching process is determined upon the
quality of leadership. Such leadership is imperative for school to function successfully the way
strong leadership is vital for any organization to operate efficiently.

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All aspects of nursing demand leadership ability. Students find it challenging to

comprehend how leadership is essential to both education and practice. There aren't many reliable
sources of research, a coherent framework for nursing leadership education, or outstanding
scholarship. To build an integrated leadership development approach for nursing students
preparing for licensure that acknowledges leadership as a critical competency for practice and
encourages the growth of nursing leadership education. Despite the difficulties experienced in
performing it, it is straightforward. at hospitals and medical centers. The mission statement
describes the institution's strategies for achieving this goal, such as through recruiting qualified,
moral, and devoted healthcare workers. Once the nurse leader generates the excitement to carry it
out, the organization's vision must then be taken into consideration. The Nursing Leadership
Development Model is a conceptual framework that provides a structure for promoting leadership
development in nursing students pursuing increase in levels status. It supports students' capacity
to internalize leadership capacity and apply leadership skills once they begin working in the field,
Miles & Scott (2019).
The coordination of patient and family care must be managed by nurses, and this
requires leadership skills. A previous investigation of leadership and motivation at work among
clinical nurse leaders was found. Leadership techniques and job engagement were shown to be
significantly positively correlated. Students find it challenging to comprehend how leadership is
essential to both education and practice. There aren't many reliable sources of research, a
coherent framework for nursing leadership education, or outstanding scholarship. To build an
integrated leadership development approach for nursing students preparing for licensure that
acknowledges leadership as a critical competency for practice and encourages the growth of
nursing leadership education , Shaughnessy et al, (2018).
In the study conducted by Choi et al, (2018) The goal was to find out what
influences nursing students' self-leadership based on where they hold control. By incorporating
these findings into the curriculum for nursing students, self-leadership, organizational culture
efficiency, and goal achievement in nursing organizations could all be improved.
Moreover, Leadership abilities are a requirement for baccalaureate nursing
graduates, but few opportunities exist to develop them in a clinical setting. Competence, self-
confidence, self-reflection, and role modeling are all potential leadership skills that can be
developed through peer-facilitated learning. Opportunities for leadership development are
provided by facilitating human patient simulation. (Brown, 2018)
To further explain, in the study Bright Smith (2015) stated there are many
undergraduate nursing courses, simulation is becoming an increasingly popular method of

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instruction to teach students critical thinking and patient care. However, simulation is not used in
many nursing leadership and management courses offered by programs. The literature supporting
the use of simulation in BSN Leadership and Management courses is reviewed in this article,
which also makes a plan for teaching simulation into the curriculum.

2.2.1 Bureaucrat
Bureaucrat is one of the leadership style , according to Faubion D. ( 2023 ), The
Foundation of bureaucratic leadership is a well established chain of command, rigid
norms, and team members who follow them. This leadership style is used by nurses who
want to influence their team by using their position in the hierarchy of duties. Adherence
to established protocols and laws is a characteristic of this leadership style. With this kind
of leadership in nursing, favor is eliminated, roles, expectations, and obligations are made
clear, and job security and results are more stable.

2.2.2 Autocrat
In the study Pullen (2016), An autocrat acts when they make choices all by
themselves, without seeking input from others. Negative reinforcement and punishment
are regularly employed in this leadership style. It could be more important to assign
blame than to maintain fixing core problems. However, this type of leadership is often
effective in emergency situations or times of crisis when making a quick decision is
needed.

2.2.3 Democratic
Cornell A. (2020), cited that when making choices, a democratic leadership style
accepts and promotes team collaboration and involvement. This kind of leader places a
high emphasis on relationships, and it's crucial to them that their team members feel at
ease and willing to express problems, opinions, and ideas. A democratic leader actually
views communication as a two-way street and recognizes the need of giving feedback to
their team. In nursing the democratic can guarantee that the team feels valued and at ease
speaking up. This style of leader is useful in fostering a culture that values input from the
entire team since highly dependable organizations emphasize transparency and input
from team members with the most expertise, not necessarily seniority or highest position.

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2.3 Research Paradigm

What is the demographic

profile of the respondents in
terms of:

What is the effect of the

nursing instructors? faculty
leadership to the respondent’s
leadership in terms of:

What is the most prevalent

leadership style of the
respondents?

Figure 1: This research paradigm will be used as a basis to how the research will be conducted
and guided all throughout the process of data collection.

2.4 Research Question

Under the study of Nursing Leadership among student nurses at Our Lady of Fatima
University - Antipolo Campus, the following questions are sought to be answered. The
researchers will be able to evaluate and comprehensively conclude how does the application of
Nursing Care Leadership Theory and Casagra Transformative Leadership Theory affect the
leadership effectiveness of student nurses at Our Lady of Fatima University - Antipolo:

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1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Year level
1.4 Civil status

2. What is the most prevalent leadership style of the respondents?

2.1 Task Oriented Leadership
2.2 People Oriented Leadership

3. What is the effect of the nursing instructors/faculty leadership to the respondents leadership in
terms of:
3.1 Decision Making
3.2 Critical thinking
3.3 Motivation
3.4 Integrity
3.5 Team building
3.6 Communication

4. Is there a significant relationship between the demographic variables and the prevalent
leadership style of the respondents?

5. Is there a significant relationship between leadership style and the effects of the nursing
instructors or faculty leadership to the respondents?

2.5 Hypothesis
1. There is no significant relationship between the demographic variables and the prevalent
leadership style of the respondents.
2. There is no significant relationship between the prevalent leadership style and the effects
of the nursing instructors or faculty leadership to the respondents.

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3.0 Research Method
3.1 Research Design
A descriptive-correlational type of study, according to Enfermagem (2007), investigates
the relationships between the variables of interest. Data will be collected using
surveys/questionnaires to obtain quantitative data on the demographic variables, leadership style,
nursing/faculty leadership, and leadership effectiveness.

3.2 Research Locale

The research will be conducted in a tertiary educational institution located in Antipolo
City, Philippines. The researchers chose the institution because the locale has a great number of
enrollees. The niche is also accessible to the researchers. The researchers will be able to get the
target data of saturation to successfully accomplish the study.

3.3 Population and Sampling

The researchers will use a non-probability Sampling Technique was established in this
study specifically the purposive sampling. Andales (2008) defined purposive sampling as a
technique wherein the researcher uses his good judgment and appropriate strategy in selecting the
subjects who will best meet the purposes of his study. We, the researchers, will be setting a
selective judgment in order for us to conduct a concrete data collection and interpretation; this is
called a Purposive Sampling.

The researchers will select 25 participants initially based on the purpose of the study: (1)
A regular 3rd and 4th year Bachelor of Science in Nursing student at OLFU Antipolo Campus
(2) A 4th year academic student council (e.g. Officer of NICAG, Batch / Class representative of
Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

3.4 Research Ethics

In consideration of the nature of this research, the researchers observed the Belmont
report, from its where there are three basic principles listed therein in order to protect and
circumvent breach on the data and privacy of the researchers and respondents. Also, this study
respected the participating respondents through whatever decision may have been on how their
data will be used in the study. Moreover, there was no coercion discerned in the data collection.

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Following the principle of justice, the researchers considered and implemented the
fairness among the members, volunteers, and respondents of this study. Fairness principle may be
described as having the responsibility to be equitable and equal to all the involved parties in the
study. Another is the principle of beneficence wherein it considers all the feelings and interests of
the participants to cause no harm, non-maleficence, as well to the respondents of this research.
Moreover, the research study was conducted and remarked on the use of formal informed
consent while collecting data from the subjects of the study. The personal information and data
collected from the participants were only accessed by the researchers and research adviser. This is
to help contain and protect the confidential information from breaching of data, which is common
in research and publications.

3.5 Research Instruments

The researchers will use a survey method to collect data from the chosen respondents in
Our Lady of Fatima University - Antipolo. The survey questions will be created by the
researchers based on the research questions and objectives. The survey tool will be self-made and
adapted from existing literature on nursing leadership and related topics.
The survey tool will consist of two main parts: demographic information and leadership
experiences. The first part will collect information such as age, sex, year level, and civil status.
The second part will consist of questions related to the respondents’ experiences as student nurses
and leaders among their peers, including their leadership styles, decision making, critical
thinking, motivation, integrity, team building, and communication.
The survey tool will be administered using Google Forms and will utilize a 4-point Likert
scale for respondents to rate their level of agreement or disagreement with each question. Prior to
distribution, the survey tool will undergo reliability and validity testing to ensure its effectiveness
and accuracy in collecting data.

3.6 Data Collection

Institutional ethics review committee (IERC) and the office in charge of the college of
nursing, will allow the researchers to conduct the surveys on the 3rd year and 4th year nursing
students. Our survey questionnaire was used to collect the data needed for this study. The
questionnaire consisted of 15 statements answerable by (1) STRONGLY DISAGREE, (2)
DISAGREE, (3) AGREE, and (4) STRONGLY AGREE. All of which underwent validation by
the thesis adviser to elicit the respondents’ perspective in the concept and students' position in the

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nursing community influenced our decision to include in this study. We believe that experiences
as a nursing student and a student leader will help make this study possible.
The researchers discussed first the significance of the subject, including the informed
consent which was a voluntary agreement to participate in research. This was not just only a form
that is signed but is a process, in which the subject has an understanding of the research and its
risks. The interview actually last for almost just 5 minutes for each participants. The selected
participants were instructed by the researchers through giving them some information and
examples about the study.
The researchers sent the questionnaire to the respondents' and were assisted by the school
teacher in Our Lady of Fatima University that was in-charge to administer the survey. The
Google Form automatically collected the results of the questionnaires right after the survey; and,
later on, began the process of data tabulation in order to come up with the analysis and
interpretation of data, summary, conclusions, and recommendations for the study.

3.7 Data Analysis

The researchers used Statistical Analysis, which is a process of collecting and
interpreting the data that was collected from respondents. In order to uncover the data and
patterns using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), it will be able to assess the items
and scales of the MLOQ questionnaire. The Statistical Treatment that listed below will be used to
answer our research problems. First is the two-way Analysis of Variance (Anova), a tool that will
Identify of any statistically significant differences between the means of independent groups that
might exist. Secondly is the weighted mean, which is a tool that will be used to get the average
and mean total score of the answers in the questionnaire. The data will be interpreted as follows:
(1) STRONGLY DISAGREE, (2) DISAGREE, (3) AGREE, and (4) STRONGLY AGREE.
Moreover, the Frequency Distribution and Percentage will be used to determine the percentage of
respondents profiles.

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Glossary:

Comprehensive- Complete; including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something.

Development- Is the act of improving by expanding, enlarging, or refining.
Equitable- Is having or exhibiting equity : dealing fairly and equally with all concerned.
Healthcare- The services provided by a country or an organization that involve caring for
people's health and treating people who are ill.
Historians- Is a person who specializes in the study of history, and who writes books and
articles about it.
Implication- The conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not explicitly
stated.
Innovative- Tending to innovate, or introduce something new or different; characterized by
innovation.
Institutional Ethics Review Committee (IERC)- Are established in research institutions,
universities and hospitals. These committees are expected to review research proposals for
ethical clearance before the proposal is considered by NACOSTI for issuance of research
license.
Leadership- Is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards
the achievement of a goal.
Pandemic- Is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for
instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals.
Personality- Refers to the enduring characteristics and behavior that comprise a person's
unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept,
abilities, and emotional patterns.
Practices- The act of doing something regularly or repeatedly to improve your skill at doing
it.
Profession- Is a field of work that has been successfully professionalized.
Progression- The process of developing or moving gradually towards a more advanced state.
Psycho-Spiritual Model- Is a holistic approach that acknowledges the interaction between
physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects to patient care and patient well-being.
Safety- The condition of being safe from undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss.
Self-Mastery- The ability to control one's own desires or impulses : self-control, self-
discipline.
Servant-Leadership Spirituality- Embraces the philosophy that a true leader, in any venue,
must be a servant of those he or she leads.

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Special Expertise Level- In shown in a creative, caring, critical, contemplative and collegial
teaching of the nurse faculty who is directly involved with the formation of the nursing.
Tertiary Educational- Builds on secondary education, providing learning activities in
specialized fields of education.

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